外源一氧化碳对盐胁迫下水稻悬浮细胞死亡的缓解效应

水稻悬浮细胞经NaCl（0～400mmol·L-1）处理后,细胞死亡率随着NaCl浓度的增大和处理时间的延长而上升。50%饱和度的外源一氧化碳（CO）溶液预处理3h可以缓解随后由200mmol·L-1NaCl引起的细胞死亡率上升,CO清除剂血红蛋白（Hb）有逆转CO的保护效应。CO在不同程度上还可以促进超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性的上升或相应基因的表达。     

NaCl胁迫下大麦根系液包膜H^＋—ATPase活性与膜流动性的关系

用50－200mmol/L NaCl处理2d后,大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.)品种“滩引2号”（耐盐性强）根的液泡膜H^ -ATPase活性增强,600mmol/L NaCl处理下酶活性下降;“科品7号”（耐盐性弱）在50－100mmol/L NaCl处理2d后根的液泡膜H^ -ATPase活性增强,200－600mmol/L NaCl处理下酶活性随盐浓度增加而降低。50－200mol/L NaCl处理下“滩引2号”根的液泡膜流动性下降,600mmol/L NaCl处理下膜流动性明显增大;盐胁迫下液泡膜膜脂脂肪酸不饱和度下降时,膜流动性下降,反之则膜流动性上升。由此推断高盐胁迫下液泡膜膜脂脂肪酸不饱和度上升而引起膜流动性上升可能是引起H^ -ATPase活性下降的原因之一。     

外源一氧化碳对小麦幼苗耐盐性以及根中脯氨酸含量的影响

小麦幼苗经饱和度为50％的一氧化碳（C0）溶液预处理24h可以缓解随后以200mmol·L^-1NaCl处理所导致的小麦幼苗生长的受抑程度和相对含水量的下降。CO预处理还可有效提高盐胁迫下小麦幼苗根中吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶（P5CS）活性及其基因的表达,同时抑制脯氨酸脱氢酶（ProDH）活性,从而诱导脯氨酸的大量合成,缓解盐胁迫对小麦幼苗的伤害。     

银杏叶片光合作用对强光的响应

银杏叶片遭受光量子通量密度（PFD）为1200μmolm-2s-1的强光胁迫后,净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）、PSⅡ光化学效率（Fv／Fm）和表现量子效率（AQY）都下降,而叶片在505nm处的光吸收（A505）、初始荧光水平（Fo）和荧光的非光化学猝灭（qN）上升。在去除强光胁迫数小时之后,这些参数都不能完全恢复。这就表明,虽然强光能引起严重的光抑制,可能涉及依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散和一部分PSⅡ反应中心的失活及破坏,但是导致光合速率降低的主要因素仍然是气孔导度的降低。     

Na2CO3胁迫下星星草幼苗叶片PSⅡ光能利用和耗散与培养基质渗透势的关系

用荧光动力学的方法研究了碱性盐Na2CO3胁迫下星星草幼苗叶片PSⅡ光能利用和耗散与培养基质渗透势的关系。结果发现在大于-4bar的胁迫下,PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率（Fv/Fo）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（φPSⅡ）以及开放的PSⅡ反应中心有效光化学效率（Fv’/Fm’）的变化不大;然而在小于-4bar Na2CO3胁迫下,Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和Fv’/Fm’均随着渗透势的增大而增大,而中PSⅡ、电子传递速率（ETR）、光化学速率、捕光色素吸收的光能被用于热耗散的相对份额及热耗散速率则随着渗透势的增大而减小。这些研究结果说明星星草幼苗在Na2CO3胁迫所导致的不同的渗透胁迫下（小于-4bar和大于-4bar）其过剩光能的耗散机制可能不同,大于-4bar的胁迫下可能存在精细的渗透调节机制,而在高强度的Na2CO3所导致的渗透胁迫下具有与其它植物不同的保护机制,可能通过两条途径耗散过剩的光能,一方面通过增加捕光色素吸收的光能被用于热耗散的相对份额及热耗散速率;另一方面通过增大西PSⅡ、光化学速率、ETR,增强假循环式光合磷酸化过程,而由此引起的活性氧的增加则通过体内较高活性的保护酶系统来清除,以保护光合器官免受过剩光能的损伤。     

NaCl和Na2CO3对盐地碱蓬胁迫效应的比较

在相同的Na 浓度(如100 mmol/L)下,NaCl处理促进碱蓬植株干重增加,提高根系活力,而Na2CO3处理导致植株干重减少,根系活力降低;与NaCl胁迫相比,Na2CO3胁迫下叶片内Na 含量上升和K 含量下降幅度更大,叶肉细胞质Na 含量和叶内脯氨酸含量增加幅度更大,而V-H -ATPase(液泡膜H -ATPase)和V-H -PPase (液泡膜H -PPase)增加幅度较少;与NaCl胁迫不同,Na2CO3胁迫下SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性不是增加,而是降低,与此相一致,MDA(丙二醛)含量大幅度增加.上述结果表明,碱蓬对Na2CO3胁迫的抗性低于对NaCl的抗性,这可能与Na2CO3胁迫引起的Na 、K 离子严重失衡、活性氧清除能力降低有关.     

外源一氧化氮对模拟酸雨胁迫下箬竹（Indocalamus barbatus）光合特性的影响

为了探讨外源一氧化氮对酸胁迫下植物生理响应的调节作用,以髯毛箬竹为试验材料,以硝普钠（SNP）为一氧化氮供体,研究了一氧化氮对模拟酸雨胁迫下叶片叶绿素相对含量、光合作用日变化以及叶绿素荧光特性等的影响。结果表明：（1）外源一氧化氮（50～450mg／LSNP）预处理可不同程度地缓解pH3．0酸雨胁迫下叶绿素含量的下降,其中以450mg／LSNP处理效果最明显;（2）酸雨胁迫下,箬竹叶片光合“午休”现象加重,日均净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和气孔限制值（Ls）均明显降低,而细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）增大,经过外源SNP预处理后Pn、Gs、Tr和Ls不同程度增加,而Ci有所降低,以450mg／LSNP预处理的效果最好;（3）酸雨胁迫下,箬竹叶片的最大荧光（胁）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv／Fm）、有效光化学效率（Fv’／Fm’）、最大荧光产额（Fm’）、稳态荧光产额（Fs’）、光化学淬灭系数（qP）、非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（qbPSⅡ）及表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）均降低,而暗适应下最小荧光（F0）、光适应下最小荧光产额（F’0）则升高;经450mg／LSNP预处理后,上述荧光参数在胁迫下的变化均受到不同程度的抑制。可见,一氧化氮预处理能够不同程度地缓解酸雨胁迫下非气孔因素引起的箬竹叶片光合速率的下降以及对光合系统的破坏作用,提高胁迫下光合能力。光化学效率的提高和过剩光能的非光合耗散的增强可能是一氧化氮缓解胁迫对光合机构破坏的机制之一。     

碱胁迫下耐碱植物星星草体内柠檬酸特异积累现象

对碱胁迫（0-175mmol/L Na2CO3）下星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora (Griseb.)Scribn.et Merr.）体内柠檬酸的积累规律及其相关胁变指标进行分析测定。实验结果证明：积累柠檬酸是星星草对碱胁迫特有的生理反应。盐胁迫量上升缓慢,当胁迫强度大于100mmol/L Na2CO3时,积累量明显上升,柠檬酸积累与胁迫时间之间呈直角曲线关系,一定胁迫强度下胁迫4h后即可测出柠檬酸含量明显上升,约48h后渐趋最大值。碱胁迫144h后星星草各部位中柠檬酸含量从高到低的顺序依次是老叶、成熟叶、老叶鞘、幼叶鞘、幼茎、老茎和幼叶。成熟叶中柠檬酸碱胁迫强度增大而逐渐上升,老叶和叶鞘中的柠械酸在碱胁迫强度大于125mmol/L后急剧上升,茎中柠檬酸含量无明显增高,幼叶中柠檬酸含量基本不变,实验证明,碱胁迫下积累的主要是柠檬酸,其他有机酸无明显变化。     

星星草耐盐碱生理机制再探讨

用不同浓度Na2CO3处理星星草幼苗,7d后测定叶片相对电导率、渗透势、光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、蒸腾强度（Tr）、水分利用效率（WUE）等生理指标,以研究星星草抗盐碱的生理机制。结果表明,低浓度Na2CO3胁迫下,星星草幼苗可通过渗透调节来减轻细胞所受的伤害,因而膜透性受影响较小,相对电导率上升较少,而Gs基本保持不变,Pn、Tr还有所促进,WUE有所增加,这些结果说明,星星草幼苗对低浓度碱性盐具有一定抗性;但犀星草幼苗的这种抗性有一定限度,随着Na2CO3胁迫浓度的增加,Gs、Tr、Pn依次受到抑制,最终膜透性急剧增加,说明星星草幼苗已受损严重,这些变化具有较强的顺序性。     

模拟酸雨对乐东拟单性木兰幼苗部分生理指标的影响

采用盆栽法,研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨胁迫对乐东拟单性木兰（Paramecia lotungensis）叶片膜损伤、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素（Chl）含量以及气体交换参数等的变化。结果表明：在模拟酸雨胁迫下,幼苗叶片膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量显著增加,且两者呈现显著正相关;过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性逐渐下降,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物（POD）活性逐渐或急剧上升;Chl含量明显下降;净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Ga）、蒸腾速率（Tt）、水分利用效率（WUE）和气孔限制值（La）等指标均呈下降趋势,而胞间CO2浓度（Ci）却表现为上升趋势。表明酸雨诱导了活性氧生成,使抗氧化酶系统失调,造成活性氧产生和清除之间的不平衡,从而加速膜脂过氧化作用,破坏膜透性,降解叶绿素,导致光合作用下降。     

Reaction of manganese-dependent peroxidase from Bjerkandera adusta in aqueous organic media

The oxidation of various phenolics and aromatic amines by manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) of Bjerkandera adusta was examined in aqueous organic media. MnP retained its activities in several 70% (v/v) aqueous solutions of water-miscible organic solvents including ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, acetone and acetonitrile. The absorption spectra of MnP in these aqueous organic media were similar to that observed in the reaction without solvent addition, indicating that the heme of MnP was little affected by the addition of these water-miscible organic solvents. MnP was also found to oxidize Mn(II) to Mn(III) in these 70% (v/v) aqueous organic media. The oxidation of Mn(II) by MnP was correlated with the Dimroth–Reichardt parameter, E_T(30), of the solvents. Furthermore, MnP catalyzed the oxidation of anisidines, aminophenols, phenylenediamines and phenolics in aqueous 70% (v/v) acetone, acetonitrile and diethylene glycol media. Aromatic amines that have high hydrophobicity were shown to be suitable for the reaction of MnP in aqueous water-miscible organic media.     

Purification of hyperthermophilic archaeal amylolytic enzyme (MJA1) using thermoseparating aqueous two-phase systems

Purification of a recombinant, thermostable alpha-amylase (MJA1) from the hyperthermophile, Methanococcus jannaschii, was investigated in the ethylene oxide-propylene oxide random copolymer (PEO-PPO)/(NH(4))(2)SO(4), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/(NH(4))(2)SO(4) aqueous two-phase systems. MJA1 partitioned in the top polymer-rich phase, while the remainder of proteins partitioned in the bottom salt-rich phase. It was found that enzyme recovery of up to 90% with a purification factor of 3.31 was achieved using a single aqueous two-phase extraction step. In addition, the partition behavior of pure amyloglucosidase in polymer/salt aqueous two-phase systems was also evaluated. All of the studied enzymes partitioned unevenly in these polymer/salt systems. This work is the first reported application of thermoseparating polymer aqueous two-phase systems for the purification of extremophile enzymes.     

Effect of various aqueous extracting agents on fluorescence properties of waste tea residue derived carbon dots (WTR-CDs): Comparative spectroscopic analysis

Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) are one of the important carbonaceous nanomaterials in the area of nanoscience and nanotechnology because of their interesting physical as well as chemical properties. Herein we studied the effect of various aqueous extracting agents on fluorescence properties of waste tea residue-based carbon dots (WTR-CDs). WTR-CDs are firstly synthesized by utilizing kitchen waste-based carbonaceous biomass. To check the role of various aqueous media during the course of WTR-CDs synthesis from carbonized carbon powder, extraction of WTR-CDs was carried out in various kinds of aqueous media viz., only aqueous (100% water, WT), aqueous-alcoholic (10% ethanol, ET), aqueous-acidic (10% acetic acid, AA), and aqueous-basic (10% ammonia, AM). The consequences of extracting agents on the photophysical properties of final WTR-CDs-WT, WTR-CDs-ET, WTR-CDs-AA and WTR-CDs-AM were also discussed in detail. We have observed interesting blue shift fluorescence spectra in acidic medium for WTR-CDs-AA and polar protic solvents compared to polar aprotic medium. The solvatochromic behaviour of WTR-CDs-WT in model polar and non-polar solvent was also studied. The effect of cationic, anionic and non-anionic surfactants on the fluorescence of WTR-CDs-WT was also evaluated. The proposed findings may help researchers in the near future to obtain fast, easy and direct synthesize CDs from a variety of biomass-based precursors under different aqueous conditions.     

Metabolism of angiotensin I by guinea pig aqueous humor

We investigated the degradation of angiotensin I (Ang I) by guinea pig aqueous humor at physiological pH (pH 7.4) and assessed the activity of responsible enzymes using various enzyme inhibitors. The aqueous humor was incubated with Ang I in the presence or absence of an enzyme inhibitor at 37 degrees C for the appropriate time period. The resulting peptides were analyzed by a Beckman HPLC system with a Waters microBondapak C18 analytical column using a 30-min increasing linear gradient of 10 to 40% acetonitrile containing 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and H2O containing 0.05% TFA at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection was done by absorbance at 214 nm. Angiotensin II (Ang II) was a major product (39.3+/-4.10 nmol x h(-1) mL(-1), n = 5) of Ang I hydrolysis. Traces of angiotensin 1-9, angiotensin IV, and angiotensin 1-7 were also produced. Chymostatin (0.05 mmol/L), EDTA (1 mmol/L), enalaprilat (0.1 mmol/L), and ebelacton B (0.01 mmol/L) inhibited generation of Ang II from Ang I by guinea pig aqueous humor by 89+/-4.6, 56+/-7.6, 33+/-5.1, 20+/-6.5%, respectively. Our findings indicate that guinea pig aqueous humor contains several enzymes that can form Ang II. The chymostatin-sensitive type of enzyme was the most active one found in guinea pig aqueous humor. Angiotensin I converting enzyme, carboxypeptidase A, and deamidase may also contribute to angiotensin II formation in guinea pig ocular fluid.     

魔芋葡甘聚糖水溶胶的粘度行为研究

对魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)水溶胶在不同剪切速率、浓度、放置时间、温度等条件下的粘度行为进行了研究.结果表明,水溶胶的粘度随着剪切速率的增加而呈指数降低,属于非牛顿流体,1%的KGM水溶胶粘度η(10-4mpa·s)与剪切速率γ(s-1)的经验公式为η=1.41+9.04e-γ/0.107;粘度η(10-4mpa·s)随KGM质量分数ω(%)增加而呈指数增加,二者关系符合η=3.88eω/0.632;1%的KGM水溶胶粘度η(10-4mpa·s)随放置时间t(h)的增加而下降,可用多项关系式η=4.93+0.027t-5.15×10-4t2来拟合;温度升高则粘度会下降,1%的KGM水溶胶的粘流活化能为14.90 kJ/mol.此外,还分别探讨了不同电解质(如NaCl,NaOH,HCl)及表面活性剂(如CTAB,SDS,Tween 80)等对KGM水溶胶粘度的影响规律.     

A pharmacological investigation of Hippophae salicifolia (HS) and Hippophae rhamnoides turkestanica (HRT) against multiple stress (C-H-R): an experimental study using rat model

Hippophae salicifolia (HS) and Hippophae rhamnoides turkestanica (HRT) are abundantly found species of Hippophae in Himalayan region of India. As these plants thrive under extreme climatic conditions, it is suspected that these plants must have a unique adaptogenic property against high-altitude stress. To keeping these views in our mind, the present study was planned to evaluate the mechanism of action of aqueous extract of HS and aqueous extract of HRT against multiple stress [cold-hypoxia-restraint (C-H-R)] for their adaptogenic activity. The present study reported the adaptogenic activity of HS in facilitating tolerance to multiple stress, CHR in rats. Pre-treatment with aqueous extract of HS significantly attenuated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, protein oxidation, and lipid peroxidation and also showed role in maintaining antioxidant status as similar to control rats. Since protein oxidation was decreased by pre-treatment of HS, protein homeostasis was also sustained by regulation of heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP60). Interestingly, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), and nitric oxide (NO) level was also increased in HS pre-treated rats depicted its adaptogenic activity against multiple stress, CHR. Conclusively, aqueous extract of HS could use an adaptogen for high altitude-associated multiple stress (CHR).     

Activity and stability of cross-linked tyrosinase aggregates in aqueous and nonaqueous media

Cross-linked tyrosinase aggregates were prepared by precipitating the enzyme with ammonium sulfate and subsequent cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Both activity and stability of these cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) in aqueous solution, organic solvents, and ionic liquids have been investigated. Immobilization effectively improved the stability of the enzyme in aqueous solution against various deactivating conditions such as pH, temperature, denaturants, inhibitors, and organic solvents. The stability of the CLEAs in various organic solvents such as tert-butanol (t(1/2)=326.7h at 40°C) was significantly enhanced relative to that in aqueous solution (t(1/2)=5.5h). The effect of thermodynamic water activity (a(w)) on the CLEA activity in organic media was examined, demonstrating that the enzyme incorporated into CLEAs required an extensive hydration (with an a(w) approaching 1.0) for optimizing its activity. The impact of ionic liquids on the CLEA activity in aqueous solution was also assessed.     

Thermotropic phase behavior of model membranes composed of phosphatidylcholines containing cis-monounsaturated acyl chain homologues of oleic acid: differential scanning calorimetric and 31P NMR spectroscopic studies

The thermotropic phase behavior of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine and six of its longer chain homologues was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Aqueous dispersions of these compounds all exhibit a single endotherm upon heating but upon cooling exhibit at least two exotherms, both of which occur at temperatures lower than those of their heating endotherm. The single transition observed upon heating was shown by 31P NMR spectroscopy to be a net conversion from a condensed, subgel-like phase (Lc phase) to the liquid-crystalline state. Aqueous ethylene glycol dispersions of these compounds also exhibit single endotherms upon heating and cooling exotherms centered at temperatures lower than those of their corresponding heating endotherm. However, the behavior of the aqueous ethylene glycol dispersions differs with respect to their transition temperatures and enthalpies as well as the extent of "undercooling" observed, and there is some evidence of discontinuities in the cooling behavior of the odd- and even-numbered members of the homologous series. Like the aqueous dispersions, 31P NMR spectroscopy also shows that the calorimetric events observed in aqueous ethylene glycol involve net interconversions between an Lc-like phase and the liquid-crystalline state. However, the Lc phase formed in aqueous ethylene glycol dispersions exhibits a considerably broader powder pattern than that observed in water. This, together with the fact that the transition enthalpies of the aqueous ethylene glycol dispersions are considerably higher than those of the aqueous dispersions, indicates that these lipids form more ordered Lc phases in aqueous ethylene glycol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Phytochemical analysis of Moringa Oleifera leaves extracts by GC-MS and free radical scavenging potency for industrial applications

Natural extracts have been of very high interest since ancient time due to their enormous medicinal use and researcher’s attention have further gone up recently to explore their phytochemical compositions, properties, potential applications in the areas such as, cosmetics, foods etc. In this present study phytochemical analysis have been done on the aqueous and methanolic Moringa leaves extracts using Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GCMS) and their free radical scavenging potency (FRSP) studied using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical for further applications. GCMS analysis revealed an extraction of range of phytochemicals in aqueous and methanolic extracts. In aqueous, extract constituents found with high percent peak area are Carbonic acid, butyl 2-pentyl ester (20.64%), 2-Isopropoxyethyl propionate (16.87%), Butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-, (3.14%) (also known as Citramalic acid that has been rarely detected in plant extracts) and many other phytochemicals were detected. Similarly, fifty-four bio components detected in methanolic extract of Moringa leaves, which were relatively higher than the aqueous extract. Few major compounds found with high percent peak area are 1,3-Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2- (hydroxymethyl)- (21.19%), Propionic acid, 2-methyl-, octyl ester (15.02%), Ethanamine, N-ethyl-N-nitroso- (5.21%), and 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid etc. FRSP for methanolic extract was also recorded much higher than aqueous extract. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of Moringa aqueous extract observed is 4.65 µl/ml and for methanolic extract 1.83 µl/ml. These extracts can act as very powerful antioxidants, anti-inflammatory ingredient for various applications in diverse field of food, cosmetics, medicine etc.     

Enzymatic synthesis of p-nitrophenyl N,N',N',N',N'-pentaacetyl-beta-chitopentaoside in water-methanol system; significance as a substrate for lysozyme assay

Transchitooligosylation from (GlcNAc)5 to the 4-position of PNP-GlcNAc was efficiently induced through lysozyme catalysis in an aqueous solution containing methanol with a high concentration. Use of the aqueous methanol system in this reaction not only guaranteed solubility of PNP-GlcNAc substrate, but also resulted in a remarkable increase in PNP-(GlcNAc)5 production. PNP-(GlcNAc)5 was substrate for lysozyme assay compared with PNP-(GlcNAc)4.