外源6-BA对低温胁迫下茄子幼苗光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数及光能分配的影响

本文研究了外源6-BA对低温胁迫下茄子幼苗光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数和能量分配的影响。结果表明,外源6．BA显著增加了低温胁迫下茄子叶绿素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（t）、气孔导度（Gs）和胞间CO2浓度（c1）;同时外源6-BA明显提高了低温胁迫下茄子幼苗叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ潜在活性（R／Fo）、PSII天线转化效率（FvFm）、实际光化学效率（φpsⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（g,）和光化学反应能量（P）,降低了非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）、天线热耗散能量（D）,对非光化学反应耗散能量（E）无明显影响。表明外源6-BA处理通过促进低温胁迫下茄子幼苗光合作用,提高光合电子传递效率,从而保护光合系统,降低低温胁迫对植物的损伤。     

外源硅对纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)侵染下水稻叶片光合功能的改善

为了进一步探讨外源加硅增强水稻对纹枯病的抗性作用,以抗病品种91SP和感病品种Lemont为材料,研究了人工接种纹枯病菌条件下外源硅对水稻叶片叶绿素含量、光合作用、叶绿素荧光特性和MDA含量的影响。结果表明：（1）外源加硅能降低抗病品种91SP的纹枯病病级和病情指数,显著降低感病品种Lemont的病级和病情指数;（2）接种纹枯病菌后,水稻叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）均明显降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）增大,而加硅处理的水稻叶片叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs不同程度增加,Ci有所降低;（3）接种纹枯病菌后,两个品种PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv／Fm）、PSⅡ有效光化学效率（Fv＇／Fm＇）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）和表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）均降低,非光化学猝灭系数（qNP）增大,而对于加硅处理的水稻叶片,上述荧光参数在纹枯病菌侵染条件下的变化均受到不同程度的抑制。（4）外源硅可不同程度地减缓纹枯病菌侵染引起的丙二醛（MDA）含量的增加,对感病品种Lemont的缓解作用要大于抗病品种91SP。可见,外源硅处理可以不同程度地缓解纹枯病菌侵染条件下非气孔因素引起的水稻叶片光合速率的下降以及对光合机构的破坏作用,提高光化学效率,改善叶片的光合功能,减轻叶片膜脂过氧化程度,增强水稻对纹枯病的抗性。     

模拟酸雨对龙眼叶片气体交换和叶绿素a荧光参数的影响（英文）

 研究了模拟酸雨对龙眼(Dimorcarpus longana)叶片气体交换和叶绿素a荧光参数的影响,结果表明：酸雨胁迫抑制龙眼光合作用,受胁迫叶片光补偿点上升。pH 3.0的酸雨处理6 h后叶片气体交换和叶绿素a荧光参数下降,停止处理后72 h可以恢复。pH 2.5的酸雨处理6 h后净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度(Cs)、蒸腾速率（Tr）,叶绿素a荧光参数Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、PSII非环式电子传递的量子产量（ΦPSⅡ）、荧光下降比值（Rfd）、非光化学猝灭系数（qN）和光化学猝灭系数（qP）急剧下降,停     

模拟酸雨胁迫下硅对髯毛箬竹光合特性的影响

以髯毛箬竹为试验材料,研究了模拟酸雨胁迫(pH 3.0)下硅对髯毛箬竹叶片叶绿素相对含量、光合作用日变化以及叶绿素荧光特性等的影响.结果表明:20和100 mg·L^-1 Na₂SiO₃预处理可以不同程度地抑制酸雨胁迫下髯毛箬竹叶片叶绿素含量的显著下降,且以100 mg·L^-1浓度处理效果最佳,叶绿素含量可提高22.7%,而高浓度(500 mg·L^-1)预处理则无缓解作用-酸雨胁迫下,髯毛箬竹光合“午休”现象加重,日平均净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和气孔限制值(L_s)明显降低,而胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)增大,经过20～100 mg·L^-1硅预处理后,P_n、G_s、L_s不同程度增加,而C_i有所降低,且以100 mg·L^-1硅预处理效果最佳,日平均P_n增加39.2%.酸雨胁迫下,箬竹PSⅡ最大荧光(F_m)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、有效光化学效率(F_v′/F_m′)、最大荧光产额(F_m′)、光化学淬灭系数(q_P)、非光化学淬灭系数(q_N)、PSII实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)降低,暗适应和光适应下的最小荧光产额F_o、F_o′ 则升高;而100 mg·L^-1硅预处理明显抑制了胁迫下各荧光参数的变化,F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、F_v′/F_m′和Φ_PSⅡ分别增加35.2%、146.2%、55.0%和24.3%.说明外源适宜浓度硅预处理能有效地缓解酸雨胁迫导致的髯毛箬竹光合活性下降和光合系统损伤,从而提高胁迫下植物的光合能力.     

干旱-复水对桂西北喀斯特地区青冈栎叶片光合能力、叶绿素荧光和显微结构的影响

为了探讨喀斯特地区适生种青冈栎幼苗对“干旱－复水”环境的适应机制,以当年生青冈栎实生苗为材料,通过盆栽控水试验,研究了4 种土壤干旱胁迫强度[对照（–0.1 MPa）、轻度干旱（–0.5 MPa））、中度干旱（–0.9 MPa）和重度干旱（–1.5 MPa）]及复水处理对叶片的水分状况、光合、叶绿素荧光和解剖结构参数的影响。结果表明：（1）随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片相对含水率、水势、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和胞间CO2浓度（Ci）均显著降低,而气孔限制值（Ls）显著增加;轻度胁迫下各光合参数以及轻中度胁迫下瞬时水分利用效率（WUE）均不受显著影响。复水后,各干旱处理叶片水分参数、Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci、WUE均比复水前提高,Ls比复水前降低;轻度胁迫复水后叶片水分和光合参数均优于对照,中度胁迫仅Ls未恢复到对照,重度胁迫复水后叶片水分和光合参数均未恢复。（2）随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片初始荧光（Fo）显著增加,而最大荧光（Fm）、最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）和潜在光化学效率（Fv/Fo）均显著下降,且在轻度胁迫下均与对照显著差异。复水后,各干旱胁迫Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo比复水前提高,而Fo均略低于复水前,轻度胁迫复水后各叶绿素荧光参数均恢复到或优于对照,中度和重度胁迫复水后Fo未恢复到对照,且重度胁迫复水后Fv /Fm仅为0.75。（3）随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片厚度、上下表皮厚度、气孔密度、主脉导管直径均显著增加,叶片气孔器长度、宽度、开口面积、海绵组织厚度均显著降低,而栅栏组织厚度、栅海比和主脉厚度均表现为中度＞轻度＞对照＞重度。复水后,仅各干旱胁迫处理的气孔开口面积和主脉厚度比复水前显著提高;轻度胁迫复水后叶片结构参数也均恢复到或优于对照,中度胁迫复水后气孔开口面积仍显著低于对照,重度胁迫复水后气孔开口未能恢复打开,主脉厚度也低于对照。因此,青冈栎幼苗有耐旱性和旱后恢复能力,适合作为喀斯特地区的生态恢复树种,但在青冈栎幼苗抚育阶段应免受中度以上干旱胁迫（–0.9 MPa）,以利于其旱后恢复生长。     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响

采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺对50mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗植株生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数(PSⅡ光化学效率)的影响。结果表明:NaCl胁迫显著降低了黄瓜植株生长量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)(P<0.05),但对PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)、有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、非光化学淬灭(qN)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)无显著影响(P>0.05);外源亚精胺显著提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度,增加了ФPSⅡ、qP、Fv′/Fm′,降低了qN(P<0.05);外源亚精胺对Fv/Fm影响不显著(P>0.05)。外源施加亚精胺可增强盐胁迫下黄瓜植株的光合能力,主要是由于减弱了盐胁迫对植株的气孔限制,但对PSⅡ实际光化学效率影响较小,且叶面喷施比根施处理对改善盐胁迫下植株的生长和光合作用更有效。     

外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞光合功能的改善

研究了外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞扦插苗叶片光合功能的影响。结果表明,外源甜菜碱能使盐胁迫下的枸杞叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm、Fm／Fo和Fv／Fo增高,使光合色素叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量明显增加,叶绿素a与b的比值(Chla／Chlb)升高,类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值(Car／Chl)降低,说明外源甜菜碱有利于植物对光能的捕获、吸收、传递和转换,提高叶片的光合活性,降低盐胁迫对植物的抑制作用。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对盐胁迫下黄连幼苗光合参数及其叶绿素荧光特性的影响

该实验以2年生黄连幼苗为材料,在100mmol·L-1的NaCl模拟盐胁迫条件下,经不同浓度的外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)处理后,测定黄连幼苗光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光参数及气体交换参数等光合生理指标的变化,探寻提高黄连幼苗在盐胁迫条件下抗性能力的途径。结果显示:(1)NaCl胁迫下黄连幼苗的光合生理受到显著抑制,在经过不同浓度的ALA处理后,显著提高了叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素等光合色素的含量。(2)盐胁迫下,黄连植株的的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)及叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)均发生下降,并且随着胁迫时间和胁迫浓度的增加下降幅度逐渐增大,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)则呈上升趋势,说明盐胁迫下黄连净光合速率降低的主要影响因素是非气孔因素。(3)用ALA处理后,黄连的Pn、Gs及Tr均有不同程度的提高,Ci也有不同程度的降低,并且不同的浓度梯度存在着显著的效果差异。(4)ALA处理还提高了最大荧光(Fm,1.234)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm,0.849)、PSⅡ有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′,0.685)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ,0.545)和光化学淬灭系数(qP,0.872)的水平,有效降低了初始荧光(F0,0.211)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ,0.251)的水平。研究表明,外源ALA通过提高黄连幼苗叶片的光合色素含量,减少过剩激发能的耗散,提高光合电子传递效率,有效缓解了盐胁迫对黄连叶片PSⅡ的伤害,提高了植株的抗盐能力。     

γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）对低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用营养液水培方法,研究了低氧胁迫下外源γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）对甜瓜幼苗光合色素含量、光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明：低氧胁迫导致甜瓜幼苗光合色素含量显著下降,光合作用降低;外源GABA能显著提高正常通气和低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的光合色素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、CO₂羧化效率、最大光化学效率、光化学猝灭系数、表观光合电子传递速率和PSⅡ光合电子传递量子效率,而气孔限制值、初始荧光和非光化学猝灭系数显著降低,GABA在低氧胁迫下的提高效果更明显;同时添加GABA和GABA转氨酶抑制剂γ-乙烯基-γ-氨基丁酸（VGB）处理显著降低了低氧胁迫下GABA对甜瓜幼苗光合特性的缓解效果.     

外源NO对NaHCO3胁迫下黑麦草幼苗光合生理响应的调节

采用营养液砂培方法,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)对100 mmol/L NaHCO3胁迫下黑麦草幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数、光能分配及叶黄素循环的影响。结果表明:(1)外施60μmol/L NO供体硝普钠(SNP)显著缓解了NaHCO3胁迫下叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和气孔限制值(Ls)的下降及胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的升高,提高了光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭(qP),降低了初始荧光(Fo)和非光化学猝灭(NPQ)。(2)NaHCO3胁迫下,外施SNP显著抑制了天线转换效率(Fv’/Fm’)的下降,降低了光系统间激发能分配的不平衡性(β/α-1)和天线热耗散的比例(D),提高了吸收光能中用于光化学反应的比例(P),而对PSⅡ反应中心的过剩光能(Ex)无明显影响。(3)外施SNP显著降低了NaHCO3胁迫下叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)下降和叶黄素循环脱环氧化状态(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)上升的幅度。但SNP对NaHCO3胁迫的缓解效应可被NO清除剂血红蛋白(Hb)部分或完全地逆转,SNP的分解产物NaNO2处理对NaHCO3胁迫无明显改善。表明外源NO可能通过提高光化学效率,缓解了碱胁迫引起的光抑制对光合机构的破坏,从而提高黑麦草的光合效率。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。