中国海南岛灵芝资源及其分布特征*

本文报道了海南岛的灵芝科真菌７８种,分属于４个属,３个亚属,２个组。分析了灵芝在不同的热带植被类型中,其种类的组成不同。种类多样性变化呈：常绿季雨林＞热带雨林＞低山雨林＞中山雨林＞热带半落叶季雨林＞人工林＞河谷雨林＞稀树草原＞山顶矮林＞红树林的趋势     

中国海南岛灵芝资源及其分布特征

本文报道了海南岛的灵芝科真菌７８种,分属于４个属,３个亚属,２个组。分析了灵芝在不同的热带植物类型中,其种类的组成不同。种类多样性变化呈：常绿季雨林－热带雨林－低山雨林－中山雨林－热带半落叶季雨林－人工林－河谷雨林－稀树草原－山顶矮林红树林的趋势。     

海南岛尖峰岭灵芝科的种类组成及其生态分布

报道海南岛尖峰岭的灵芝科真菌４９种,分属于２个属,３个亚属,２个组。尖峰岭地区的灵芝在不同的热带植被类型中,其灵芝种类的组成不同。就种类和数量而言施雨林和热山地雨林多,热带半落叶季雨林次之,山顶苔藓矮林少。     

云南热带季雨林及其与热带雨林植被的比较

在中国植物学文献中, 对热带季雨林的解释和运用是不一致的, 特别是易于把季雨林与热带雨林相混淆。季雨林是在具有明显干、湿季变化的热带季风气候下发育的一种热带落叶森林植被, 是介于热带雨林与热带稀树草原(savanna)之间的一个植被类型。云南的热带季雨林在分布生境、生态外貌特征、植物种类组成和地理成分构成上, 均与热带雨林有明显区别, 季雨林主要分布在海拔1 000 m以下的几大河流开阔河段两岸和河谷盆地, 其群落结构相对简单, 乔木一般仅有1至2层, 上层树种在干季落叶或上层及下层树种在干季都落叶; 在生活型组成上, 季雨林的木质藤本相对较少, 大高位芽植物及地上芽植物很少, 但地面芽植物很丰富, 地下芽植物和一年生植物也相对丰富; 在叶级和叶型特征上, 季雨林植物的小叶和复叶比例相对较高, 分别占到24%和44%; 在植物区系地理成分构成上, 季雨林的热带分布属合计也占绝对优势, 但以泛热带分布属的比例相对较高, 约占到总属数的30%, 热带亚洲至热带非洲分布属的比例也较高, 约占总属数的12%。季雨林的地理成分更为多样性, 起源与发展历史也更复杂和古老。     

海南岛尖峰岭林区天蛾的生态分布

经过1981—1983年231灯次诱虫结果,初步查明了尖峰岭的天蛾有63种(含未定名者14种),占全国种类的48％,可见热带林区天蛾种类是极其丰富的。种类虽多,但种群虫口数量少。本科优势种群和中等种群为数很少,而小种群特多。成虫出现动态,按月计有1至11个月不等,而虫口数量以3、4、5三个月为最多。其空间分布,种类多少的次序是,热带山地雨林>热带半落叶季雨林>热带常绿季雨林>山顶苔藓矮林;而虫口数量多少的次序则是,热带半落叶季雨林>山顶苔藓矮林>热带常绿季雨林>热带山地雨林。各种天蛾分布范围,有1至4个森林植被类型不等,凡生态分布宽的种类,其种群虫口数量亦大。尖峰岭天蛾的区系成分,以东洋区种类占优势,广东白肩天蛾为海南地方特有种。所得天蛾种类,与林业有关者占61％。     

海南岛的植被概要

海南岛地形复杂,山地、丘陵和台地占全岛面积的70％;属热带季风气候,高温多雨,干、湿季分明。由于地形的作用,水热条件差异悬殊,植被类型多样。地带性为热带季雨林型的常绿季雨林,其他为落叶季雨林、沟谷雨林、山地雨林和山地常绿阔叶林及灌丛、草原等;沿海岸还有红树林及砂生植被。人工植被中的经济林发达。根据本岛各种植被类型组合、分布等特点及植被改造利用方向一致性,在“华南热带季雨林、雨林地带”的基础上,将本岛划分为南、北两个亚地带,4个植被区和9个亚区。并从植被的角度提出了植被的改造利用意见。     

滇南热带季雨林的一些问题讨论

通过分析云南南部的水、热条件及植被分布,讨论了季雨林植被类型及其特征,认为云南南部的季雨林是介于热带雨林与萨王纳之间的,在干季基本上是落叶的一种森林植被类型,符合Schimper (1903)定义的热带季雨林植被,并考虑它是一种生态学意义上的经向地带性植被,与该地区的纬向地带性植被热带季节雨林一起共同构成云南南部的水平地带性植被。在云南南部的石灰岩山坡分布的过去被认为是季雨林的森林植被,尽管也受到季节性干旱的影响而不同程度地具有落叶成分,但它在群落外貌上与典型的季雨林不相同,在植物区系组成上也明显不同于该地区非石灰岩山地的季风常绿阔叶林,在分布上亦是在石灰岩低山沟谷的热带季节性雨林水平地带性植被带之上,根据其生态外貌、植物区系组成和生境特点,我们建议用“热带季节性湿润林”来称呼这类石灰岩山地森林类型,在性质上属东南亚热带北缘石灰岩山地垂直带上的一种植被类型。     

海南岛霸王岭林区低海拔热带林群落数量分类与排序

植物群落分类是依据植物群落的特征或属性对植物群落进行划分,是植被生态学的最基本也是最复杂的研究内容。热带林由于其复杂的环境条件及丰富的物种数量导致了其分类更加困难。本文根据海南岛霸王岭林区低海拔热带林群落的野外调查数据,运用二元指示种分析(TWINSPAN)、主分量分析(PCA)及除趋势对应分析(DCA)对该地区低海拔热带林群落进行了数量分类与排序。结果表明:TWINSPAN将21个样地共分成3组:热带低地雨林(样地9—12)、转化型季雨林(样地1—8)和热带季雨林(样地13—21)。PCA和DCA排序结果也得到了相同的结论,同时也反映了植物群落与环境因子的关系,热带低地雨林与海拔和凋落物厚度呈正相关,而热带季雨林与坡度和岩石裸露度呈正相关,转化型季雨林与环境因子的关系在PCA和DCA中则有所不同。DCA排序结果同时也表明,转化型季雨林是介于热带低地雨林和热带季雨林中间的一种群落类型。     

中国热带森林植被类型研究历史和划分探讨

热带森林是我国森林植被的重要组成部分,明确其森林植被类型分类对于生物多样性维持机制研究和保护管理等都具有重要意义。该文以中国热带森林植被分类研究中存在的问题为出发点,通过阐述我国各省区植被类型分类的研究历史,在综合考虑多种生物和非生物影响因素的基础上,提出一个新的热带森林植被类型分类框架以供探讨。结果表明:(1)尽管针对我国热带森林的分布范围和群落特征等都已开展了诸多研究,但对我国热带森林植被类型的划分依据和分类体系仍存在争议。(2)尽管我国的热带森林都处于季风气候区带内,但许多热带地区的森林植被类型并不只是受季风影响,而是气候带、关键气候因子、地形、土壤反馈和物种适应等多种因素共同作用的结果。(3)我国的热带森林植被包括5个植被型,即非典型性热带雨林、热带季雨林、热带山地雨林、热带山顶苔藓矮林(热带云雾林)和热带针叶林,其中热带季雨林植被型包含4种植被亚型[热带落叶季雨林、热带半落叶(半常绿)季雨林、热带常绿季雨林和热带石灰岩(石山)季雨林]。(4)阐明了上述热带森林植被型和植被亚型在我国各省区的分布情况,并提出未来有必要对人工恢复后的热带森林进行评估和植被类型划分。综上所述,该文提出一个新的热带森林植被类型分类框架,以期为今后基于不同地区开展热带森林比较研究提供参考。     

海南岛尖峰岭蓟马的种类组成及其生态分布

海南岛尖峰岭热带林自然保护区保存完好,森林植被类型齐全,生物资源极为丰富。蓟马(Thrips)在不同的植被类型中,有着不同的区系组成、生态分布和优势种群。热带半落叶季雨林中蓟马的特点是种类少,种群密度高,分布广;热带山地雨林中的蓟马则种类多,种群密度低并出现热带雨林的特有种,热带常绿季雨林中蓟马的特点介于上述的两者之间;山顶苔藓矮林中蓟马种类少,种群密度低。目前已鉴定的56种蓟马,具有东洋区昆虫的特点。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.