一株碱性淀粉酶产生菌Bacillus flexus XJU-3的分离鉴定及酶学特性分析

[目的]从新疆石河子市一处碱性工业污水(pH11.0)分离﹑鉴定高产碱性淀粉酶菌株,并对其所产酶酶学特性进行研究.[方法]在碱性淀粉酶分离培养基上对所分离菌株进行筛选,分离到一株高产碱性淀粉酶菌株,并将其编号XJU-3.应用生理生化试验,脂肪酸含量,16S rDNA序列以及(G C) mol%含量等方法对菌株进行鉴定,同时对XJU-3所产碱性淀粉酶的生物学特性进行研究.[结果] XJU-3可在pH4.0～12.5的LB培养基上生长,最适生长温度37℃.16S rDNA序列构建的系统进化树表明XJU-3与Bacillus flexus类聚在一起,且序列同源性为99%.该菌产生的淀粉酶最适pH10.0,最适温度40℃,且在pH9.0～13.0内有较高活性和稳定性.Co2 和Mg2 能明显提高酶的活性.[结论] XJU-3被鉴定为Bacillus flexus,由于XJU-3与B. flexus DSM 1320T在尿素水解和优势脂肪酸含量上有差异,且具有宽范围pH耐受性,因此XJU-3被认为是B.flexus的一个新菌株.XJU-3所产的碱性淀粉酶酶学特性良好,具有极大的工业应用潜力.     

Bacillus pumilus XJU-13的分离鉴定及其碱性脂肪酶酶学特性分析

目的:对从新疆精河地区一处工业污水中分离得到的一株产碱性脂肪酶细菌进行研究.方法:通过生理生化检测,16SrDNA序列同源性分析和G+Cmol%含量的测定对命名为XJU-13的这株菌进行鉴定.结果:该菌株可在pH 3.0～12.5的广泛酸碱泛围的营养肉汤培养基中生长.最适生长温度为37℃.基于16S rDNA序列同源性构建系统进化树分析表明与Bacillus pumilus clone B257聚在同一亚分枝,序列相似性达100%.数据证明XJU-13属于Bacillus pumilus.由于在氧化酶反应及淀粉水解实验与伯杰氏鉴定手册有差异,具不可比拟的pH耐受性,且脂肪酸含量与参考菌株差异较大,认为这是Bacillus pumilus中的一个新品系.该菌株产生的脂肪酶最适pH为10,最适温度为35℃,且在广泛pH(pH4-10)范围具稳定性.酶活可被Mg2+、K+、Ba2+、Pb+盐强烈抑制,被Ca2+、Cu2+、Al+及Fe2+盐激活.Zn2+对酶活无影响.结论:实验表明,XJU-13应属于B.pumilus.B.pumilus XJu-13中分离到的碱性脂肪酶有很好的特性及潜能,以期为工业应用提供数据.     

耐热碱性果胶酶产生菌的筛选及鉴定

本文以果胶为唯一碳源,在55℃下,从土壤中筛选出耐热碱性果胶酶产生菌20 株.进一步建立了果胶酶活性的定量测定方法:还原糖测定法和紫外测定法.经酶活力测定发现,4 株菌有较强碱性果胶酶活性,酶活力分别为3493、2983、2572、2561U/mL.4 株菌均为革兰阳性菌.对自行筛选的碱性果胶酶产生菌进行鉴定,其中活性最高的菌株M29 的16S rDNA 的序列分析表明与菌株Bacillus halodurans 的同源性高达99%,通过生理生化试验以及16S rDNA 的序列分析,鉴定碱性果胶酶产生菌为Bacillus halodurans M29.     

西瓜枯萎病高效拮抗菌XJUL-12的筛选与鉴定

目的:分离获得西瓜枯萎病高效拮抗菌,为研究西瓜枯萎病高效拮抗菌的拮抗机制奠定基础。方法:用碾碎法从新疆有毒植物麻(Urtica cannabina L.)、亚洲薄荷(Mentha asiatica Boris.)、阿尔泰藜芦(Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.)中分离内生菌,并用琼脂扩散法筛选出对西瓜枯萎病具有较强抗性的内生菌XJUL-12,通过PCR方法扩增XJUL-12的16S rDNA,并与GeneBank中已鉴定菌的16S rDNA序列对比,用N-J方法构建XJUL-12进化树,用Bootstraping法对其评估,同时结合其形态特征、生理生化检测、G C mol%含量对XJUL-12进行鉴定。结果:XJUL-12的16S rDNA序列与Bacillus subtilisstrain CGMCC1869同源性为99%,G C mol%含量为46.72mol%。结论:筛选获得的内生菌XJUL-12对西瓜枯萎病具有较强抗性,并将XJUL-12鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

金沙江干热河谷区胡枝子（Lespedeza Michx）根瘤菌多样性及其系统发育

研究利用数值分类、BOXAIR-PCR指纹图谱、16SrDNA PCR-RFLP、16S rDNA和GSⅡ序列分析等方法,研究了分离自金沙江干热河谷区的86株胡枝子根瘤菌的多样性和系统发育,结果表明金沙江干热河谷区胡枝子根瘤菌蕴涵丰富的生物多样性。通过数值分类,供试未知菌株表现出极大的表型性状多样性,能耐高温（60℃）和低pH（4.0）,在低温（10℃）或者高pH（9.0）条件下生长很差,耐盐性也很差。供试未知菌株的16S rDNA用HaeⅢ、MspⅠ、HinfⅠ和TaqⅠ酶切后具有16种遗传图谱类型,其中10株供试未知菌的16S rDNA遗传图谱类型不同于所选用的已知参比菌株。BOXAIR-PCR的分群结果分散,很多在16S rDNA PCR-RFLP中具有相同遗传类型的菌株也表现较大差异,表明了供试菌株在基因组水平上差异很大。序列分析结果表明,6株代表菌株分布于Rhizobium、Sinorhizobium、Mesorhizobium、Bradyrhizobium4个属,16S rDNA序列与GSⅡ序列分别构建的系统发育树在属水平上基本一致,但16S rDNA序列的同源性比GSⅡ高,6株代表菌株间16S rDNA序列的同源性在87.5%～99.5%之间,GSⅡ序列的同源性在79.4%～89.8%之间;而代表菌株与亲缘关系最近的参比菌株间的16S rDNA序列的同源性为99.9%～100%,GSⅡ的同源性为88.9%～99.6%。     

长白山温泉无氧芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定

[目的]对长白山温泉中嗜热微生物进行分离鉴定,并了解其生理生化特性.[方法]采用橄榄油富集培养基,稀释平板涂布法对长白山温泉样品进行分离得到一株嗜热菌CBS-5;在电子和光学显微镜下观察菌体形态和芽孢;应用生理生化试验、16S rDNA序列分析以及(G C)mol%含量等方法对菌株特性进行鉴定.[结果]菌株CBS-5为革兰氏阳性菌,无鞭毛,产端生芽孢,最适生长温度为65℃,最适pH7.7左右,能以蔗糖、麦芽糖和乳糖等作为唯一碳源生长,具有酯酶和过氧化氢酶活性,对卡那霉素、红霉素和硫酸新霉素等抗生素均无抗性.Tm法测定该菌的(G C)mol%含量为41.9%.脂肪酸成分分析表明在CBS-5中iso-15:0的含量最高,为24.20%,与无氧芽孢杆菌属成员一致.以该菌的16S rDNA序列为基础构建了系统发育树;16S rDNA序列同源性比对表明该菌与无氧芽孢杆菌属各种之间的同源性在95.1%-98.5%之间.[结论]菌株CBS-5(=JCM 15484)是一株嗜热无氧芽孢杆菌,具有产酶活性,对于研究和开发化工、食品和环境保护方面的工业用酶具有重要价值.     

一株分离于工业污水池的耐碱酵母

目的:从新疆温泉县一个碱性工业污水处理池中分离并鉴定耐碱酵母菌。方法:用稀释平板法分离菌种,通过形态学观察、生理生化特征及26S rDNA D1/D2区基因序列分析鉴定菌种。结果:从水样中分离得到一株耐碱酵母菌,它们能在pH3.5~11.0,12%NaCl,4~45℃生长,经形态观察及生理生化特征鉴定为酵母属,对其26S rDNA 5’端D1/D2区基因序列进行了PCR扩增并测序,GenBank注册号为DQ132884,同源序列分析结果表明该序列与酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)Sb4有99.8%的同源性,因此将其命名为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)XJU-2,该菌种已保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏委员会普通微生物中心(CGM-CC),保藏号为CGMCC No.2.3095。结论:XJU-2的最高耐碱值可达pH 11.0,而且酸碱耐受范围很大,性能明显优于国内外已报道的酿酒酵母菌种。     

西藏根瘤菌新表观群的DNA同源性及16S rDNA全序列分析

在前期数值分类工作的基础上,对7株与Rhizobium关系较密切的分离自西藏部分地区豆科植物Trigonellaspp.和Astragalusspp.的根瘤菌所形成的独立表观群,通过DNA同源性测定及16S rDNA全序列分析进行了分类地位的进一步确定。结果表明:该独立表观群菌株的(G C)mol%为59.5%~63.3%,群内菌株间DNA同源性在74.3%~92.3%之间,中心菌株XZ2-3与相关Rhizobium种之间的DNA同源性在0%~47.4%之间,是不同于Rhizobium内各种的新DNA同源群。另外,16S rDNA全序列分析结果也表明,中心菌株XZ2-3占居Rhizobium系统发育分支中的一个独立亚分支,其与临近R.leguminosarumUSDA2370T和R.etliCFN42T之间的序列相似性分别为96.55%和96.62%。根据国际系统细菌学委员会提出的细菌种属分类标准,该独立表观群构成了一个不同于Rhizobium内各种的新种群。该研究结果丰富了现有根瘤菌分类系统,将为国际上现有Rhizobium的14个种中再增添一个新的分类单元。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定Bacillus claussi的DNA G+Cmol%

目的:为了建立细菌DNA G Cmol%的快速准确的测定方法,选用反相高效液相色谱法测定Bacillus claussiDNA的G C mol%。方法:以已完成全基因测序的Bacillus haloduransC-125作为标准菌株,作者实验室新分离鉴定的2株Bacillus claussi作为待测菌株。采用80 mmol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(pH5.6)20%甲醇为移动相,检测波长260nm,流速1ml.min-1,在Kromasil C18柱上对4种碱基进行分离。结果:DNA碱基分离效果好,无杂峰干扰,以峰面积计算得到标准菌株Bacillus haloduransC-125的G C mol%为44.23%,待测菌株的G C mol%分别为45.75%、43.35%,经过统计学分析,与已经报道的G C mol%差异不显著。结论:实验结果充分显示高效反相液相色谱法测定细菌DNAG C mol%快速、准确、结果稳定,是细菌精确分类鉴定的一种可靠方法。     

Bacillus halodurans菌株xynM基因的克隆、表达和序列分析

目的:用2株新分离鉴定的细菌克隆与最近源种(Bacillus halodurans C-125)木聚糖酶基因的同源序列,并对其进行序列分析。方法:根据已发表的近源种(C-125)的保守区序列设计引物,扩增出与其同源的木聚糖酶基因,进而用pQE31载体对该基因进行表达。同时对表达蛋白的三维空间结构进行网络模拟分析,对蛋白同源性进行比对分析。结果:克隆的木聚糖酶基因片段分别为1284bp和1236bp,而且该基因也成功表达;该蛋白是(α/α)6折叠构象,与C-125三者同属于一个分支上。结论:通过分析、表达蛋白编码外切-1,4-β-木聚糖酶,属于M家族。这该新分离菌株木聚糖酶的研究和应用提供了重要线索。     

中国新分离碱性耐热芽孢杆菌的木聚糖酶产酶特征

目的：检测由中国新分离碱性耐热芽孢杆菌[1]产生的粗木聚糖酶的酶活。方法：通过DNS法测定粗木聚糖酶的酶活。结果：实验表明,以橡树木聚糖为底物培养的新分离菌株在30-50℃处理2h酶活不丧失。其中,XJU-1菌株在60、70和80℃时粗酶酶活分别丧失是最初酶活的1.54%、19.09%和72.59%;而XJU-80的粗酶酶活分别是3.59%、26.43%和72.59%。两个菌株产生的粗木聚糖酶的最适pH是7.5-8.0。将该粗酶在pH 7.0-9.0（50℃）处理24h后,酶活几乎均降低最初酶活的18%。结论：由XJU-1和XJU-80产生的木聚糖酶是生化领域有用的嗜碱耐热酶。     

Revision of the taxonomic position of the xylanolytic Bacillus sp. MIR32 reidentified as Bacillus halodurans and plasmid-mediated transformation of B. halodurans

Bacillus sp. MIR32 has been isolated using xylan as the only carbon source, and one of its xylanolytic enzymes has been extensively studied. Biochemical analysis first related this strain to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, but further studies based on a comparison of 16S rDNA sequences, G+C content, and DNA-DNA hybridization showed that strain MIR32 should be classified as a member of the species Bacillus halodurans. This change is also supported by the typical phenotype observed and by the results of PCR amplification directed toward spacers in rDNA and tDNA genes, which were assayed and compared with those of B. halodurans DSM 497(T). Although among alkaliphilic bacilli competence development has not been experimentally demonstrated, in this work both B. halodurans MIR32 and DSM 497(T) were transformed according to a simple procedure developed in our laboratory, reaching 10(2)-10(3) stable transformants per microgram of plasmid DNA.     

Bacillus beringensis sp. nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from the Bering Sea

Psychrotolerant Bacillus-like strains BR035(T) and BR011 were isolated from seawater of the Bering Sea and were characterized by means of a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that these strains were related to the members of the genus Bacillus and had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Bacillus korlensis ZLC-26(T). DNA-DNA hybridization experiments confirmed that strains BR035(T) and BR011 belonged to the same species and were distinct from their closest relatives. The cells were Gram-positive, rods, motile, spore-forming and psychrotolerant. The temperature range for growth was 4-42°C. The main respiratory quinone was MK-7. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown aminolipid and two unknown phospholipids. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C14:0 and C16:1ω7c alcohol. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The genomic DNA G + C content was 37.6-37.8 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic analysis and DNA-DNA relatedness data, a novel species Bacillus beringensis is proposed and the type strain is BR035(T) (=CGMCC 1.9126(T)=DSM 22571(T)).     

Bacillus methanolicus sp. nov., a new species of thermotolerant, methanol-utilizing, endospore-forming bacteria.

The generic position of 14 strains of gram-positive bacteria able to use methanol as a growth substrate was determined. All are obligately aerobic, thermotolerant organisms that are able to grow at temperatures of 35 to 60 degrees C. Nine of the strains produce oval spores at a subterminal-to-central position in slightly swollen rod-shaped cells. DNA-DNA hybridization studies, 5S rRNA sequence analysis, and physiological characteristics revealed that all 14 strains cluster as a well-defined group and form a distinct new genospecies. Analysis of the 16S and 5S rRNA sequences indicated that this new species is distinct from Bacillus brevis but closely related to B. firmus and B. azotoformans. The name proposed for this new species is B. methanolicus. The type strain, PB1, has been deposited in the National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria as NCIMB 13113.     

Molecular identification of alkaliphilic and halotolerant strain<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Bacillus</Emphasis> sp. FTU as<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Bacillus pseudofirmus</Emphasis> FTU

The systematic position of the alkaliphilic and halotolerant strain Bacillus sp. FTU was refined in view of the comprehensive taxonomic revision of the group of alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant Bacillus strains. Sequence analysis of almost the entire 16S rRNA gene of Bacillus sp. FTU revealed 99.8% homology with two Bacillus pseudofirmus strains. Subsequent DNA-DNA hybridization analysis confirmed the close relationship of Bacillus sp. FTU with the type strain of B. pseudofirmus (the level of homology reached 86%). Results of physiological and biochemical characterizations relevant for the group clearly underlined the positioning of strain FTU within this species. It is therefore concluded that Bacillus sp. FTU represents a strain of the alkaliphilic species B. pseudofirmus and is to be renamed as B. pseudofirmus FTU. The phylogeny of different Bacillus species is discussed using N-terminal sequence homologies of some caa (3)-type oxidase subunits.     

Taxonomy of alkaliphilic Bacillus strains

The DNA base compositions of 78 alkaliphilic Bacillus strains were determined. These strains were grouped as follows: DNA group A, guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) content of 34.0 to 37.5 mol% (17 strains); DNA group B, G+C content of 38.2 to 40.8 mol% (33 strains); and DNA group C, G+C content of 42.1 to 43.9 mol% (28 strains). DNA group A includes the type strain of Bacillus alcalophilus Vedder 1934. DNA-DNA hybridization studies with DNA group A strains revealed that only one strain, strain DSM 2526, exhibited a high level of DNA homology with B. alcalophilus DSM 485T (T = type strain). Neither strain DSM 485T nor any other DNA group A strain is homologous to any of the Bacillus type strains with comparable base compositions. Six strains formed a distinct group containing three highly homologous strains and three strains exhibiting greater than 50% DNA homology.     

Geobacillus jurassicus sp. nov., a new thermophilic bacterium isolated from a high-temperature petroleum reservoir, and the validation of the Geobacillus species

Four thermophilic, spore-forming bacterial strains, DS1(T), DS2, 46 and 49, were isolated from the high-temperature Dagang oilfield, located in China. The strains were identified by using the polyphasic taxonomy approach. These were aerobic, gram-positive, rod-shaped, moderately thermophilic (with an optimum growth temperature of 60-65 degrees C), chemoorganotrophic bacteria capable of growing on various sugars, carboxylic acids and crude oil. Two strains, DS1(T) and DS2, were capable of growing on individual saturated hydrocarbons. The G + C content of the DNA of strains DS1(T) and DS2 was 54.5 and 53.8 mol%, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA of strains DS1(T) and DS2 showed that they form a separate cluster within the genus Geobacillus. The cellular fatty acids of the isolates were dominated by iso-15:0, iso-16:0 and iso-17:0 acids, which are the typical fatty acids of bacteria from the genus Geobacillus. The DNA-DNA hybridization study and the comparative analysis of the morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strains DS1(T) and DS2 showed that they differ from the previously described Geobacillus species and belong to a new species, which was called Geobacillus jurassicus. DS1(T) (=VKM B2301(T), = DSM 15726(T)) is the type strain of this species. According to both DNA-DNA reassociation studies and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, two other strains, 46 and 49, were assigned to the species G. stearothermophilus. In this paper, we provide evidence that the new combinations G. stearothermophilus, G. thermoleovorans, G. kaustophilus, G. thermoglucosidasius and G. thermodenitrificans may be considered to be valid.     

Starch hydrolysing Bacillus halodurans isolates from a Kenyan soda lake

Fourteen obligate alkaliphilic and halotolerant bacterial isolates, exhibiting extracellular amylase activity at 55 degrees C and pH 10, were isolated from hot springs around Lake Bogoria, Kenya. From 16S rDNA sequence analysis, nine isolates shared 100% identity with Bacillus halodurans strain DSM 497T, while the rest shared 99% identity with alkaliphilic Bacillus species A-59. PCR of the intergenic spacer region between 16S and 23S rRNA genes (ISR-PCR) divided the isolates into two groups, while tDNA-PCR divided them into three groups. Bacillus halodurans DSM 497T had a different ISR pattern from the isolates, while it had a tDNA-PCR profile similar to the group that shared 99% identity with alkaliphilic Bacillus species A-59. All isolates hydrolysed soluble starch as well as amylose, amylopectin and pullulan. The amylase activity (1.2-1.8 U ml(-1)) in the culture broths had an optimum temperature of 55-65 degrees C, was stimulated by 1 mm Ca2+, and was either partially (16-30%) or completely inhibited by 1 mM EDTA. Activity staining of the cell-free culture supernatant from the isolates revealed five alkaline active amylase bands.