新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区啮齿动物群落多样性及其与环境因子的关系

啮齿动物的群落结构受生态环境特征影响,并能反映环境变化规律。为探讨啮齿动物群落多样性及其与环境因子间的关系,利用铗捕法获得了新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区9种生境类型的环境因子及啮齿动物群落结构数据。2019-2020年春、夏季,共布设样地291块,有效铗日55269个,调查总面积176.875 km²,记录了啮齿类分布的12个环境因子。捕获啮齿动物419只,分属1目4科10属12种,优势种为三趾跳鼠（Dipus sagitta）和五趾跳鼠（Allactaga sibirica）,分别占捕获总个体数的34.13%和27.68%。分析结果显示,卡山自然保护区啮齿类捕获率最高的生境类型为沙漠（2.18%）;捕获鼠种的主要分布型为耐旱型（98.09%）。12个环境因子在9个生境类型中均呈极显著差异（P<0.01）,说明该保护区啮齿动物分布的生境异质性高。冗余分析表明,海拔高度、植被种类、灌木盖度和灌木高度是决定啮齿动物群落结构最主要的4个环境因子,其中植被种数与啮齿类群落多样性呈正相关,随着植被种数数值的增加,除优势度指数外,其它多样性指数随之增加。     

新疆乌拉尔田鼠细环病毒的分析与鉴定

啮齿动物是当前种类最多和分布最广的哺乳动物,也是重要的人兽共患病原自然宿主之一。新疆作为我国畜牧业大省,啮齿动物种类繁多,鼠害不仅严重破坏该地区牧场,其携带的病毒也对人类健康造成了潜在威胁。掌握新疆啮齿动物携带未知病毒的种类,为防范啮齿动物源人兽共患病提供参考依据。对采集自新疆阿克苏市的12只乌拉尔田鼠的心、肝、脾、肺、肾等脏器进行病毒宏基因组学分析,根据其结果对细环病毒进行了PCR检测和全基因分析。从6只(50%)乌拉尔田鼠的不同脏器中检测到了细环病毒,包括两个基因型(A1和A2),全长为2 220~2 232nt,编码四个开放阅读框。遗传分析发现该病毒开放阅读框1与英国啮齿动物细环病毒1型同源性最高,为80%,而与其它已知指环病毒同源性低于42.3%。依据国际病毒分类委员会新种判断标准,本研究发现的病毒和啮齿动物细环病毒1型同为该病毒科的一个新种,且属于不同的两个亚种,本研究为了解细环病毒自然多样性和进化动态提供了基础数据。     

六盘山自然保护区啮齿动物及体外寄生蚤调查

1984年4至8月和1986年9至11月,在六盘山自然保护区分别选了老龙潭、西峡、秋千架、六盘沟4个点进行了啮齿动物及其体外寄生蚤类的调查,共发现啮齿动物16种,其中4种为该地区新记录种;蚤类24种,6种为该地区新记录种。有“△”者为该地区新纪录种,“△△”为首次记述的新种,“()”为其寄主。一、啮齿动物大林姬鼠Apodemus peninsulae黑线姬鼠A.agrarius小林姬鼠A.draco灰仓鼠Cric-etus migratorius黑线仓鼠C.barabensis社鼠Rattus niviventer岩松鼠Sciurotamias davidianus△达乌尔鼠兔Ochotona daurica黑腹绒鼠Eothenomys melanogaster△…     

三种啮齿动物气体代谢的比较研究

环境温度是哺乳动物分布的一个重要的限制因子。哺乳动物能否适应各种环境又取决于动物本身的代谢和体温调节的能力。所以研究哺乳动物的代谢和体温调节,对于了解它们适应各种环境的能力是十分重要的。啮齿动物是哺乳动物中种类最多、分布最广、与人类关系也比较密切的一类恒温动物,所以采用啮齿动物作为比较研究的对象。 近年来国外对啮齿动物的代谢和体温调节的研究,报道颇多,以居住类型而言而:穴居、挖洞型啮齿动物的代谢和体温调节的研究有分布在热带、温带的种类,也有分布在山区、平原、沙漠干旱地带的种类;地上活动型啮齿动物的这方面研究有分布在平原、山区、沙漠干旱地带、沿海和中湿地区的种类。而同一地区不同居住类型的比较研究报道较少。     

内蒙古半荒漠与荒漠区的啮齿动物群落

内蒙古广阔的半荒漠与荒漠区属于典型的大陆干旱区和极干旱区,东西界线基本与气候湿润系数0.2-0.05相吻合,包括了内蒙古境内的温性荒漠草原、温性草原化荒漠和典型荒漠的各类草地。1988-1993年和1998-2003年,在约380000km2范围内,根据地带性植被分布及其地形、地貌、土壤的特征,野外设置317个调查样地,采用铗日法调查啮齿动物群落的分布特征,共布放有效铗日157702个,捕获啮齿动物37种,选用其中的23种主要啮齿动物构成“样方-种多度(捕获率)”原始数据矩阵(23×317),应用快速聚类方法对该区域内啮齿动物群落进行分类,在此基础上采用GIS技术应用ArcView3.2软件,将啮齿动物的捕获量信息在1999-2000年TM卫星影像图上进行叠加,结果表明该地区啮齿动物地带性群落可分为9个。GIS技术分析得出的该区域内啮齿动物地带性群落分布图,很好地将植被的信息和生境中主要啮齿动物分布的信息同时合成反映出来,明确了啮齿动物地带性群落分布的区域和特征,可为区域性啮齿动物综合治理提供科学依据。     

中国干旱地区啮齿动物物种分布的区域分异

搜集整理我国干旱地区啮齿动物地理分布数据,通过生境分析,确定啮齿动物分布区。基于GIS技术,以面积约为6470km^2的766个栅格收集我国干旱地区啮齿动物的二元分布数据,采用多元分析的分层聚类方法,依据欧氏距离平方值,将地理分布单元划分为若干个组。结果表明,当欧氏距离平方值分别为11．379,17．068,22．758和28．447时,766个地理分布单元依次可分为30,9,5和3个组。分布单元组的物种组成比较和生态型分析表明;（1）在我国干旱地区的海拔较低地带,景观自东向西由草原,荒漠草原过渡到荒漠,地理分布单元组亦呈现相应的分布格局,喜湿的物种逐渐减少,耐旱的种类增加;（2) 藏高原,帕米尔高原寒漠与蒙新温性和暖温性荒漠啮齿动物物种数和组成相近,物种多样性近;（3）阿尔泰山地及南麓平原啮齿动物组成较为特殊,寒湿啮齿动物成份最高;（4）东祁连山地及其北麓以及分犁谷地,额敏谷地,伊犁天山,准噶尔界山及东麓山前平均的啮齿动物成份较为复杂,物种多样性较高。我国干旱地区东部啮齿动物的物种密度和多样性高于西部,但在东部草原和西部荒漠之间的过渡区物种密度较高,表现出的种生态地理分布的边缘效应,体现干旱区啮齿动物物种分布与生物群落地带性分布以及山地和高原等特殊环境非地带性分布的适应关系。蒙新温性荒漠区和青藏高原寒漠区的啮齿动物在区系组成上有一定的历史渊源。     

东灵山辽东栎林啮齿动物群落组成及优势种大林姬鼠的繁殖特征

小龙门林场位于北京东灵山地区 ,属暖温带落叶阔叶林生态系统 (马克平等 ,1999)。虽然张洁等 (1990 )、孟智斌等 (1997)、房继明等 (1995 )、宋杰等 (2 0 0 1)对东灵山地区啮齿动物进行了一些报导 ,但对该地区辽东栎 (Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓｌｉａｏｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ)林特定生境中的啮齿动物群落演替规律以及优势鼠种群繁殖特征都没有系统的研究。弄清栎林中啮齿动物群落及优势鼠种繁殖特征 ,对栎林更新和恢复具有借鉴意义 (Ｊｏｒｄａｎｏｅｔａｌ .,1995 ;王巍等 ,1999ａ ,ｂ ,2 0 0 0 )。本文试图为揭示该地区辽东栎群落更新机制提供依据而解…     

陕西地区啮齿动物种数分布与生态因子关系的分析

本文初步分析了陕西地区啮齿动物种数分布与生态因子之间的关系。根据自然地理概况,将陕西地区划分为七个啮齿动物地理区。对不同地理区内可能影响啮齿动物种数的４种生态因子与啮齿类物种数之间进行多元线性回归分析。结果表明,气温、降雨量、森林覆盖率及面积与啮齿类物种数之间呈显著正相关。对秦岭、大巴山地区啮齿类的垂直分布也进行了分析。结果表明,啮齿类物种数与海拔高度呈显著负相关。啮齿动物种数与景观类型也有密切关系,景观类型越复杂,啮齿类物种数越丰富。此外,农业活动对啮齿类物种数也有影响,即耕作区种数少于非耕作区。     

黑河流域中游地区荒漠-绿洲景观区啮齿动物群落结构

2005年4–5月和9月对黑河流域中游地区荒漠-绿洲景观区不同生境中啮齿动物群落结构进行了研究。在甘肃省张掖市高台县黑泉乡选择流动沙丘、含砾沙漠、固定沙地、荒漠灌丛、防护林带、灌耕草地、灌耕农田和河岸草地等8种代表性生境,采用活捕法(4,800铗日)共捕获啮齿动物254只,隶属于3科8属9种。利用捕获记录计算了群落结构特征指数,进一步利用Pearson相关系数考察了不同生境啮齿动物群落的相似性,并在此基础上对不同生境的啮齿动物群落作了聚类分析。群落结构特征指数表明,啮齿动物物种多样性(用Shannon-Wiener指数测度)在灌耕草地中最低(0.6859),在固定沙地中最高(1.7036);物种均匀度(用Pielou均匀度指数测度)在流动沙丘中最低(0.6531),在河岸草地中最高(1.0000)。聚类分析结果显示,研究区啮齿动物群落可以分成荒漠型群落和绿洲型群落两大类。三趾跳鼠(Dipussagitta)在荒漠型生境中密度较高,总体上具有优势地位,尤其是在流动沙丘生境中占据绝对优势;黑线仓鼠(Cricetulusbarabensis)在植被较好的绿洲型生境中占据优势地位,但在流动沙丘外的其他荒漠型生境中也有发现。除五趾跳鼠(Allactagasibirica)外,其他种类的跳鼠只在荒漠型生境中发现。本次调查没有在防护林内部生境中捕获啮齿动物,但在林缘区域仍有捕获记录。啮齿动物群落物种多样性指数与捕获率间无显著关联(r=0.240,P=0.566)。本研究提示人为干扰可能对维持研究区域的啮齿动物多样性有积极意义。     

典型草原啮齿动物密度与牧草损失量的关系

研究啮齿动物密度对牧草损失量的关系,对于计算草地经济损害水平至关重要,可以为草地畜牧业管理决策提供指导。本研究于2012 - 2016 年,在锡林郭勒典型草原(东乌珠穆沁旗),应用标志重捕法和样方法对啮齿动物密度以及9 月份植物地上生物量进行调查,用啮齿动物密度及其日食量来估算鼠类对牧草的损害程度,确定牧草损失量。研究结果表明:(1)啮齿动物密度与牧草损失量的最佳拟合曲线是三参数S 型曲线,为:Loss = k/(1+e ^{a - rdensity});(2)当啮齿动物密度>906 个标准鼠单位/hm² 时,牧草产量发生最大损失(牧草产量损失比=23.30% );(3)根据所拟合的曲线,得出该类型草地啮齿动物对牧草损害的危害阈值为174 个标准鼠单位/hm² 。     

Changes in the composition of the auditory bulla in southern Solomon Islands populations of the grey cuscus, Phalanger orientalis breviceps (Marsupialia, Phalangeridae)

The auditory bulla is a much-scrutinized taxonomic character of mammals, which is generally regarded as showing a high degree of structural consistency within higher taxa. Observations of bulla variability in populations of the marsupial Phalanger orientalis from the Solomon Islands demonstrate considerable flexibility in bulla makeup, with variable incorporation of the squamosal into the tympanic floor. Studies of the ontogeny of the bulla in Phalanger show the presence of three ossification centres, including an entotympanic. Squamosal invasion of one of these ossificiation centres is seen as a possible result of inbreeding, arising from the mode of colonization of the Solomon Islands by this species. This suggests that, under certain conditions, considerable morphological plasticity may be induced within the selective constraints of bulla function.     

云南甘蔷薇科植物的区系特征和地理分布

蔷薇科是云南种子植物区系中的第5大科,有41属456种,其属种分别占我国蔷薇科的74．5％和52．2％。云南蔷薇科植物的区系物征：1）云南蔷薇科属种十分丰富,分别占国产属的3／4和种的一半以上;而且该科植物中原始的、中间过渡的和进化的类群在云南均有分布。2）区系地理成份相当复杂,以包括北温带和东亚等分布类型为主的温带成分占优势。3）蔷薇科在云南的地理分布为5个区。该科植物在滇西、滇西北区种类最为丰富,占总种数的65．7％,其次是中部高原区、滇东南区及滇南和滇西南区较少,滇东北区最少。云南是蔷薇科植物的一个现代分布中心和分化中心之一。     

论世界芨芨草属(禾本科)的地理分布

本文详细讨论了世界芨芨草属的地理分布等问题。1．全世界芨芨草属共有23种1变种,分为5个组。本文对它们进行了系统介绍。2．属的地理分布,最北为北纬62°(羽茅、毛颖芨芨草),最南为北纬26°(林阴芨芨草)。就海拔而论,分布最低的海拔记录为120m(雀麦芨芨草),分布最高的海拔记录为4600m(干生芨芨草和藏芨芨草)。3．本文讨论了芨芨草属5个组(芨芨草组,钝基草组,直芒草组,新芨芨草组,拟芨芨草组)的系统位置,和每个组包括的种类及5个组的分布格局。4．根据塔赫他间世界植物区系区划,统计了每个区的种数,明显看出伊朗—土兰区种类(18／24)是第一位,东亚区(14／24)居第二位。中国有17种,横断山脉地区、华北地区和唐古特地区种数最丰富(10种和9种)。5．研究结果表明：(A)从种的分布格局分析可见,横断山脉地区北部、唐古特地区东部和华北地区西部的交汇地是芨芨草属分布中心。(B)根据芨芨草属形态特征演化趋势分析和地史学资料推测横断山脉地区北部是芨芨草属的起源地。(C)有三条路线向外散布:a)从横断山脉地区向西沿喜马拉雅山脉,经克什米尔地区抵达地中海和中欧;b)从横断山脉向西北经祁连山、天山、塔里木盆地西侧山地,抵吉尔吉斯斯坦伊塞克湖; c)由横断山脉向东北经甘肃、宁夏、陕西、山西、河北和东北,抵达西伯利亚,东达堪察加半岛,西至鄂毕河上游,并经白令海峡陆桥分布到美国内华达山脉和落基山山脉。(D)该属植物集中分布于北半球半湿润、半干旱和干旱地区,以及极端干旱的荒漠区山地。植物的形成、发展和生态适应与气候相联系,并经过长期的适应和进化,塑造了一系列中生、旱中生的形态－生态特征和生活型。     

番荔枝科的地理分布

番荔枝科的地理分布陈伟球（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）关键词番荔枝科;地理分布ＴＨＥＧＥＯＧＲＡＰＨＩＣＡＬＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＡＮＮＯＮＡＣＥＡＥ￥ＣｈｅｎＷｅｉｃｈｉｕ（ＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏ...     

On Geographical Distribution of Achnatherum Beauv. (Gramineae)

In this paper the worldwide geographical distribution of the genus Achnatherum is discussed in detail．The paper is divided into following five parts：1．Conspectus of taxonomic system：The genus Achnatherum Beauv．comprises 23 species,which can be grouped into 5 sections．The characteristics of each section are described．An infrageneric system including species in each section is presented．2．Geographical distribution of the genus：The northernmost occurrence of the genus is represented by A．sibiricum and A．confusum at latitude 62°N and the southernmost by A．chingii var．laxum at latitude 26°N．As far as vertical distribution is concerned,the lowermost record of latitude in the genus is at 120 m (represented by A．bromoides)and the highest record at 4600 m(by A．jacquemontii and A．duthiei)．3．Systematic position and geographical distribution of sections：The systematic position of five sections in the genus,i．e．,Sect．Achnatherum,Sect. Timouria,Sect． Aristella,Sect．Neotrinia and Sect．Achnatheropsis,species in each section,and the distribution pattern of each section are discussed．4．Geographical distribution of species：According to Takhtajan's regionalization of the world flora,the number of species in each region is presented．The Irano—Turanian Region(18／24)comes to the first in number of species,followed by the Eastern Asian Region(14／24)．Seventeen species have been found in China, where the Hengduan Mountain Region,Huabei Region and Tangut Region are the richest in species(10 species and 9 species,respectively)．5．Discussions and conclusions：(A)The analysis of distribution patterns of species shows that the centre of distribution of Achnatherum．is located in the boundering area of the Hengduan Mountain Region,Tangut Region and the Huabei Region． (B)Based on the analysis of evolutionary trends in morphological characters of Achnatherum and geological evidence, it is presumed that this genus probably originated in north part of the Hengduan Mountain Region. (C) Three migration routes lead to the present distribution pattern:a) From the Hengduan Mountain westward along the Himalayas across Kashmir Region to the Mediterranean and Central Europe. b) From Hengduan Mountain northward across the Qilian Mountain, west of the Huanghe corridor, Tianshan Mountain, mountains west of the Tarim basin to the Issyk lake. c) From Hengduan Mountains northeastwards across Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Hebei, and northeast part of China to Siberia, eastwards to Kamchatka Peninsula, westwards to upper stream of the Ob River, and across the Asia-Bering Land Bridge to Nevada and Rocky Mountains in west United States. (D) The majority of species of Achnatherum are distributed in subhumid, semi-arid and arid areas,and also on mountains of extremely arid desert region in the Northern Hemisphere. A series of morphological- ecological characteristics of mesophytes and moderate xerophytes and life-form resulted from long-term adaptation and evolution. 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卵果松地理种源试验

对来自中美洲4个国家16个地区的卵果松(Pinus oocarpa)种源进行苗期试验,测定苗高和地径生长量,并对其55个月生的苗高和地径进行方差分析,共结果发现:不同种源的卵果松,在同一试验地上,其苗高、地径差异极为显著,初步选出超过对照114—125％的种源,滇南海拔1200米以下地区可引种洪都拉斯种源造林。本试验还对卵果松形态特征的地理变异规律及其相互间的关系进行了初步探讨。     

栝楼属(葫芦科)植物的系统演化与地理分布

依据世界范围栝楼属植物种类的形态学、孢粉学、细胞学、系统发育研究资料,对栝楼属植物的系统演化和现代地理分布的形成进行了总结。栝楼组在栝楼属中处于原始地位,大苞组、叶苞组属于较进化类群,该属内的部分类群是在二倍体的水平上经过多倍化形成的。栝楼属在第三纪时期广布于欧洲、北美洲、亚洲、大洋洲,到第三纪晚期演化进程加快,南亚和中国西南山地逐步成为该属的起源中心与分化中心;受第四纪冰川期影响,该属在欧洲的种类逐渐消失,东亚成为该属的现代分布中心。栝楼属作为中国本地起源种,是中国植物区系中的重要组成部分。     

甘蔗亚族的地理分布

对甘蔗亚族植物在世界的分布状况和在中国的分布特点进行了讨论,通过分析甘蔗亚族各属种的分布区类型,认为亚洲东南部为甘蔗亚族的分布中心和多样性中心,同时对甘蔗亚族起源作了推测。     

我国男性青年体格状况的空间分布特征

目的:研究我国男青年体格指标的空间分布特征。方法:利用第三次全国应征青年体质调研数据,在ArcGIS8.1软件支持下,建立我国男青年体格指标的地理信息系统,并以此为基础采用空间局部内插分析,建立我国男青年体格指标空间分布图,以交叉评价指标为依据选择无偏最优的空间分布图。结果:分布图显示我国男青年身高、体重、胸围、Vervaeck指数分布趋势基本一致,总体上有从北向南逐渐减小或降低的趋势。除鄂尔多斯高原以外,东北、华北、西北北部以及华东地区东部的男青年的身高较高。东北、华北以及华东地区东部一带男青年的体型较粗壮;青藏高原、西南地区中部、陕西南部男青年体形较细长。结论:我国男青年体格存在明显的空间分布差异,应进一步研究不同地区不同的地理环境、气候、经济等对青少年体格状况的影响。     

中国槲寄生属植物及其寄主的地理分布

对槲寄生属植物在世界的分布状况和在中国的分布特点进行了讨论。通过对其寄主植物进行统计并分析其分布区类型的特点,结合该属目前的核型分析结果和现存类群的分布特点,论证了槲寄生属植物属古南大陆起源,并对其起源时间和迁移路线作了推测。