模型动物在动物流感病毒传播机制研究中的应用

动物流感（influenza）不仅会对畜禽养殖业造成巨大的经济损失,而且可以跨越种间障碍进入人群,引发全球性的公共卫生危机和灾难性后果.模型动物是研究流感传播机制的重要基础.模型动物的使用有助于我们对流感病毒传播机制的深入了解.本文从流感病毒的宿主范围、常用模型动物的宿主限制因素和模型动物在流感病毒跨种传播机制中的选择与应用等三个方面进行了综述.     

流感病毒感染动物疾病模型的研究进展

流感主要是指由甲型流感病毒（Influenza A virus, IAV）感染引起的急性呼吸道疾病。构建差异化的感染动物模型模拟IAV的感染、发病及传播过程不仅有助于揭示流感病毒的传播机制与致病机理,而且对流感大流行的预警和防治有着重要意义。本文基于IAV跨种间传播的差异机制从不同动物模型呼吸道唾液酸受体亚型分布的表型差异及其对人流感病毒的易感性等多方面综述了流感病毒感染动物模型的优缺点及其最新研究进展,以期为IAV致病机制研究,疫苗药物的研发提供理论参考。     

犬流感病毒起源进化和宿主适应性机制研究进展

甲型流感病毒的跨宿主传播一直是流感病毒研究的主要方向之一.犬作为人类主要的伴侣动物,其呼吸道组织也同时具有α-2,3禽流感病毒受体和α-2,6人流感病毒受体,是潜在的产生新型重配流感病毒的"基因混合器",在流感病毒的流行和跨宿主传播中扮演着重要角色.近年来,犬流感病毒已经在东南亚和美国等国家地区呈地区性流行,而且从犬中分离到了犬流感病毒与人流感病毒的重配株,因此犬流感病毒对公共卫生健康的潜在威胁不容忽视.本文将对犬流感病毒的流行、起源进化以及宿主适应性和致病性相关的分子机制进行综述,旨在为犬流感的防控和甲型流感病毒跨宿主传播研究提供参考.     

艾本德公司捐赠PCR仪

近日．艾本德公司向上海市公共卫生临床中心捐赠一台荧光定量PCR仪。作为上海指定的防控甲型H1N1流感的定点医疗机构,上海市公共卫生临床中心应急检测和生物安全实验室凭借自身优势将承担甲型H1N1流感病毒的快速诊断,病毒分离鉴定等重要任务。根据WHO发布的甲型H1N1流感实验室检测指南以及国家疾病预防控制中心甲型H1N1流感病毒实验室检测技术方案,实时荧光PCR方法被用于快速有效检测新型H1N1流感病毒核酸．定量PCR仪成为不可或缺的实验设备。     

中国流感病毒结构生物学研究——40年回眸

自20世纪70年代以来,中国结构生物学研究日新月异,在多个生命科学领域取得了丰硕成果.近年来,在流感病毒研究领域,也做出了不少出色工作,包括流感病毒的跨种间传播机制和聚合酶复合物结构解析等.本文对国内外流感病毒蛋白的结构生物学进展做一简单总结,为大家提供一个视角,纵观我国病毒结构生物学的发展历程.     

禽流感病毒跨种传播的分子机制

流感病毒是目前危害人类健康的主要病原微生物之一,不但造成了巨大的经济损失,而且影响着社会的稳定。除了偶尔出现的流感大暴发,每年都有不少人死于季节性流感。尤其是2013年在中国暴发的H7N9禽流感疫情,目前感染人数已超过600例,死亡人数超过200人,病毒已经在中国定居,每年冬春季都会出现病例。流感病毒的天然宿主是禽类,而禽流感病毒如何突破种间屏障去感染人,是病毒学家一直关心的重要科学问题。主要描述了病毒受体结合特性影响跨种传播的分子机制,包括H1、H2、H3、H5、H6、H7、H9、H10等不同亚型流感病毒受体结合特性转变的结构基础,为流感病毒防控提供重要的理论基础。     

H1N1流感病毒聚合酶片段的CpG抑制及其对密码子偏爱性的影响

H1N1流感病毒的聚合酶具有RNA复制、转录等功能,并且对流感病毒片段包装、子代繁殖及宿主适应性等有着重要作用。通过分析人、猪及禽类H1N1流感病毒聚合酶片段的二核苷酸频率及同义密码子的偏爱性,发现不同宿主中,流感病毒聚合酶片段的CpG频率最低,且均被强烈抑制;通过三类宿主间的比较发现,人流感病毒抑制最为强烈,且其CpG频率随年份呈下降趋势,但2009年毒株的CpG频率突然上升。比较同义密码子使用频率发现,含有CpG的同义密码子相对使用频率均小于1,证明CpG抑制作用是影响同义密码子偏爱性的一个重要因素。以上结果暗示,CpG抑制对H1N1流感病毒的进化及跨宿主传播可能有重要影响。     

情景模拟教学法在医学实验室生物安全培训中的探讨

实验诊断学是基础医学与临床医学间的桥梁性学科,实验教学是实验诊断学重要的环节之一,医学实验室是医学教学与研究的重要基地,为保障医学生的人身安全,提升实验室生物安全防范意识与能力,生物安全培训至关重要。采用情景模拟教学法设置生物暴露现场,带教老师负责教学组织的实施,学生角色扮演,针对生物安全的培训展开探讨,并在教学后进行总结与评估,从而提高医学生的学习兴趣及判别能力,有利于医学生对于生物安全的防范意识和处理能力的提高,为今后临床工作做好安全保障。     

加强医学研究生实验操作中的生物安全防护

标准化管理是医学实验室发展的趋势,生物安全建设已成为医学实验室发展不可缺少的环节。实验室生物安全更是保证实验研究的科学性以及保护被实验因子免受污染的必要条件。医学研究生在实验研究过程中不可避免地会接触到生物危险因子,因此对医学研究生进行实验室生物安全知识及技能培训是实验室生物安全建设的重要组成部分。本文就医学研究生实验室生物安全知识及技能培训进行初步的研究和探讨。     

甲型流感病毒编码蛋白的突变及其致病机制

甲型流感病毒编码的11个病毒蛋白在病毒识别宿主受体、跨种传播、病毒复制、致病性和诱导宿主免疫应答等方面分别起到不同的作用。了解甲型流感病毒编码蛋白的突变及其致病机制可为开发针对高致病性流感的通用疫苗和有效药物提供新的靶点。本文将主要根据近期发表的文献,综合分析有关甲型流感病毒编码蛋白关键功能位点氨基酸的变异及其与致病性和传播能力之间关系的研究进展。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various