毛乌素沙地半固定沙丘油蒿种群对土壤湿度空间异质性的响应

将统计学和地统计学方法相结合,探讨了毛乌素沙地半固定沙丘土壤湿度空间异质性与油蒿种群空间异质性之间的关系. 结果表明,在块尺度（80 m×80 m）上,油蒿密度和生物量的空间异质性受制于土壤湿度的空间异质性,尤其油蒿生物量的空间异质性与土壤湿度的空间异质性呈显著正相关关系.表明在半固定沙丘阶段,土壤湿度的空间异质性决定油蒿种群的空间异质性. 由于沙丘地形对降水量的再分配在土壤湿度分布中的作用,土壤湿度和油蒿种群空间异质性相互作用的结果为地形的缀块性→土壤湿度分布的缀块性→油蒿种群分布的缀块性→油蒿生物量和密度的缀块性.     

毛乌素沙地油蒿种群点格局分析

油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)是我国北方农牧交错带的重要固沙植物,研究其种群格局对理解种群生态过程和改善流沙治理技术具有重要意义。点格局分析法是20世纪末发展起来的多尺度空间格局分析方法。通过研究油蒿种群的点格局,发现油蒿种群的空间分布格局和空间关联性同空间尺度、植株形体大小以及生境3种因素有密切联系。在较小的空间尺度上,油蒿种群倾向于非随机分布(集群分布比均匀分布常见),个体间有较强的空间关联(正关联比负关联常见);当空间尺度大于临界值后,油蒿种群倾向于服从随机分布,同时种群的空间关联性减弱。幼小油蒿植株具有明显的集群分布趋势,高大植株则表现出聚集强度的降低趋势;形体大小的差异越大,植株间的正关联关系越弱,或者负关联关系越强。与固定沙地相比,半固定沙地油蒿种群的集群分布现象更加明显,同时种群的空间正关联关系更强。研究结果表明,当通过移栽油蒿成体治理流动沙地时,应尽量将其栽种成集群分布而非均匀分布的形式,以提高植株成活率。     

科尔沁沙地草地植被恢复演替进程中群落优势种群空间分布格局研究

通过对处于流动沙地、半固定沙地和固定沙地等不同恢复演替阶段的群落的取样调查 ,研究了科尔沁沙地草地植被恢复进程中群落优势种群的空间分布格局及其动态变化。运用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数、Green指数、聚集强度、Poisson分布和负二项分布的 χ2 拟合检验等 7项指标 ,对群落优势种群的分布格局的研究结果基本一致 ,大多数物种的空间分布呈显著的聚集分布。在演替进程中种群格局强度的变化和群落总体聚集程度的变化与种群动态和群落结构的空间异质性相对应 ,较高的聚集程度是种群分布斑块化和群落结构的空间异质性的反映 ,随着演替进展 ,优势种的种群数量扩展 ,但种群分布的聚集强度下降 ,群落结构的空间异质性降低。在 7种测定分布格局的指标中 ,聚块性指数、Green指数和聚集强度是无量纲的指标 ,其大小不受种群大小的影响 ,其变化可以较好地指示格局强度本身的变化 ,并与种群动态和群落结构变化相联系     

不同生境条件下沙冬青种群分布格局与特征的初步研究

对阿拉善荒漠区不同生境出现的3种沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)种群的生态格局、密度特征、形态格局和动态特征进行了对比研究。结果表明:1)沙冬青种群因生境异质性而形成了各自的生态格局。在流动和半固定风沙地上,种群呈均匀分布,在半固定及砾质沙地、冲积洪积坡地和古河床上,种群呈集群分布。2)单株生长状况因种群密度和区域环境特点而形成了不同的形态格局。种群密度按流动沙地→半固定沙地和砾质沙地交错带→冲积洪积砾质坡地的次序依次减小,不同生境条件下种群密度与个体高度、幅度间、个体高度与幅度间的相关性不同。3)种群年龄结构因生境异质性形成了各自的年龄格局。在流动沙地上,种群内中、老龄个体数分布较均匀,但缺少幼龄个体,种群走向老龄化。半固定和砾质沙地交错带的种群内不但幼龄个体极少,而且种群内不同龄级个体数的分布不均匀,种群趋于衰退。砾质坡地上的种群内不同高度级和幅度级的个体数分布极不均匀,种群严重退化。4)3种生境中以沙冬青为优势种组成单优群落,种群内均出现严重断代现象,表现为老龄个体多,幼龄、中龄个体极少,种群缺乏后备资源的势态。     

库布齐沙漠南缘风沙-植被相互作用及其景观效应

干旱区尤其沙漠边缘地区的风沙与植被相互作用对塑造地表景观具有重要意义。选择库布齐沙漠南缘的油蒿灌丛地为研究区,开展了植被调查、风沙流观测和表层沉积物粒度采样测试,分析了顺风向植被盖度、风沙流结构与沉积物特征的沿程变化,探讨了风沙-植被相互作用及其对地表景观格局的影响。结果表明,风沙流与植被相互作用方式的改变使植物生长状况与地表蚀积模式发生变化,进而导致顺风向景观表现出明显的空间异质性。自上风向裸地过渡到均匀分布的新生油蒿和油蒿灌丛再至斑块状分布的灌丛沙堆,植被盖度与覆沙厚度先增大后减小,空气动力学粗糙度沿程不断增加且在过渡时其增幅最大,输沙率与沉积物粒度呈先减小后增大趋势,并在植被盖度与覆沙厚度最大处出现最小值。在沙漠边缘剥蚀高原上,起初适量风沙堆积促进油蒿定植与生长,均匀分布的油蒿灌丛进一步促进沙物质堆积,但当堆积厚度超过油蒿耐沙埋深度时发生退化,灌丛出现斑块状分布且风沙流在丘间地处侵蚀。据此,可理解为剥蚀高原风沙区景观异质性是风沙与植被相互协同与抑制作用的结果。     

沙地樟子松天然林南缘分布区林木竞争、空间格局及其更新特征

以呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松地理分布南缘天然林为研究对象,采用Hegyi竞争指数与点格局等分析方法,研究了沙地樟子松天然林的种群结构、种内竞争、空间格局及幼树更新等特征。结果表明:1)所调查区域天然沙地樟子松纯林处于中幼龄阶段,属增长型种群;2)其竞争指数与对象木胸径服从幂函数关系CI=242.24D~(-1.12)(R~2=0.91);3)幼树在小尺度上呈聚集分布,中树与大树在中大尺度上呈随机分布;幼树与中树在小尺度上呈正相关性,中树与大树在小尺度呈负相关性;4)竞争指数与更新幼树和存活更新幼树的密度均呈显著正相关性。在林分管理中需要充分考虑林木竞争、空间格局以及种群更新的关系,本研究可为沙地樟子松天然林的经营管理与保护提供重要的科学依据。     

鄂尔多斯高原沙地植被和两种优势克隆半灌木的空间格局

群落优势种重要值的变化可以表征植被的演替状况。研究了鄂尔多斯高原飞播后不同演替阶段的沙地植被 ,以及两种优势克隆植物羊柴 (H edysarum laeve)和油蒿 (Artemisia ordosica)种群的空间格局。结果表明 :在调查的尺度内 ,群落水平上 ,演替前期和演替中期的植被盖度空间自相关发生的尺度远小于演替后期。随着植被的演替和发育 ,小于抽样尺度 (<1m)的随机变异逐渐增加。暗示着植被盖度空间格局的变化与羊柴种群和油蒿种群在群落中的地位的变化有关。种群水平上 ,小尺度的空间自相关控制着羊柴种群在 3个演替阶段的空间格局 ;处于前 2个演替阶段的油蒿种群 ,空间格局受更大尺度的过程控制 ,并在自身为建群种的群落随机分布。对于 3个演替阶段的油蒿种群而言 ,发生在小于抽样尺度 (<1m)的随机变异都高于相应的羊柴种群。这两种克隆半灌木的种群空间格局的差异可能与二者克隆构型和克隆性的不同有关。本文还根据这两种植物的生物学特性探讨了二者对鄂尔多斯高原沙地植被恢复的不同作用     

祁连山北坡高寒草地狼毒种群格局

在祁连山北坡高寒退化草地,采用空间序列代替时间序列与点格局相结合的分析方法,研究了小尺度上狼毒种群的组成特征和分布格局.结果表明:伴随狼毒分盖度的增加,狼毒植株数总体上呈现先增大后减小的分布规律;幼株分布格局由随机分布向聚集分布过渡,聚集强度表现出先增强后减弱的规律,成株分布格局基本表现为随机分布;狼毒分盖度较低时,不同大小级狼毒种群在0～100 cm尺度上均表现为随机分布,狼毒分盖度较高时,随着种群的发育,分布格局由聚集分布向随机分布过渡.种群的分布格局与种群的扩散阶段存在密切的关系,狼毒种群通过斑块合并、斑块吞并以及竞争作用和协同作用的相互转化实现种群的扩散.     

不同演替阶段臭柏种群的遗传多样性

为了阐明分子变异与演替阶段或生态过渡带的联系,应用随机扩增多态性DNA (random amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD) 标记方法对毛乌素沙地图克境内4个不同演替阶段的臭柏种群进行了分子生态学研究.用17个随机引物扩增出190条清晰谱带,其中173条为多态性谱带,并利用POPGENE 3.2 Version 1.31软件对数据进行处理.结果表明,臭柏种群的遗传多样性较丰富,各种群多态位点百分比在64.21%～74.63%,以演替早期的半固定沙地油蒿+臭柏种群最高(74.63%),演替亚顶极时期的固定沙地臭柏种群最低(64.21%);臭柏种群间分化较小,种群间遗传分化系数G_st= 0.1761, 82.39%的遗传变异存在于种群内;聚类分析显示,演替阶段相近的种群聚集到一起,反映了臭柏种群的遗传分化和演替阶段密切相关.利用Nei指数统计RAPD数据,各种群基因多样度在0.2163～0.2564之间,也证实了大部分的遗传变异存在于种群内.     

基于大样地油松种群的地统计学分析

在对山西省灵空山国家级自然保护区4 hm2样地内油松种群调查的基础上,采用地统计学的半方差分析法对油松种群的空间分布格局进行了研究,并用克里金插值法绘制了不同径级油松种群胸径的等值线图。结果表明:油松种群径级Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的最优半方差拟合模型均为指数模型,径级Ⅱ的最优拟合模型为球状模型,说明4个径级都为聚集分布且均为中等的空间相关性;油松种群径级Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的空间自相关范围分别为23.4、15.2、11.1、24.9 m,分维数大小依次为径级Ⅱ(1.999)径级Ⅲ(1.995)径级Ⅳ(1.973)径级Ⅰ(1.969)。以树高为变量作半方差分析的结果与以胸径作为变量的分析结果基本一致,且以树高为变量进行的类似分析也进一步证实了该结果的准确性。利用Surfer软件绘制的Kriging图直观反映了油松种群空间分布的斑块聚集效果,即油松种群空间格局纹理图。本文利用地统计学的半方差分析法和Kriging插值方法相结合弥补了传统格局分析方法的不足,能精确直观地反映出油松种群个体的空间分布、斑块的聚集效果等,可为植物空间分布格局的分析提供有效的研究方法。     

Comparative study on spatial patterns of the Artemisia ordosica population in the Mu Us sandy land

Artemisia ordosica is an under-shrub species, which dominates the vegetation of the Mu Us sandy land in North China. The spatial patterns of the A. ordosica population in different sandy lands were compared with the methods of Spatial Auto-correlation Analysis, Semi-variance Analysis and Nine-Term Local Quadrat Variance (9TLQV). The results show that, by contrast with the A. ordosica population in fixed sandy land, the population in semi-fixed sandy land is of stronger auto-correlation and greater spatial heterogeneity, and meanwhile it presents more intense differentiation between patches and gaps. The spatial patterns of the A. ordosica population in semi-fixed sandy land are probably governed by drifting sand caused by strong winds. Drifting sand can easily put A. ordosica shrubs to death unless they live together in form of A. ordosica patches, where the distances between shrubs are short. In semi-fixed sandy land, patches are not only the form of the A. ordosica population to survive drifting sand, but also the foundation of the A. ordosica population to develop and broaden the area. The A. ordosica population is supposed to broaden the area through edge extending out from the patches scattering in semi-fixed sandy land. The spatial patterns of the A. ordosica population in fixed sandy land are possibly affected by intra-specific competition related to high plant coverage. This study is ecologically useful to improve the practice of vegetation restoration in sandy land. When transplanting A. ordosica shrubs to bare sandy land, one had better arrange them in form of patches separated by gaps, which can promote the survival of transplanted shrubs, and also help to take advantage of A. ordosica patches to revegetate bare gaps.     

Comparative study on spatial patterns of the Artemisia ordosica population in the Mu Us sandy land

Artemisia ordosica is an under-shrub species, which dominates the vegetation of the Mu Us sandy land in North China. The spatial patterns of the A. ordosica population in different sandy lands were compared with the methods of Spatial Auto-correlation Analysis, Semi-variance Analysis and Nine-Term Local Quadrat Variance (9TLQV). The results show that, by contrast with the A. ordosica population in fixed sandy land, the population in semi-fixed sandy land is of stronger auto-correlation and greater spatial heterogeneity, and meanwhile it presents more intense differentiation between patches and gaps. The spatial patterns of the A. ordosica population in semi-fixed sandy land are probably governed by drifting sand caused by strong winds. Drifting sand can easily put A. ordosica shrubs to death unless they live together in form of A. ordosica patches, where the distances between shrubs are short. In semi-fixed sandy land, patches are not only the form of the A. ordosica population to survive drifting sand, but also the foundation of the A. ordosica population to develop and broaden the area. The A. ordosica population is supposed to broaden the area through edge extending out from the patches scattering in semi-fixed sandy land. The spatial patterns of the A. ordosica population in fixed sandy land are possibly affected by intra-specific competition related to high plant coverage. This study is ecologically useful to improve the practice of vegetation restoration in sandy land. When transplanting A. ordosica shrubs to bare sandy land, one had better arrange them in form of patches separated by gaps, which can promote the survival of transplanted shrubs, and also help to take advantage of A. ordosica patches to revegetate bare gaps.     

干旱荒漠区斑块状植被空间格局及其防沙效应研究进展

斑块状植被相对稳定的空间格局是其适应环境的结果,也是干旱区植被存在的主要形式.干旱荒漠区植被对土壤风蚀的防护功能不仅与盖度、高度有关,而且与植被空间格局有关.以往的研究多侧重于植被盖度和高度对防护功能的影响,而对植被格局影响防沙效应的研究相对薄弱.干旱区斑块状格局的植被能否防沙、防沙效应如何一直是防沙治沙工程研究中的焦点问题.综述了干旱区斑块状植被空间格局特征、形成演化及防风固沙效应等方面的研究进展,提出未来应借助3S技术手段和模型模拟方法,加强对斑块状植被空间格局与风蚀风积过程的互馈关系、斑块动态的驱动因素和斑块状植被格局防沙功能的尺度效应研究.     

Spatial Patterns and Natural Recruitment of Native Shrubs in a Semi-arid Sandy Land

Passive restoration depending on native shrubs is an attractive approach for restoring desertified landscapes in semi-arid sandy regions. We sought to understand the relationships between spatial patterns of native shrubs and their survival ability in sandy environments. Furthermore, we applied our results to better understand whether passive restoration is feasible for desertified landscapes in semi-arid sandy regions. The study was conducted in the semi-arid Mu Us sandy land of northern China with the native shrub Artemisia ordosica. We analyzed population structures and patterns of A. ordosica at the edges and centers of land patches where sand was stabilized by A. ordosica-dominated vegetation. Saplings were more aggregated than adults, and both were more aggregated at the patch edges than at the patch centers. At the patch edges, spatial association of the saplings with the adults was mostly positive at distances 0.3–6.6 m, and turned from positive to neutral, and even negative, at other distances. At the patch centers, the saplings were spaced almost randomly around the adults, and their distances from the adults did not seem to affect their locations. A greater number of A. ordosica individuals emerged at the patch edges than at the patch centers. Such patterns may have resulted from their integrative adjustment to specific conditions of soil water supply and sand drift intensity. These findings suggest that in semi-arid sandy regions, native shrubs that are well-adapted to local environments may serve as low-cost and competent ecological engineers that can promote the passive restoration of surrounding patches of mobile sandy land.     

荒漠地区柠条种实害虫对寄主斑块质量与格局的反应

以宁夏中东部荒漠区为景观背景,选择人工固沙次生林地、流动风积沙地和沙壤土质丘陵地3种生境类型共18块天然或人工种植的柠条林斑块,研究了柠条豆象、豆荚螟和柠条种子小蜂3种柠条种实害虫对寄主植物斑块质量、斑块面积和空间格局的反应.结果显示:3种柠条种实害虫对寄主植物的为害率与斑块质量、斑块格局和昆虫自身迁移能力有关.对斑块质量的反应受到斑块尺度大小的影响,在不同的生境类型间,种实害虫的为害率差异显著(P<0.05),以人工固沙次生林地的为害率最高,其次为沙壤土质丘陵地,流动风积沙地相对较低.在小斑块格局中,柠条种实害虫数量的发生与寄主植物斑块的面积、破碎化程度存在一定的相关性,斑块面积减少、生境破碎化程度增加能够降低移动能力较强的豆荚螟(r=0.365)的为害率,而对移动能力较弱的柠条豆象(r=0.160)、柠条种子小蜂(r=0.193)则没有明显影响.斑块边缘效应强度和景观斑块周边资源互补对种群密度具有正相关的影响.     

Can mobile sandy land be vegetated in the cold and dry Tibetan Plateau in China?

Desertification has taken place in the overgrazed grassland of the Tibetan Plateau, China, and the area of mobile sandy land has increased in recent decades. The challenging problem about desertification control is how to restore the vegetation of mobile sandy lands caused by severe desertification. Sand drifting is now regarded as the limiting factor of vegetation restoration in such lands. The initial phase of vegetation restoration is plant colonization, but it is often aborted due to sand drifting, and then vegetation restoration fails to proceed. For the sake of revegetation, the first step is to stop sand drifting to ensure plant colonization. In the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China, feasible approaches have been found through long-term experiments, and the vegetation is being restored satisfactorily with these approaches in experimental sandy lands. The approaches comprise three types: enclosure, mechanical barriers and biological barriers. Different sandy lands require dissimilar combinations of these approaches. Enclosures may be adequate to revegetate inter-dunes or degraded grassland even in cold regions like the Tibetan Plateau, China, but it is deficient for revegetation of the shifting sand dunes unless mechanical and biological barriers are established simultaneously.     

Can mobile sandy land be vegetated in the cold and dry Tibetan Plateau in China?

Desertification has taken place in the overgrazed grassland of the Tibetan Plateau,China,and the area of mobile sandy land has increased in recent decades.The challenging problem about desertification control is how to restore the vegetation of mobile sandy lands caused by severe desertification.Sand drifting is now regarded as the limiting factor of vegetation restoration in such lands.The initial phase of vegetation restoration is plant colonization,but it is often aborted due to sand drifting,and then vegetation restoration fails to proceed.For the sake of revegetation,the first step is to stop sand drifting to ensure plant colonization.In the northeastern Tibetan Plateau,China,feasible approaches have been found through long-term experiments,and the vegetation is being restored satisfactorily with these approaches in experimental sandy lands.The approaches comprise three types:enclosure,mechanical barriers and biological barriers.Different sandy lands require dissimilar combinations of these approaches.Enclosures may be adequate to revegetate inter-dunes or degraded grassland even in cold regions like the Tibetan Plateau,China,but it is deficient for revegetation of the shifting sand dunes unless mechanical and biological barriers are established simultaneously.     

科尔沁沙地差巴嘎蒿种群生态位适宜度分析

以生长在科尔沁沙地的差巴嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)为研究对象,对其在不同类型沙地上的综合活力指数和生态位适宜度进行计算,主要结论如下:1)在生长旺季,差巴嘎蒿种群综合活力指数随着沙地的固定显著下降。2)在同一生长季内,综合生态位适宜度表现为半固定沙地>固定沙地和流动沙地;水分生态位适宜度表现为流动沙地>半固定沙地>固定沙地。随着土壤含水量的变化,土壤水分的限制土层深度也有所不同:7月各类型沙地均为15~30 cm土层;8月随着雨水的下渗,限制土层也有所加深,为45~60 cm土层;9月除流动沙地为15~30 cm外,半固定沙地和固定沙地均为30~45 cm。3)在同一生长季内的不同生境上种群的限制因子(NF_min)不同:在流动沙地上为土壤有机质,而在半固定沙地和固定沙地上为土壤含水量,且土壤有机质和土壤水分的配置关系直接影响综合生态位适宜度值的高低。在一定范围内,二者的比值可直接反映有机质对植物细根的有效性,同时种群通过调节细根生长状况来适应限制因子间的配置关系。