大亚湾海域锥状斯氏藻孢囊形成与萌发的季节变化

锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)是南海大亚湾海域优势甲藻。为了解该藻孢囊形成和萌发动态及其对营养细胞种群动态的影响,2001年1月-2002年1月在大亚湾澳头海域用沉积物捕捉器及TFO重力采泥器对其孢囊进行每月一次的周年监测,同时对浮游植物、水温、盐度、溶解氧等也进行了监测。孢囊形成和萌发分别以沉积物捕捉器中的孢囊形成率以及上表层沉积物中空孢囊的百分比来表示。钙质孢囊和非钙质孢囊年平均形成率分别为1.11×104 cysts m-2d-1和2.13×105 cysts m-2d-1。前者在冬季大量形成,而后者在夏季形成较多。孢囊多在春秋季节萌发,夏季萌发较少,而冬季几乎不萌发。在5月份和10月份营养细胞数量峰形成前,孢囊的萌发出现了高峰,而表层沉积物中的孢囊数量及孢囊形成率则在营养细胞数量峰后大幅度上升。由此可见,大亚湾沉积物中该藻孢囊的萌发给水体提供了丰富的营养细胞,反之水体中高密度营养细胞又促使孢囊的大量形成,从而造成了锥状斯氏藻赤潮在大亚湾海域接连发生。     

广东大亚湾甲藻孢囊及其与锥状斯氏藻赤潮的关系

1999年12月至2001年1月,在大亚湾澳头海域用沉积物捕捉器(Sediment trap)及TFO重力采泥器对甲藻孢囊进行每月一次的周年监测,并同时研究了浮游植物的季节变化.结果显示,晚秋孢囊形成率最高(3.48105 cysts/m2d),冬季形成率较低,年平均为1.28105 cysts/m2d.锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)是大亚湾沉积物孢囊中的绝对优势种,除个别季节外,其形成率一般占孢囊总形成率的50%以上.2000年8月至9月,该海域发生了一次较大规模的锥状斯氏藻赤潮,最高细胞密度达4.0104 cells/mL.赤潮中后期,锥状斯氏藻孢囊包括暂时性孢囊和休眠孢囊大量形成,孢囊的形成减少了水体中营养细胞数量,是赤潮消退原因之一.       

N、P营养盐对海洋卡盾藻（Chattonella marina）生长的影响

在实验室条件下,设置不同的N、P浓度,研究N、P双因子限制(N:5-500ug·L-1,P:0.74-74ug·L-1,N:P=15)及单因子限制(N:500ug·L-1,P:0.74-741ug·L-1和P:74ug·L-1,N:5-500ug·L-1)对海洋卡盾藻生长的影响.结果表明:在高N、P浓度(N:500ug·L-1,P:74ug·L-1)条件下海洋卡盾藻具有相对较高的比生长率(O.788/d),稳定期持续时间较长,最大细胞密度可达8850 cells/ml.N、P限制能明显抑制海洋卡盾藻的生长,而N限制对海洋卡盾藻生长影响更大,N限制组的比生长率和稳定期细胞密度均明显低于P限制组和N、P双因子限制组.结果说明海洋卡盾藻生长对N变化更为敏感,但随着海洋污染的加剧,海水中N含量持续上升,卡盾藻可迅速爆发性增长并引发赤潮,这也许是近年来我国沿海卡盾藻赤潮频繁发生的重要原因之一.     

海洋卡盾藻与中肋骨条藻和锥状斯氏藻种间竞争研究

研究了不同起始细胞密度与硅酸盐浓度对海洋卡盾藻(Cm)与中肋骨条藻(Sc)及锥状斯氏藻(St)之间种间竞争的影响,利用竞争抑制参数对相互间的竞争关系进行了分析,并引入体积竞争抑制系数的概念。结果表明:海洋卡盾藻的环境容量不受起始细胞密度(100—3600cells/mL)的影响,但随着起始接种密度的增加,达到最大细胞密度和进入稳定生长期的时间均提前。在硅缺乏的条件下,中肋骨条藻仍能保持一定生长,并能在与海洋卡盾藻之间的种间竞争中保持数量优势,但硅酸盐浓度的增加有利于其种间竞争。初始细胞密度和接种比例对3种赤潮藻类之间的种间竞争影响明显,总体来说海洋卡盾藻在竞争中处于劣势。当海洋卡盾藻细胞密度远远高于中肋骨条藻时(Cm:Sc=6:1),海洋卡盾藻才能在与中肋骨条藻的竞争中取胜;而在与海洋卡盾藻共培养条件下,锥状斯氏藻具有一定竞争优势,其对海洋卡盾藻的体积抑制系数(α’)是后者(β’)的27—100倍。但在所有处理中均没有绝对优胜者,竞争结果都会出现不稳定的平衡状态。       

海洋卡盾藻(香港株)溶血毒素的提取和分离

海洋卡盾藻(Chattonella marina)是我国南方沿海主要的鱼毒性赤潮生物,近年来由该藻形成的赤成已造成多起近岸养殖鱼类大量死亡的事件。为了弄清该藻毒素的基本成分特征,本文研究了室内培养条件下海洋卡盾藻(香港株)溶血毒素的提取方法,观察了溶血毒素对红细胞的溶血过程,采用薄层色谱法对溶血成分进行了初步分析。结果表明:海洋卡盾藻藻细胞的超声波破碎最适条件为功率400W,4℃下处理15min;通过显微镜观察,证实提取的毒素对血红细胞膜具破坏作用;海洋卡盾藻合成的溶血毒素至少含有4种组分,其中1种可能为为脂类,3种为糖脂类。该研究成果有助于我国今后进一步开展鱼毒性赤潮生物毒素的研究。     

黑暗、温度对锥状斯氏藻暂时性孢囊形成、存活与萌发的影响

锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)是一种世界性的赤潮甲藻,暂时性孢囊是甲藻为了抵御瞬时不良环境条件而形成的不动细胞,暂时性孢囊在锥状斯氏藻生活史及其赤潮发生过程中充当着重要的角色。本文研究了黑暗和温度(8、20和25℃)对锥状斯氏藻暂时性孢囊形成、存活与萌发的影响。结果表明:暂时性孢囊在黑暗处理的第1天就开始形成,在第3～5天孢囊形成率达到最高,且常温下孢囊形成高峰延迟,8、20和25℃下孢囊的最终累积形成率分别为15.9%、20.1%和9.9%;同时,暂时性孢囊不耐保存,在形成后第1天即出现死亡,第8～16天后全部死亡;暂时性孢囊在低温下存活时间较长,8、20和25℃下半存活时间分别为5.9、2.9和2.7 d;暂时性孢囊不存在强制性休眠期,全部处理组的暂时性孢囊均在培养后的24 h内开始萌发,3～6 d内达到最大累积萌发率,为43.3%～65.6%,低温下形成的孢囊萌发率较高;锥状斯氏藻极易形成暂时性孢囊,当环境条件合适时能迅速萌发,说明暂时性孢囊在锥状斯氏藻种群动态以及赤潮形成和消亡过程中具有重要作用。     

长江口塔玛亚历山大藻孢囊的形成、发展及其与赤潮动力学的关系

有毒甲藻棗塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense(Leboru)Balech)在低氮的F\2培养液中会形成休眠孢囊.在试验的递度中,f\20NO3-诱导效率最高,一次性培养中孢囊形成率达到2%.大约73.2%和17.6%的孢囊在接种后的第八天和第九天形成.新形成的孢囊3d后红色体开始出现,并持续地分泌粘性物质,这可能有助于孢囊的扩散和生存.孢囊在15和20℃保存下的休眠期分别为15和10d.孢囊需要温度的改变就能萌发,在20℃条件下孢囊密度分别降到了4.5和0.9个\g,说明2002年亚历山大大藻孢囊在春季和各有一次萌发.赤潮发生过程中产生的孢囊会很快通过萌发回到水体中,无论季节和水温如何.2003年5月DG-26站位表层沉积物中亚历山大藻孢囊密度只有3.3个\g,但这些孢囊均是新形成的.在长江口,种群初始的大小不是决定塔玛亚历山大藻赤潮发生的关键因素.     

大亚湾裸甲藻种群的季节变化与环境条件的关系

研究了大亚湾1997年7月至1998年6月裸甲藻种群季节变化及其与环境因子的关系。裸甲藻在大亚湾主要出现在4－5月份,并在4月至5月份出现了4个密度高峰,最高密度可达每毫升996个细胞,6月至9月份偶有出现,10月至2月份则未出现。裸甲藻高密度出现的温度、盐度范围分别为25－30℃和24‰-32‰。裸甲藻在大亚湾的出现及4、5月份的密度高峰与水温的季节变化密切相关,3月份水温存在一个急升期,水温由3月初的15.5℃以下上升至3月底的23.5℃左右,为裸甲藻种群密度的急剧增长提供了合适的温度条件。大亚湾盐度的季节波动较小,与裸甲藻种群的种群的季节变化无关。大亚湾氮、磷、硅等营养物质含量丰富,不存在营养元素缺乏,但高密度的裸甲藻种群仅在氮、磷含量及氮磷比分别为50－100μg/L,5-20μg/L和5－30范围内出现,氮、磷、硅3种营养盐的含量及它们之间的比值特别是氮磷比是影响裸甲藻高密度出现的重要内容。     

氮磷限制对锥状斯氏藻孢囊形成的作用

在实验室研究了锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiellatrochoidea)在N、P单因子营养限制(N:500μg.L-1,P:74～0.74μg.L-1和P:74μg.L-1,N:500～5μg.L-1)条件下的生长和孢囊形成。结果显示N、P限制不利于锥状斯氏藻的快速生长,其中低P对细胞生长的限制作用更显著。其孢囊形成率在15～99%之间,中度N限制能促进孢囊的形成,形成率几乎可达100%。孢囊一般在对数生长期结束、细胞数量达到最大值时开始形成。但由于接种后营养盐浓度的急剧降低,营养极度限制组孢囊可在接种后第1d就开始形成。结果显示稳定生长期孢囊的大量形成大大降低了锥状斯氏藻营养细胞数量,能在一定程度上促进其赤潮的消亡。     

粤东柘林湾中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）种群生态学

于2000年5月~2004年12月对粤东大规模养殖区柘林湾的赤潮藻中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）种群的时空分布进行了长达5a的调查。结果表明,中肋骨条藻种群密度的周年变动模式基本为双峰型,平面分布没有显著的空间差异。调查期间,中肋骨条藻种群密度的站位实测值为0~1.4×10⁷ cells/dm³,总均值为3.3×10⁵ cells/dm³,占浮游植物总细胞数的67.1%,为调查海区第1优势种。在总共1045份样品中,有中肋骨条藻出现的样品数为1020份。其中,种群密度大于10⁶ cells/dm3的样品有65份,大于10⁷ cells/dm³则有4份。以大于10⁶ cells/dm³为中肋骨条藻的赤潮密度标准,在调查期间至少于2000年、2003年发生4次赤潮。运用灰关联理论对中肋骨条藻种群密度与13个环境因子的关系进行排序分析发现,水温、pH值和浮游动物是影响柘林湾中肋骨条藻种群时空分布的关键因子。水温还与中肋骨条藻种群密度的对数值具极显著意义的线性关系,而达到赤潮密度的样品均落在24.5~32.0℃区间,即每年的5~9月份高温季节。由于柘林湾浮游动物的年高峰期也出现在高温季节,说明浮游动物摄食压力的存在可能是柘林湾中肋骨条藻赤潮发生的重要抑制因子。2004年调查海区中肋骨条藻种群密度和在浮游植物群落中的优势度骤然降低,可能与水体营养盐结构和Fe含量的变化有关。因此,长期调查与监测对于研究海湾生态学和赤潮发生机制是极为重要的。     

广东大亚湾西南部海域营养盐结构的长期变化

分析了大亚湾西南部海域1982～2002年营养盐结构的长期变化。水域中溶解无机氮(DIN)的含量呈上升趋势,磷酸盐(PO₄^3-)含量从80年代初到90年代末逐年下降,2000年后有所恢复,硅酸盐(SiO₃^2-)的含量波动较大,但平均维持在20μmol·L^-1的较高水平上。各营养盐浓度比值的长期变化表现为氮磷比上升,硅氮比下降,硅磷比稳中有升。结合营养盐浓度及其比值的变化,可以认为大亚湾西南部海域中浮游植物生长的营养盐限制因子已经由过去的氮限制转变为磷限制;各营养盐的浓度及其比值在各季度的分布表明,浮游植物的生长春季和冬季受到氮限制的可能性较大,而夏季和秋季受磷限制的可能性较大;在营养盐的平面分布上,大鹏澳内DIN高于澳外水域,而PO₄^3-自1997年后低于澳外水域。     

大亚湾大辣甲水域溶解无机碳垂直分布特征及季节动态

于2007年10月～2008年9月进行了4个季节的垂直采样监测,对大亚湾大辣甲水域溶解无机碳(DIC)的垂向分布和季节动态特征进行了研究,分析了大亚湾溶解无机碳与各环境要素(pH、水温、溶解氧和叶绿素a等)的相关性。结果表明:在春、秋和冬季,大亚湾大辣甲水域DIC含量在垂直分布上差异较小,但夏季(2008年7月)变化较为显著,DIC含量的变化范围为16.79～26.52mg·L^-1;DIC高值基本集中在中、底层水域(8～16m),尤以底层水域(13～16m)为甚;DIC含量基本呈现出春、夏季较高,秋、冬季较低的分布趋势;DIC含量与pH值和水温含量显示出了负相关关系,而与盐度呈正相关关系。     

Composition and distribution of ciliates inner and outer of Daya Bay, China

Daya Bay was undergoing eutrophication process by increased nutrient loading, and the changes in nutrients have strongly influenced the phytoplankton community structure. Ciliates are common component of planktonic community, what role do ciliates play in Daya Bay was still unknown. In this study, ciliates were enumerated and identified from the inner and outer Daya Bay during three seasons. Thirty-one species belong to 16 genera of ciliates were recorded, and Cyclotrichida, Strombidiida, Tintinnida were most common. In spring, ciliates abundance of D2 was lower than D1 and D3, abundance in the surface of D1 and D3 were higher than in the bottom, while D2 showed the opposite character. The lowest ciliate abundance was found in the E1 in summer. In fall, Ciliates abundance of D3 was lower than in fall, and abundance in the surface was lower than in the bottom, which was different compared to in spring. Different hydrographic character was shown between the surface (high temperature, low salinity and nutrients) and bottom layer (low temperature, high salinity and nutrients) at E1 in summer. Ciliate abundance had no significant variation between the surface and bottom at E1 in summer, but ciliates community structure changed a lot.     

Composition and distribution of ciliates inner and outer of Daya Bay, China

Daya Bay was undergoing eutrophication process by increased nutrient loading, and the changes in nutrients have strongly influenced the phytoplankton community structure. Ciliates are common component of planktonic community, what role do ciliates play in Daya Bay was still unknown. In this study, ciliates were enumerated and identified from the inner and outer Daya Bay during three seasons. Thirty-one species belong to 16 genera of ciliates were recorded, and Cyclotrichida, Strombidiida, Tintinnida were most common. In spring, ciliates abundance of D2 was lower than D1 and D3, abundance in the surface of D1 and D3 were higher than in the bottom, while D2 showed the opposite character. The lowest ciliate abundance was found in the E1 in summer. In fall, Ciliates abundance of D3 was lower than in fall, and abundance in the surface was lower than in the bottom, which was different compared to in spring. Different hydrographic character was shown between the surface (high temperature, low salinity and nutrients) and bottom layer (low temperature, high salinity and nutrients) at E1 in summer. Ciliate abundance had no significant variation between the surface and bottom at E1 in summer, but ciliates community structure changed a lot.     

大亚湾大鹏澳水域春季浮游植物优势种的演替

根据2002年4月28日～5月27日大亚湾大鹏澳内每日采样的现场连续观测资料,使用主分量分析方法和多元回归方法,分析浮游植物优势种类之间的关系及影响其生长与演替的主要理化因子,建立春季浮游植物优势种类的演替模型。模型表明,中肋骨条藻和柔弱菱形藻之间为竞争关系;与浮游植物(以硅藻为主)生长密切相关的理化因子为温度(T)、溶解氧饱和度(DOsat)、铵氮(NH4-N)、亚硝酸氮(NO2-N)、磷酸盐(PO4-P)、硅酸盐(SiO3-Si)。影响中肋骨条藻的理化因子还有盐度(S)和氮磷比值(NO3／PO4)。并根据优势种类发生演替期间的环境变化(降雨),分析了浮游植物优势种由中肋骨条藻演替为柔弱菱形藻的过程。     

The role of phosphorus on planktonic production of the Gironde plume waters in the Bay of Biscay

More and more studies emphasize the status of phosphorus (P)as the principal limiting nutrient of phytoplankton growth,especially in coastal waters under the influence of freshwaterdischarges. The purpose of the present paper is to investigatethe role of P on planktonic production in the waters influencedby the Gironde discharges; the Gironde being one of the twolargest rivers on the French Atlantic coast. The survey is basedon several cruises made in 1998 and 1999. Two different patternswere observed for waters with salinity below and above 34.5.For waters with salinity < 34.5, P was found to be the firstlimiting nutrient of winter and spring phytoplankton blooms,based on undetectable phosphate (< 20 nM), high NO₃ : PO₄ratios, typically > 100 : 1, short phosphate turnover time(1 to 2 h), high alkaline phosphatase activities (mean of 176nM h^-1 in late May 1999) and ultimately great increases of chlorophylla (Chl a) and primary production in phosphate-enriched samplesrelative to controls. This limitation could be partly explainedby the Gironde nutrient supplies, which were phosphate deficientcompared with the mineral nitrogen(N_min : PO₄ was > 40 withina salinity range 16–33). In summer, corresponding to theperiod of low influence of Gironde supplies (low runoff anda spreading effect of the plume), phytoplankton growth wouldbe controlled by both P and nitrogen (N), according to low nitrateand the major effect of combined P+N (NH₄) enrichment on Chla and primary production compared with the addition of N orP singly. In early October, after the first autumn gales, themixed layer was enriched with a sufficient supply of nutrientsto support exponential phytoplankton growth for 4 days in enclosures.The pattern was different for waters at the limit of the Girondeplume and Atlantic oceanic waters (within salinity range 34.5–35.4).P would not be the single limiting nutrient of winter bloomsand spring phytoplankton growth since low phosphate, and alsolow nitrate and silicate, availability were recorded and phosphateaddition alone had no effect on phytoplankton biomass and productionin bioassays. The early P limitation of winter blooms had consequencesfor the phytoplankton community structure in the Gironde plumewaters (salinity < 34.5). Whereas major cells of these bloomswere greater than 20 µm in size, phytoplankton growthin spring and autumn was dominated by 3–20 µm (e.g.53% of Chl a in late April 1999) and < 3 µm cells (e.g.29% of Chl a). The decreasing size of phytoplankton cells isemphasized by the severe competition between bacteria and algaefor phosphate, since bacteria dominated phosphate uptake inspring (e.g. 87% in late April, 77% in late May). Bacteria tendedto have greater affinity for phosphate and seemed also to beP limited at certain times in spring, according to results fromphosphate enrichment bioassays in late May 1999. The alternativemethod for phytoplankton to obtain P would be the use of thedissolved organic phosphorus pool by alkaline phosphatase activity.According to the movement of ³³P after initial labelling ofmicrobial populations and a subsequent cold chase, the majortransfer of P occurred from the bacterial to the dissolved fraction.We hypothesize that algae obtain part of its dissolved organicphosphorus from bacteria-originated organic phosphorus compounds.     

Seasonal and Diel Variability in Dissolved DNA and in Microbial Biomass and Activity in a Subtropical Estuary

Dissolved DNA and microbial biomass and activity parameters were measured over a 15-month period at three stations along a salinity gradient in Tampa Bay, Fla. Dissolved DNA showed seasonal variation, with minimal values in December and January and maximal values in summer months (July and August). This pattern of seasonal variation followed that of particulate DNA and water temperature and did not correlate with bacterioplankton (direct counts and [³H]thymidine incorporation) or phytoplankton (chlorophyll a and ¹⁴CO₂ fixation) biomass and activity. Microautotrophic populations showed maxima in the spring and fall, whereas microheterotrophic activity was greatest in late summer (September). Both autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial activity was greatest at the high estuarine (low salinity) station and lowest at the mouth of the bay (high salinity station), irrespective of season. Dissolved DNA carbon and phosphorus constituted 0.11 ± 0.05% of the dissolved organic carbon and 6.6 ± 6.5% of the dissolved organic phosphorus, respectively. Strong diel periodicity was noted in dissolved DNA and in microbial activity in Bayboro Harbor during the dry season. A noon maximum in primary productivity was followed by an 8 p.m. maximum in heterotrophic activity and a midnight maximum in dissolved DNA. This diel periodicity was less pronounced in the wet season, when microbial parameters were strongly influenced by episodic inputs of freshwater. These results suggest that seasonal and diel production of dissolved DNA is driven by primary production, either through direct DNA release by phytoplankton, or more likely, through growth of bacterioplankton on phytoplankton exudates, followed by excretion and lysis.     

珠江口及毗邻海域营养盐对浮游植物生长的影响

基于2006年7月(夏季),10月(秋季)和2007年3月(春季)的现场调查数据,对珠江口及毗邻海域中的营养盐和叶绿素a等环境生态因子的时空分布特性进行了对比分析,研究了氮磷比与叶绿素a含量和种群多样性之间的联系,探讨了该海域营养盐对于浮游植物生长的影响。结果表明:(1)研究海域营养盐表现出较强的季节和空间差异性,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度均值春季(1.545 mg/L、0.056 mg/L)和夏季(1.570 mg/L、0.058 mg/L)均大于秋季(1.442 mg/L、0.034 mg/L),且春夏季浓度空间差异更明显。(2)调查期间海域营养盐含量超标现象突出,夏季尤为明显。无机氮(DIN)总体均值0.99 mg/L,超四类海水标准限值1倍,活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)总体均值0.021 mg/L,DIN∶PO4-P平均值为130;叶绿素a浓度与营养盐、p H、温度有较显著的相关性。(3)叶绿素a浓度较高的站位,具有较高的DIN∶PO4-P值,但浮游植物多样性指数偏低,优势种明显,主要为中肋骨条藻。氮磷比的改变会影响不同生长特性的浮游植物间的竞争和种群结构的改变;今后海洋污染治理中,在控制氮、磷污染时要注意氮磷比的改变可能造成的浮游生态影响。