猪卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻后细胞骨架的变化

为研究玻璃化冷冻后猪卵母细胞纺锤体、染色体和微丝的变化，从屠宰猪卵巢表面直径2—5 mm卵泡中采集未成熟(GV)期卵母细胞，由GV期卵母细胞经成熟培养获得体外成熟(MⅡ)期卵母细胞。GV期和MⅡ期卵母细胞各分为3组：对照组、冷冻保护剂处理组和玻璃化冷冻组。MⅡ期卵母细胞经分组处理后直接用于激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)观察样本；而GV期卵母细胞处理后先经44 h成熟培养，再用作LSCM观察样本。供试卵母细胞经固定、免疫荧光染色后，于LSCM下观察。结果表明，冷冻保护剂处理组GV期卵母细胞经成熟培养后，其纺锤体结构、染色体排列与微丝分布正常率分别为42.9%、89.6%和28.6%；玻璃化冷冻组此3项指标的正常率分别为10.1%、36.4%和16.9%，两组间差异显著(P<0.05)；除冷冻保护剂处理组染色体正常率与对照组无较大差异外，两试验组的其他指标均明显低于对照组(分别为79.5%、93.1%和72.3%，P<0.05)。MⅡ期卵母细胞冷冻保护剂处理组的纺锤体结构、染色体排列与微丝分布正常率分别为34.4%、61.3%和47.9%，而冷冻组分别为12.9%、56.7%和37.2%，两组均显著低于对照组(分别为78.3%、90.1%和72.8%，P<0.05)。结果表明，猪GV期和MⅡ期卵母细胞经冷冻保护剂处理或玻璃化冷冻保存后，均造成了纺锤体、染色体和微丝不可逆的损伤，这可能是影响卵母细胞成熟、受精与发育的重要原因。     

玻璃化冷冻对猪体外成熟卵母细胞染色体与纺锤体的影响

以冷冻环为载体,探讨玻璃化冷冻对猪体外成熟卵母细胞染色体与纺锤体影响。单用40%乙二醇(ethyleneglycol,EG)或20%EG与20%二甲基亚砜(dimethylsulphoxide,DMSO)联合作冷冻保护剂,用直投液氮或使用玻璃化冷冻仪法制冷冷冻猪体外成熟卵母细胞;解冻2h后固定并免疫荧光法染色纺锤体及染色体;挑选各试验组形态正常卵母细胞进行体外受精实验。结果表明,与单用EG以及EG和DMSO联合直投液氮方案比较,EG和DMSO联合应用并采用玻璃化冷冻仪制冷方案卵母细胞染色体正常率为30.1%,纺锤体正常率为37.2%,可明显降低卵母细胞染色体及纺锤体结构损伤(P<0.05),并明显提高卵母细胞的激活效果(P<0.05)。采用联合冷冻保护剂及玻璃化冷冻仪高速冷冻可较好维持猪卵母细胞染色体与纺锤体形态,但玻璃化冷冻明显影响猪卵母细胞体外受精后的发育能力。     

小鼠窦前卵泡培养成熟后卵母细胞纺锤体的变化

目的小鼠窦前卵泡体外培养得到成熟卵母细胞,观察卵母细胞的染色体和纺锤体形态,分析其变化及原因。方法完整小鼠窦前卵泡培养12 d,得到的卵母细胞进行免疫荧光染色,共聚焦显微镜观察纺锤体和染色体的形态和分布。结果经过体外培养,得到GV、M I、MⅡ期卵母细胞分别占总数27.9%、37.2%、34.9%;GV期卵母细胞存在完整的染色质圆环,11.8%的M I期卵母细胞显示正常纺锤体和染色体;38.5%的MⅡ期卵母细胞显示正常的纺锤体和染色体。结论小鼠窦前卵泡经体外培养后能够得到成熟的MⅡ期卵母细胞,但是其效率较低。原因可能是卵母细胞骨架结构的异常使染色体分离障碍,部分卵母细胞停留于M I期;同时成熟卵母细胞的受精率低也与纺锤体异常有关。     

蔗糖和海藻糖对水牛卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻保护效果的比较

本实验比较蔗糖或海藻糖作为非渗透性保护剂对水牛成熟卵母细胞冷冻效果的影响。将体外成熟的水牛卵母细胞随机分成对照组、蔗糖组、海藻糖组,研究玻璃化冷冻后的存活率、细胞骨架和孤雌激活后发育潜能的变化。结果表明:玻璃化冷冻中蔗糖组(89.68%)与海藻糖组(91.81%)的存活率差异不显著;冻融后的卵母细胞在细胞骨架方面的表现为:蔗糖组和海藻糖组的纺锤体结构、染色体形态与微丝分布正常率分别为34.69%、42.83%、39.13%和39.51%、49.43%、42.61%,两组间差异不显著(p0.05),但均明显低于对照组(66.40%,71.82%,76.18%,p0.01);在进一步研究发育潜能中发现,冻融后卵母细胞的卵裂率、囊胚率和囊胚细胞数在实验组中均无显著性差异(p0.05),但两组的卵裂率、囊胚率均显著低于对照组(p0.01)。综上所述,玻璃化冷冻时添加蔗糖或海藻糖作为非渗透性保护剂对水牛成熟卵母细胞的保护作用差异不明显,表明两者均可在冷冻时添加使用。     

叶酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟后微管和微丝分布的影响

本试验探讨叶酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响,为提高其体外成熟效率提供参考。将体外收集的猪卵母细胞随机分成对照组和试验组(0 ng/m L,1 ng/m L,50 ng/m L),研究添加叶酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟后纺锤体微管、染色体和微丝分布的影响。结果表明:10 ng/m L叶酸能有效的提高纺锤体微管、染色体和微丝正常分布率,与对照组相比具有上升趋势。当叶酸浓度为50 ng/m L时,纺锤体微管、染色体和微丝正常分布率呈下降趋势,其中微丝正常分布率显著低于10 ng/m L处理组(p0.05)。综上所述,叶酸能提高猪卵母细胞体外成熟后纺锤体微管、染色体和微丝正常分布率,在本研究中以添加10 ng/m L叶酸效果最明显。     

有无卵丘细胞对猪GV期卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻的影响

本研究探讨卵丘细胞对猪GV期卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻效果的影响。根据卵丘细胞层数将体外收集的猪卵母细胞分成对照组、A组(3层以上卵丘细胞)、B组(2~3层以上卵丘细胞)、C组(裸卵),研究卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻后的存活率、成熟率和孤雌激活后发育潜能的变化。结果表明:玻璃化冷冻后B组和A组的卵母细胞存活率显著高于C组(p0.01);冻融后的卵母细胞在成熟率方面的表现为:A、B、C三组的成熟率分别为22.17%、27.2%和18.15%,其中B组的成熟率显著高于C组(p0.05),但均明显低于对照组(p0.01)。通过进一步的孤雌激活发现,冻融后卵母细胞的卵裂率、4~8细胞卵裂率和囊胚率在3组中均无显著性差异(p0.05),均显著低于对照组(p0.01),但B组与其中两组相比具有上升趋势。综上所述,玻璃化冷冻时保留部分卵丘细胞可以降低冷冻对猪GV期卵母细胞造成的损伤。     

3种玻璃化冷冻液对水牛MⅡ期卵母细胞冷冻-解冻后体外发育的影响

本试验主要探索了3种玻璃化冷冻液对水牛MⅡ期卵母细胞冷冻一解冻后体外发育的影响.水牛MⅡ期卵母细胞经3组玻璃化冷冻液(Ⅰ:20%乙二醇(EG)+20%二甲基亚砜(DMSO);Ⅱ:20%EG+20%丙二醇(PROH);Ⅲ:20%EG+20%PROH+10%DMSO)毒性试验后,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组体外受精的分裂率、8-细胞率和囊胚率之间差异不显著(P>0.05),分裂率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但Ⅱ组8-细胞以后的发育潜力跟对照组无显著差异(P>0.05).进一步比较了3组玻璃化冷冻液对卵母细胞的玻璃化冷冻效果.卵子解冻后进行体外受精后,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组的发育潜力均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),各组的8-细胞率和囊胚率之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但Ⅱ组卵裂率明显高于Ⅰ组(24.8±4.6%vs12.7±1.5%,P<0.05).结果表明,3种冷冻玻璃化保护液均可用于冷冻水牛MⅡ期卵母细胞,其中Ⅱ组处理的卵母细胞体外受精效果相对较好.     

激活处理对人卵子和早期胚胎ATP含量影响的初步研究

目的:探讨激活处理对人未受精卵子和早期胚胎三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量影响。方法:收集辅助生殖治疗周期中体外受精(IVF)以及单精子卵母细胞浆内注射(ICSI)时的未受精卵子(包括GV期、MⅠ期、MⅡ期卵母细胞),以及早期胚胎(2-cell、4-cell胚胎),采用生物化学发光法测定在未处理和进行激活处理后的ATP含量。结果:1未处理的GV期、MⅠ期、MⅡ期卵子和2-cell、4-cell期胚胎的ATP含量分别为1.14±0.15、1.41±0.14、1.45±0.12、1.61±0.25、2.05±0.23 pmol,激活处理后GV期、MⅠ期、MⅡ期卵子和2-cell、4-cell期胚胎的ATP含量分别为1.60±0.17、1.86±0.25、2.06±0.38、2.26±0.53、2.55±0.46 pmol;2激活处理后GV期、MⅠ期卵子的ATP含量显著性高于未处理组(P0.05)。结论:人GV期、MⅠ期、MⅡ期卵子和2-cell、4-cell期胚胎中ATP含量逐渐增加;经激活处理后,仅GV期、MⅠ期卵子的ATP含量有显著性变化。     

微流控法制备载卵母细胞水凝胶微球及其玻璃化保存

目的 通过微流控法制备载卵母细胞海藻酸钠微球,在低浓度保护剂下实现卵母细胞玻璃化保存。方法 采用流动聚焦型微流控芯片,通过调整芯片结构、海藻酸钠溶液浓度和流速比,制备大小均匀、空包率低、低温耐受的载卵母细胞海藻酸钠水凝胶微球。在低浓度低温保护剂下将微球玻璃化保存,复温后检测存活率,采用细胞松弛素B和氯化锶孤雌激活卵母细胞,与Cryotop玻璃化法对比卵母细胞存活率和卵裂率、囊胚率。结果 制备的海藻酸钠微球在冷冻复温前后的体积稳定且结构完整,在将卵母细胞包封在海藻酸钠水凝胶中后,空包率低,存活率、卵裂率和囊胚率与新鲜组相比无显著差异。在低浓度低温保护剂10% DMSO+10%乙二醇（EG）+0.5 mol/L海藻糖中玻璃化冻存后卵母细胞的存活率达到92.48%,卵裂率70.80%,囊胚率20.42%,与高浓度保护剂15% DMSO+15% EG+0.5 mol/L海藻糖中Cryotop玻璃化法相比无显著性差异。结论 本文设计制作了三通道内部交联芯片并用于卵母细胞玻璃化保存的微流控系统,可生成大小均匀、空包率低、低温耐受的载卵母细胞海藻酸钠水凝胶微球,在低浓度保护剂下实现玻璃化保存,为卵母细胞玻璃化保存方法提供新思路。     

一种安全有效的卵母细胞封闭式玻璃化冷冻载体

目的探讨封闭式玻璃化冷冻载体冻存小鼠卵母细胞的可行性。方法以小鼠MII期卵母细胞为模型,以开放式玻璃微细管法（GMP）为对照组,比较两种玻璃化冷冻载体对小鼠卵母细胞冷冻后的存活率、受精率、卵裂率及囊胚率的影响。结果卵母细胞经冻融后,封闭式冷冻载体组和GMP组的存活率、受精率、卵裂率和囊胚率均没有明显差异（92.80%vs93.11%,49.80%vs51.67%,36.73%vs35.83%,12.65%vs14.17%%;P〉0.05）。结论封闭式冷冻载体能安全、有效的冷冻保存小鼠卵母细胞。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.