胡枝了属根瘤菌的多相分类研究

采用数值分类,全细胞可溶性蛋白电泳分析,ＤＮＡ,Ｇ＋Ｃｍｏｌ％和ＤＮＡ相关性的测定以及１６ＳｒＤＮＡＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬ分析等多相分类技术对来源于不同地区的１６种寄主的胡枝子根瘤菌进行了系统的分类研究,数值分类的结果表明,在６７％的相似性水平上,全部供试菌可以为快生型根瘤菌和慢性型根瘤菌两大群,在８０％的相似性水平上又可分为两个亚群。在此基础上,对各亚群的胡枝子根瘤菌进行了ＤＮＡ相关性的测定,以进一步证     

1991年度生命科学重点项目简介

项目编号:39130201 项目名称:中国豆科植物根瘤菌资源、分类及应用基础研究在各类生物固氮体系中,根瘤菌与豆科植物共生固氮能力居于首位,我国豆科植物种类占世界3/4,根瘤菌种类繁多,特异性强。充分挖掘丰富的根瘤菌资源,选择固氮能力和抗逆性强的优良菌株,组建高效菌株与寄主的最佳组合,可更高地发挥根瘤菌的固氮作用,并为自然选种和遗传工程研究提供广茂的种质资源和基因材料。根瘤菌的分类系统很不完善,包括种类也有限。我国根瘤菌分类工作有较好的基础。在     

根瘤菌的现代分类及其系统发育

根瘤菌是一类与农业生产关系甚为密切的细菌,它们与豆科植物共生具有很高的固氮效率。根瘤菌的分类因而成为生物固氮和细菌分类学两个领域的结合点,它的发展与这两个领域的发展有着直接的联系。近年来,随着根瘤菌资源的不断挖掘和发现以及新技术的不断发展和应用,根瘤菌的分类也经历了很大的变化和发展。特别是多相分类方法与d（N测序技术的发展和应用,使得根瘤菌的分类及其系统发育研究有了突破性进展。在这些多相分类研究的方法中,数值分类为大量菌株提供了生理学、形态学、血清学等各个表型方面的综合信息;分子技术的应用,如DN…     

用rep—PCR技术研究中国花生根瘤菌的多样性

采用细菌基因组重复序列ＰＣＲ技术（简称ｒｅｐＰＣＲ）中常用的ＲＥＰＰＣＲ和ＥＲＩＣＰＣＲ,对从中国１１个省、市的２３个点、２４个花生品种采集的根瘤中分离的５９株花生根瘤菌Ｂｒａｄｙｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍｓｐ．（Ａｒａｃｈｉｓ）进行多样性研究,同时对来自国外的６株花生根瘤菌及１４株参比慢生根瘤菌也进行了比较。得到的低相似性结果表明中国花生根瘤菌基因组存在显著的多样性。ＲＥＰＰＣＲ揭示,在相似性５０％上分为１１个群,而ＥＲＩＣＰＣＲ却得到２４个分群。这两种结果对菌株的分群有差异,暗示这两种短重复序列在慢生根瘤菌基因组中的分布的不同。没有发现菌株间基因组的多样性分布与花生品种、地理来源之间的必然联系。将两者电泳图谱结合并分析,得到介于上述两者间的结果。此结果进一步反映了菌株基因组间存在的多样性。同时还表明ｒｅｐＰＣＲ不仅是研究生物多样性的快速简便方法,还可应用于菌株的鉴别和生态学研究。     

胡枝子属根瘤菌的多相分类研究

采用了数值分类、全细胞可溶性蛋白电泳分析、ＤＮＡＧ＋Ｃｍｏｌ％和ＤＮＡ相关性的测定以及１６ＳｒＤＮＡＰＣＲＲＦＬＰ分析等多相分类技术对来源于不同地区的１６种寄主的胡枝子根瘤菌进行了系统的分类研究。数值分类的结果表明,在６７％的相似性水平上,全部供试菌可以分为快生型根瘤菌和慢性型根瘤菌两大群,在８０％的相似性水平上又可分为四个亚群。在此基础上,对各亚群的胡枝子根瘤菌进行了ＤＮＡ相关性的测定,以进一步证实和确定它们的分类地位,并通过１６ＳｒＤＮＡＰＣＲＲＦＬＰ分析对各亚群的系统发育关系进行了初步研究。     

根瘤菌分类研究进展及存在的争议

根瘤菌是一类与农业生产关系密切的细菌。近年来, 现代分子生物学技术的发展和应用使根瘤菌分类研究有了突破性进展, 新的根瘤菌资源的不断发掘, 根瘤菌的分类体系也不断地被完善。文中主要阐述了根瘤菌分类系统的演化历史、目前存在争议及相关的研究进展。     

天山根瘤菌（Rhizobium tianshanense）全细胞蛋白电泳和多位点酶电泳分析

用全细胞可溶性蛋白电泳和多位点酸电泳对１５株天山根瘤菌（Ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍ　ｔｉａｎｓｈａｎｅｎｓｅ）和其它１０株快慢生根瘤菌进行聚类分析,结果表明Ｒ．ｔｉａｎｓｈａｎｅｎｓｅ种内菌株关系密切而与其它种不同。分析时将全细胞蛋白电泳图谱分为２５４等份,根据每等份内条带的有无进行聚类,结果与数值分类基本一致,说明用该方法对全细胞蛋白电泳结果进行聚类可以作为根瘤菌的分群手段;用所有出现的１０９种迁移率对１７种多位点酶的电泳结果作聚类分析,得到与全细胞蛋白电泳相似的结果。     

分离自鸡眼草和木蓝的根瘤菌分类研究

采用数值分类方法对分离自鸡眼草(Kummerowia)和木蓝(Indigofera)的根瘤菌及已知参比菌株进行聚类分析,发现在83%的相似性水平上形成2个不同与已知菌种的新类群。以SDS全细胞蛋白电泳技术快速聚类分群扩大菌株数,在86%的相似性水平上,分离自鸡眼草的24株菌形成第1类群,分离自木蓝的20株菌形成第2类群。DNA同源性测定结果表明,这2个类群中心菌株SH713和SHL042与13个已知根瘤菌种的DNA同源性均小于61%。因此,分离自鸡眼草和木蓝的根瘤菌分别构成2个独立的根瘤菌新种群。     

用rep-PCR技术研究中国花生根瘤菌的多样性

采用细菌基因组重复序列ＰＣＲ技术（简称ｒｅｐＰＣＲ）中常用的ＲＥＰＰＣＲ和ＥＲＩＣＰＣＲ,对从中国１１个省、市的２３个点、２４个花生品种采集的根瘤中分离的５９株花生根瘤菌Ｂｒａｄｙｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍｓｐ．（Ａｒａｃｈｉｓ）进行多样性研究,同时对来自国外的６株花生根瘤菌及１４株参比慢生根瘤菌也进行了比较。得到的低相似性结果表明中国花生根瘤菌基因组存在显著的多样性。ＲＥＰＰＣＲ揭示,在相似性５０％上分为１１个群,而ＥＲＩＣＰＣＲ却得到２４个分群。这两种结果对菌株的分群有差异,暗示这两种短重复序列在慢生根瘤菌基因组中的分布的不同。没有发现菌株间基因组的多样性分布与花生品种、地理来源之间的必然联系。将两者电泳图谱结合并分析,得到介于上述两者间的结果。此结果进一步反映了菌株基因组间存在的多样性。同时还表明ｒｅｐＰＣＲ不仅是研究生物多样性的快速简便方法,还可应用于菌株的鉴别和生态学研究。     

根瘤菌多样性和系统发育研究的多相分类体系及其进展

近年来对新的根瘤菌资源的不断发掘及现代分子生物学技术的发展和应用使根瘤菌分类研究有了突破性进展。多相分类通过综合获取信息,多种方法相互印证、互为补充,推进了根瘤菌的表型、遗传型和系统发育三方面的发展,从而较全面地反映根瘤菌的生物多样性特征,是根瘤菌多样性研究工作中常常采用的技术手段。文中主要阐述了根瘤菌多相分类体系中的主要方法及现代根瘤菌系统发育地位的研究和进展。     

Sensitivity of Rhizobia to vanillin

The sensitivity of Rhizobia isolated from pea, fenugreek, gram, cowpea, urid andRhizobium meliloti, Rhizobium trifolii andRhizobium japonicum was studied in asparagine-mannitol, salt-mannitol and salt media. It was observed that Rhizobia from gram were most resistant.Rhizobium japonicum was found to be resistant up to 50 mg vanillin/100 ml. Vanillin-resistant strains could utilize vanillin as the sole carbon source. In the case of pea, gram and fenugreek vanillin was found to be utilized in the presence of mannitol.     

大豆根瘤菌对福美双杀菌剂抗性的研究

通过不同大豆根瘤菌对福美双抗性的研究证明:不同大豆根瘤菌自身固有的对福美双的抗性不同,一般可耐50～100μg/ml浓度的福美双。种子拌0.3％福美双同时拌根瘤菌会使种子上的根瘤菌数降低。本文探讨了利用自发突变选育双抗菌种的可能性。试验还证明:对福美双抗性低的菌种产生自发突变抗福美双的机率要多。     

Initial stages in the morphogenesis of nitrogen-fixing stem nodules of Sesbania rostrata.

Morphogenesis of stem nodules in Sesbania rostrata was studied over a period of 6 days after inoculation with an appropriate species of Rhizobium. Nodulation sites were initially slightly raised, circular areas 0.3 to 0.6 mm in diameter and 4 to 5 mm apart in vertical rows along the length of the stem. Each site was underlaid by an adventitious root primordium. A site became susceptible to infection by a specific Rhizobium sp. when the root primordium broke through the epidermis, leaving a fissure. Rhizobia multiplied within this fissure and colonized the exposed intercellular spaces. The infection extended inward as narrow, branched intercellular threads moved into a cortical meristematic zone, where cell division was initiated, and invagination of infection thread branches into adjacent plant cells followed. Rhizobia were released into the plant cells and surrounded immediately by plant membrane. Intracellular rhizobia divided actively, leading to bacteroid-filled cells. Infected areas enlarged and coalesced as the nodule matured.     

Behaviour of bacteriophage Mu-based IncP suicide vector plasmids in Rhizobium spp.

Abstract The ability of P-type plasmids, containing bacteriophage Mu, to survive in Rhizobia was examined under conditions in which the plasmids were not directly selected. The plasmid pRP4::Mu::Tn7 survived in all tested strains of Rhizobia and Agrobacteria . The surviving plasmids were analysed for expression of plasmid coded properties and for presence of both bacteriophage Mu and Tn7 DNA. A large variation in plasmid size and coding capacity was observed. In the parent plasmid Tn7 is inserted into the Mu DNA. The majority of surviving plasmids had lost Mu DNA but the Tn7 DNA was retained. Analysis of surviving plasmids which contained Mu DNA indicated that a small deletion of Mu is sufficient to allow plasmid survival. Deleted derivatives of pJB4J1 were also isolated in Rhizobium under similar conditions. The potential of these suicide vectors as potential vectors for transposon mutagenesis in Rhizobium is discussed.     

Regulation of nitrogen fixation by Rhizobia. Export of fixed N2 as NH+4.

The metabolic fate of gaseous nitrogen (15N2) fixed by free-living cultures of Rhizobia (root nodule bacteria) induced for their N2-fixation system was followed. A majority of the fixed 15N2 was found to be exported into the cell supernatant. For example, as much as 94% of the 15N2 fixed by Rhizobium japonicum (soybean symbiont) was recovered as 15NH+4 from the cell supernatant following alkaline diffusion. Several species of root nodule bacteria also exported large quantities of NH+4 from L-histidine. Evidence is presented that overproduction and export of NH+4 by free-living Rhizobia may be closely linked to the control of several key enzymes of NH+4 assimilation. For instance, NH+4 was found to repress glutamine synthetase whereas L-glutamate repressed glutamate synthase. Assimilation of NH+4 as nitrogen source for growth of Rhizobia was inhibited by glutamate. The mechanism of regulation of NH+4 production by root nodule bacteria is discussed.     

应用RAPD分子标记技术研究苜蓿根瘤菌的田间竞争结瘤能力

以在温室条件筛选出与 Vector苜蓿品中匹配较好的根瘤菌系 CCBAU30 1 38和 Vector为材料 ,应用 RAPD技术研究CCBAU30 1 38田间竞争结瘤能力。结果显示 ,利用冻融法处理的根瘤、菌体提取的 DNA可以直接作为 PCR扩增的模板 ,扩增结果与以类菌体 DNA及总 DNA作为模板处理的结果相同 ;以根瘤处理物作为 PCR扩增的模板 ,应用 RAPD分子标记技术对接种菌 CCBAU30 1 38田间竞争结瘤能力进行研究 ,接种 1 4 0 d后 ,CCBAU30 1 38田间占瘤率为 4 7.7% ,表明该菌具有较强竞争结瘤能力和持久力。试验结果还说明 ,在接种菌与土著菌有差异的条件下 ,应用 RAPD技术开展竞争结瘤能力研究 ,可以直接以根瘤处理物作为 PCR扩增的模板 ,具有简易、快速、准确等优点     

Formation of Tumor-Like Structures on Legume Roots by Rhizobium

Tumor-like structures appeared on the roots of Medicago sativa, Alysicarpus vaginalis, and Trifolium pratense inoculated with a non-nodulating strain of Rhizobium trifolii or with irradiated cultures of either of two nodulating Rhizobium strains. The structures were composed of disorganized plant tissues which, on the basis of microscopic examination, were devoid of bacterial cells. Rhizobia which could nodulate legumes of one cross-inoculation group and which were able to induce formation of such tumor-like structures on plants of a second cross-inoculation group were isolated from extracts of these root growths. The apparent tumorogenic activity of some of the rhizobia, but not their nodulating capacity, was lost when the bacteria were transferred in laboratory media.     

Isolation and characterization of functional insertion sequences of rhizobia

Rhizobia are a group of bacteria that form nodules on the roots of legume host plants. The sequenced genomes of the rhizobia are characterized by the presence of many putative insertion sequences (IS) elements. However, it is unknown whether these IS elements are functional and it is therefore relevant to assess their transposition activity. In this work, several functional insertion sequences belonging to the IS1256, IS3, IS5, IS166, and IS21 families were captured from Rhizobium tropici, Rhizobium sp. NGR234 and Sinorhizobium meliloti, using pGBG1 as a trapping system. In silico analysis shows that homologs of rhizobia mobile elements are present in distantly related genomes, suggesting that Rhizobium IS elements are prone to genetic transfer.     

Characteristics of rhizobia nodulating beans in the central region of Minnesota

Until recently, beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in Minnesota were rarely inoculated. Because of this, we hypothesized that bean rhizobia collected in Minnesota would either share characteristics identifiable with Rhizobium etli of Mesoamerican or Andean origin, introduced into the region as seed-borne contaminants, or be indigenous rhizobia from prairie species, such as Dalea spp. The latter organisms have been shown to nodulate and fix N2 with Phaseolus vulgaris. Rhizobia recovered from the Staples, Verndale, and Park Rapids areas of Minnesota were grouped according to the results of BOXA1R-PCR fingerprint analysis into 5 groups, with only one of these having banding patterns similar to 2 of 4 R. etli reference strains. When representative isolates were subject to fatty acid - methyl ester analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the results obtained differed. 16S rRNA gene sequences of half the organisms tested were most similar to Rhizobium leguminosarum. Rhizobia from Dalea spp., an important legume in the prairie ecosystem, did not play a significant role as the microsymbiont of beans in this area. This appears to be due to the longer time needed for them to initiate infection in Phaseolus vulgaris. Strains of Rhizobium tropici IIB, including UMR1899, proved tolerant to streptomycin and captan, which are commonly applied as seed treatments for beans. Local rhizobia appeared to have very limited tolerance to these compounds.     

Developmental fate of Rhizobium meliloti bacteroids in alfalfa nodules.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteroids are degraded during nodule senescence. This is in contrast to recent implications that viable bacteroids can be released into soil from legume nodules. Rhizobia originating from persistent infection threads in senescing nodule plant cells seem to be the source of viable cells required for perpetuation of the Rhizobium spp. population in the soil. Our conclusions were derived from electron microscopic examination of stages of development and senescence of alfalfa root nodules.