黄孢原毛平革菌抗营养阻遏产漆酶诱变育种及其产酶特性

【目的】筛选能抗营养阻遏产漆酶的黄孢原毛平革菌,论证其产漆酶的确定性及抗营养阻遏产木质素酶的可行性,为白腐菌产酶代谢调控、木质素降解机理的研究奠定基础。【方法】利用重复紫外诱变法,以愈创木酚富氮鉴别培养基筛选目标菌株;比较不同营养条件下菌体生长与产酶动力学差异研究产酶营养调控机理;通过热处理、排除锰离子和加入过氧化氢酶等不同措施论证黄孢原平毛平革菌能否产生漆酶。【结果】3种不同方法均证实选育到的pcR5305和pcR5324菌株在限氮与富氮条件下均能产生漆酶,pcR5305和pcR5324在限氮条件下产漆酶分别达到203.5、187.6 U/L;在富氮条件下为220.6、183.9 U/L,而原菌株pc530在两种条件下都基本不产生漆酶。二菌株产漆酶调控方式不同,pcR5305漆酶产生与菌体生长同步,而pcR5324漆酶产生却受营养氮阻遏。二菌株同时具有抗营养阻遏高产木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)和锰过氧化物酶(MnP)(分别为LiP 1343.2、MnP 252.2 U/L;LiP 1169.5、MnP 172.4 U/L)的能力。【结论】筛选到的黄孢原毛平革菌变异菌株能产漆酶,同时表现了抗营养阻遏产漆酶、木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的能力,具有重要的生产应用与理论研究价值,为白腐菌产酶代谢调控机理研究提供了原始菌株并奠定了良好的基础。     

黄孢原毛平革菌抗营养阻遏产漆酶同工酶动态分析

以选育的抗营养阻遏产木质素降解酶黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium）pcR5305、pcR5324为实验对象,研究了其在富氮条件下动态产漆酶同工酶的规律及其可能的营养调控机制。两菌株可在初始氨氮质量浓度达2.2 g/L的富氮环境下产漆酶,启动漆酶合成及达到产酶峰值对应的葡萄糖、氨氮浓度阀值远高于野生型,基质C/N的降低是漆酶合成启动及达到高峰的前提,其中碳浓度的降低更为重要。两菌株在不同时间可产生1～3种漆酶同工酶（分别为Lac1、Lac2和Lac3）,其中Lac3产酶伴随菌体整个生长过程,其合成启动与积累无需受基质碳氮饥饿及C/N的限制;Lac2在pcR5305初生代谢阶段产生,但只能在pcR5324次生代谢阶段产生;Lac1仅在pcR5305的初生代谢或次生代谢阶段产生,基质C/N降至5.0～7.0时诱导产生 Lac1的合成,并随培养时间的增加产酶量逐渐提高。显然3种同工酶的合成具有不同的调控机制。     

利用根癌农杆菌T-DNA 插入突变寻找参与漆酶葡萄糖阻遏的关键基因

【目的】新型隐球酵母(Cryptococcus neoformans)是人类重要致病真菌,主要毒性因子之一漆酶的表达受葡糖糖阻遏,机制未知。本文拟寻找参与葡萄糖阻遏的关键基因。【方法】建立根癌农杆菌介导的转化方法(Agrobacterium tumefanciens-mediated transformation,ATMT)建立一个容量约200000的随即插入突变文库,在高浓度葡萄糖条件下从中筛选葡萄糖去阻遏的突变株。通过Southern确定突变株中T-DNA的拷贝数,利用反向PCR获得依赖葡萄糖的漆酶阻遏基因序列。【结果】筛选到了30株葡萄糖去阻遏突变株,Southern blot发现83%的葡萄糖去抑制突变株含有单个T-DNA拷贝。初步鉴定了可能参与漆酶阻遏的10个不同生物学功能基因,如参与碳水化合物的代谢,固醇的合成,几丁质的合成,GPI脂锚钩的合成等等。【结论】ATMT突变策略可以找到一些参与漆酶葡萄糖阻遏的关键基因,为理解漆酶在致病过程中的作用机制和工业改进漆酶活性提供参考。     

黄孢原毛平革菌漆酶基因lac1680的克隆、表达及产酶研究

以先前筛选到的高产漆酶黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)为模板,利用同源克隆技术合成一个全长为1 680 bp的漆酶基因,核苷酸及氨基酸序列比对显示该基因与真菌漆酶基因有较高的同源性,将其命名为lac1680,将该基因连接到构建好的p ET24a载体上,并转入表达菌株BL21 Escherichia coli(DE3)中,经对重组菌预表达的全菌裂解物进行SDS-PAGE检测,获得75 k D目的条带,表明诱导表达成功。随后利用NI-NTA层析柱对洗脱下来的lac1680蛋白进行纯化,纯化回收后,漆酶纯度可达98%以上。通过对比基因工程菌和黄孢原毛平革菌野生菌株不同培养时间产酶活力,结果表明构建好的工程菌活力比原菌酶活力有明显的提高,提高了近39%。     

crgA调控三孢布拉霉合成类胡萝卜素

【目的】探究crgA基因在三孢布拉霉合成类胡萝卜素过程中的调控作用。【方法】克隆三孢布拉霉crgA基因并利用split-marker策略敲除该基因;在表型特征、关键酶基因转录水平、类胡萝卜素合成水平等方面将基因敲除株与野生株进行比较分析。【结果】与野生型菌株相比,crgA基因敲除菌产孢能力明显下降,而类胡萝卜素合成途径中的关键酶基因转录水平明显提高,在发酵120h后β-胡萝卜素的积累量提高了31.2%。将crgA基因重新导入到敲除菌后,该菌的性状恢复至野生型。【结论】crgA基因调控三孢布拉霉的生长和产孢能力,并通过调控类胡萝卜素关键酶基因表达来调控类胡萝卜素的合成,是一个负调控因子。     

黄孢原毛平革菌降解土霉素的影响因素及酶活分析

目的:黄孢原毛平革菌降解土霉素的影响因素及酶活分析。方法:文章使用的方法有制备实验菌种和孢子悬浮液、测定校准曲线及样品与测定酶活性等。结果:培养基中的营养物质真菌降解抗生素和吸附重金属特性减少然后,产生了酶的次生阶段,不利于营养的获得,分泌了锰过氧化物酶,酶活不断增加,达到了最大值。活跃期过后,酶活逐渐降低,在培养后期,产生的代谢物越来越多,堆集了大量的有毒代谢物,降低了锰过氧化物酶活性。讨论:当土壤浓度维持在200mg/L时,采用固化或者是非固化的方式后,黄孢原毛平革菌对土壤的降解度分别为92.44%与67.63%。在实验过程中,使用了两种方式处理,但菌产锰过氧化物酶酶培养96h之后,土霉素达到了最大浓度,为70 mg/L,相应为527.40 U/L与73.90 U/L;使用两种处理方式,菌产木质素过氧化物酶都要先培养96h之后,土霉素浓度变成了70 mg/L,这个时候是最大值,相应为0.384 U/L与O.204 U/L,因此,黄孢原毛平革菌降解土霉素时,起到关键作用的是锰过氧化物酶。文章可行性研究了黄孢原毛平革菌降解土霉素。实验相应地考察了p H值、土霉素初始浓度是如何影响影响黄孢原毛平革菌降解土霉素。实验结果显示,相应地增加土霉素的浓度,能提升酶活,当超过一定限度时,酶的活性会随着增加而降低。     

白腐菌产锰过氧化物酶培养基的优化

黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete Chrysosporium)5．776在初始发酵培养基中产胞外锰过氧化物酶活力极低。为了显著提高锰过氧化物酶活力,对初始发酵培养基进行优化。通过调整培养基中碳源、氮源种类和含量,吐温80添加量,Mn^2 终浓度,静置培养温度、时间,采用分光光度计法测定酶活力,发现黄孢原毛平革菌在限氮高锰培养基中产生较高的锰过氧化物酶。静置液体培养的优化条件是：葡萄糖10g／L;酒石酸铵2mmol／L;吐温80 lg／L;Mn^2 9．9μg／L;于34℃静置培养5d;产MnP活力达1200U／L,比优化前提高了近17倍。     

一氧化氮在启动黄孢原毛平革菌木质素降解酶合成中的作用

[目的]通过了解一氧化氮在启动黄孢原毛平革菌合成木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)中的作用及其作用机制,弄清白腐菌启动次生代谢的调控机制.[方法]以黄孢原毛平革菌原种pc530及突变种pcR5305为研究对象,弄清在不同营养条件下NO含量的动态变化及其与合成LiP之间的关系,再通过添加外源NO供体SNP、NO淬灭剂cPTIO对两菌株合成LiP的影响分析,揭示NO在白腐菌启动合成LiP中的作用和作用机理.[结果]两菌株均能在两种不同营养条件下产生NO,但NO的产生量与菌株及其营养状况有关,富营养使pc530产生NO量低且严重延后,而pcR5305产生NO并不需要营养饥饿激发且产生量显著高于pc530.除了LiP峰值出现时间迟于NO峰值时间外,NO含量与LiP合成呈正相关性;外施SNP对合成LiP有促进作用,但对pcR5305的促进作用没有pc530明显;15 mmol/L cPTIO使黄孢原毛平革菌合成LiP均大为降低,但并没有完全抑制产生LiP.[结论]黄孢原毛平革菌可能通过产生NO启动LiP的合成,但NO并不直接参与或影响合成LiP,NO更可能是作为一种上游的信号分子起作用.除了NO外,可能还有其它与NO有相互促进作用的信号分子也参与了LiP合成的调控.与pc530具有不同的产生NO的机制可能就是pcR5305抗营养阻遏合成木质素降解酶的机理.     

碳源和氮源对彩绒革盖菌液体发酵合成漆酶的影响

研究了碳源、氮源对彩绒革盖菌液体发酵合成漆酶的影响。结果表明,在所选的几种碳、氮源中,麸皮为试验菌株合成漆酶的较好碳源;酵母浸膏、酒石酸铵、蛋白胨均是比较理想的氮源。不同的碳氮比对彩绒革盖菌漆酶的产量有着显著的影响,高碳高氮是其生产漆酶的最佳条件。在适宜的培养条件下该菌株能合成高活力的漆酶,其酶活力可达298 U/mL以上,产酶周期为6~7 d。     

根癌农杆菌介导的白腐丝状真菌——黄孢原毛平革菌的转化

利用农杆菌介导的方法成功地对黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium）进行了遗传转化。将含有潮霉素磷酸转移酶融合基因的双元质粒pCH61300转入根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）208中,然后用该转化菌分别感染黄孢原毛平革菌的分生孢子和原生质体,获得16株可能的转化子,经复筛,共获得6株潮霉素抗性水平为100μg/mL的稳定转化子,分生孢子和原生质体的转化频率没有明显差别。PCR检测结果显示,抗性基因已导入黄孢原毛平革菌细胞中;Southern杂交表明,TDNA以单拷贝形式整合到黄孢原毛平革菌基因组中。其中的一个转化子菌落形态与原野生型菌株相比有所不同,菌丝稀薄,分生孢子较少。利用分生孢子转化更为简便易行,无需特殊的设备和制备原生质体,此方法为深入开展该菌的遗传转化研究奠定了基础。     

漆酶高产菌株的诱变选育及其产酶条件

以粗毛栓菌Trametesgallica为出发菌,通过紫外诱变处理其担孢子、PDA-RBBR平板变色法初筛、ABTS法测定培养液漆酶酶活力复筛,获得1株漆酶高产诱变菌株SAH-12。用高氮低碳无机盐培养液(LM3)培养时,其峰值酶活力比出发菌株高出4倍,达到5002.6U/L,且产酶稳定。对SAH-12液体培养产酶条件的研究表明:以纤维二糖和蔗糖为碳源明显优于麦麸、淀粉和葡萄糖,其最高酶活分别达18526U/L和13436U/L;有机氮源较无机氮源更有利于SAH-12漆酶的分泌,以蛋白胨、大豆粕和胰化蛋白胨为氮源时其峰值酶活分别达到20544U/L、19671U/L和16180U/L;适宜初始培养pH为4.0;ABTS、单宁酸、没食子酸对产酶均有明显的诱导作用,其中ABTS和单宁酸的诱导效果相对更好,愈创木酚和吐温80对产酶有一定的抑制作用。     

粗毛栓菌(Trametes hirsuta) D2固态发酵山核桃蒲壳产漆酶的营养条件研究

【目的】为提高漆酶产量,降低生产成本,以山核桃蒲壳作为基质,对粗毛栓菌D2固态发酵产漆酶的营养条件进行研究。【方法】对不同碳源、氮源、碳氮比、蒲壳含量对漆酶产量的影响进行分析。【结果】山核桃蒲壳是粗毛栓菌生长的良好载体,能够促进漆酶的合成。粗毛栓菌D2漆酶固态发酵培养基干物质组成为:山核桃蒲壳40%(质量比),玉米粉24%(质量比),菜籽饼粉36%(质量比)。发酵6 d时,漆酶活性为126.8 U/g干基。【结论】粗毛栓菌固态发酵山核桃蒲壳产漆酶具有效率高,生产成本低的优点,具有潜在的工业化应用前景。     

黄孢原毛平革菌产漆酶优化培养及其对刚果红的脱色降解

以白腐真菌模式菌株黄孢原毛平革菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium为研究对象,探讨培养条件、重金属和芳香族化合物对产漆酶的影响,并进一步研究漆酶对刚果红的降解效果。结果表明,P. chrysosporium产漆酶最适培养条件：葡萄糖为碳源,蛋白胨为氮源,碳氮比为90。培养8d后,漆酶酶活为911.1U/L;Mn²⁺严格地控制着P.chrysosporium产漆酶,而Cu²⁺对其影响不大,在添加4.0mmol/L Mn²⁺时,漆酶酶活为2 001.7U/L;芳香族化合物中藜芦醇（veratryl alcohol,VA）、4-香豆酸、香草醛和香草酸对菌体产漆酶能力均有促进作用,最高可提升至1 459.1U/L,而咖啡酸对菌体产漆酶稍有抑制。100U/L漆酶粗酶液可降解40mg/L刚果红,降解率为24.0%;而当介体物质VA存在时,该降解效率可提升至87.7%。     

Role of Escherichia coli heat shock proteins DnaK and HtpG (C62.5) in response to nutritional deprivation.

Because of the highly conserved pattern of expression of the eucaryotic heat shock genes hsp70 and hsp84 or their cognates during sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and development in higher organisms, the role of the Escherichia coli homologs dnaK and htpG was examined during the response to starvation. The htpG deletion mutant was found to be similar to its wild-type parent in its ability to survive starvation for essential nutrients and to induce proteins specific to starvation conditions. The dnaK103 mutant, however, was highly susceptible to killing by starvation for carbon and, to a lesser extent, for nitrogen and phosphate. Analysis of proteins induced under starvation conditions on two-dimensional gels showed that the dnaK103 mutant was defective for the synthesis of some proteins induced in wild-type cells by carbon starvation and of some proteins induced under all starvation conditions, including the stationary phase in wild-type cells. In addition, unique proteins were synthesized in the dnaK103 mutant in response to starvation. Although the synthesis of some proteins under glucose starvation control was drastically affected by the dnaK103 mutation, the synthesis of proteins specifically induced by nitrogen starvation was essentially unaffected. Similarly, the dnaK103 mutant was able to grow, utilizing glutamine or arginine as a source of nitrogen, at a rate approximate to that of the wild-type parent, but it inefficiently utilized glycerol or maltose as carbon sources. Several differences between the protein synthetic pattern of the dnaK103 mutant and the wild type were observed after phosphate starvation, but these did not result in a decreased ability to survive phosphate starvation, compared with nitrogen starvation.     

大杯伞华农2号菌株液体培养产生漆酶条件的研究

大杯伞(Clitocybe maxima)华农2号菌株具有分泌漆酶的能力,与静止培养相比,以110 r/min摇床培养能明显促进大杯伞华农2号菌株漆酶的分泌。以25 g/L可溶性淀粉为碳源,2.0 g/L酪蛋白胨为氮源,铜离子添加量为0.1 mmol/L进行液体培养,有利于大杯伞华农2号菌株漆酶的分泌,最高酶活可达到713 U/L。     

Increased production of extracellular laccase by the white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138

Summary The white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138 has been identified as an excellent producer of the industrially important enzyme laccase. The basal medium containing glucose gave laccase activity of 155 U/ml. Screening of different media components and their effects on laccase production by Coriolus versicolor was studied using one factor at a time and L₉ (3⁴) orthogonal array method. A two-fold increase (305 U/ml) in laccase production was observed using a combination of glucose and starch as carbon source and yeast extract as nitrogen source. This activity is very high as compared to most of the reported strains. Hence this strain was explored for enhancement in laccase. The formation of extracellular laccase could be considerably stimulated by the addition of copper in the optimized medium. Addition of 1 mM copper enhanced laccase activity to 460 U/ml. Laccase production was further enhanced using different aromatic inducers. Among different inducers used 2,5-xylidine was found to be the best, and gave maximum laccase activity of 820 U/ml with 1 mM concentration. Thus, this strain could be an efficient and attractive source for laccase production.     

The effects of aqueous ammonia-pretreated rice straw as solid substrate on laccase production by solid-state fermentation

Chemical composition and physical structure of solid substrate have significantly impacts on fermentation performance. The aqueous ammonia was used to pretreat rice straw. Furthermore, the feasibility of pretreatment to improve laccase production was also evaluated in terms of the enzymatic digestibility, chemical structure, physical structure, and laccase production. The results showed that aqueous ammonia pretreatment could modify chemical compositions, destroy rigid structure of the lignocellulosic substrate, increase enzymatic digestibility and change water state, which were beneficial to facilitate the fungus growth and nutrition utilization. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic substrate with aqueous ammonia at 80 °C gave the best effect on laccase production, yielding 172.74 U/g laccase at 14 days, which was 3.4 times higher than that of the control. The aqueous ammonia pretreatment could alternate the physicochemical characteristics of lignocellulosic substrate, resulting in the improved laccase production, which was a promising method that might be explored in solid-state fermentation.

     

Mitochondria-driven changes in leaf NAD status exert a crucial influence on the control of nitrate assimilation and the integration of carbon and nitrogen metabolism

The Nicotiana sylvestris mutant, CMS, lacks the mitochondrial gene nad7 and functional complex I, and respires using low-affinity NADH (alternative) mitochondrial dehydrogenases. Here, we show that this adjustment of respiratory pathways is associated with a profound modification of foliar carbon-nitrogen balance. CMS leaves are characterized by abundant amino acids compared to either wild-type plants or CMS in which complex I function has been restored by nuclear transformation with the nad7 cDNA. The metabolite profile of CMS leaves is enriched in amino acids with low carbon/nitrogen and depleted in starch and 2-oxoglutarate. Deficiency in 2-oxoglutarate occurred despite increased citrate and malate and higher capacity of key anaplerotic enzymes, notably the mitochondrial NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. The accumulation of nitrogen-rich amino acids was not accompanied by increased expression of enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation. Partitioning of (15)N-nitrate into soluble amines was enhanced in CMS leaf discs compared to wild-type discs, especially in the dark. Analysis of pyridine nucleotides showed that both NAD and NADH were increased by 2-fold in CMS leaves. The growth retardation of CMS relative to the wild type was highly dependent on photoperiod, but at all photoperiod regimes the link between high contents of amino acids and NADH was observed. Together, the data provide strong evidence that (1) NADH availability is a critical factor in influencing the rate of nitrate assimilation and that (2) NAD status plays a crucial role in coordinating ammonia assimilation with the anaplerotic production of carbon skeletons.