诱变技术在植物育种中的研究新进展

结合近年来国内外对诱变技术的研究进展 ,综述了主要诱变技术的诱变机理及其在植物育种中的应用 ,并讨论了突变体的选择和鉴定技术等问题     

植物空间诱变育种的现状与展望

本文在简要回顾植物空间诱变育种历史的基础上,论述了植物空间诱变育种的机理,植物在高真空、微重力、强辐射、交变磁场及其他因素的综合作用下产生变异和植物空间诱变育种效应以及突变性状的遗传;全面综述了空间诱变育种在中国作物新品种、特异优良种质材料的创新中取得的成就.最后对未来植物空间诱变育种的应用前景进行了展望,并指出空间诱变技术开创了植物育种的又一新途径.     

植物基因组学及其在离子束诱变育种中的应用

近年来植物基因组学的研究发展迅速,特别是随着生物科学的发展进入后基因组时代,其研究方法和技术不断得到完善。该文综述了植物基因组学的研究方法和技术及其在植物离子诱变育种方面的应用,并对植物基因组学在离子诱变育种中的应用进行了展望。     

小麦诱发突变技术育种研究进展

诱发突变育种技术是利用射线、离子、中子等物理辐射因素及空间环境诱变种子或植物离体组织,获得有益突变体,缩短育种周期的育种技术。据国际诱变育成品种数据库的不完全统计,截至2016年5月,世界上60多个国家在214种植物上诱变了超过3 200个正式发布的突变品种,21个国家诱变了254个小麦突变体,其中我国诱变小麦164个,占总量超过64%而位居世界第一。综述了诱变技术在小麦育种方面的成就,概述了获得的小麦农艺性状、产量、品质等性状突变,并对今后小麦诱变育种的目标及方法进行了展望。以期为小麦诱变育种的进一步发展提供借鉴,促进现代物理农业的应用及发展。     

浙江农大核农所开展理化诱变处理服务

诱变育种是有效的植物改良手段。具有多年诱变研究和育种经验、拥有各种理化诱变处理设施的浙江农业大学原子核农学系研究所,最近受联合国粮农组织及国际原子能机构委托,主办了亚太地区植物诱变育种训练班。为了使诱变育种方法更广泛地应用于我国的植物改良     

植物抗病育种中的标记辅助选择与甘蔗

抗病基因的分子标记具有稳定、准确、高效的特点,通过对基因型而不是表型的直接选择,抗病基因分子标记应用于辅助选择可大大加快常规育种进程,提高育种效率。本文评述了植物抗病育种中标记辅助选择的发展概况,介绍了各种DNA分子标记技术及植物抗病基因连锁标记的筛选方法,重点介绍了甘蔗抗病基因分子标记研究的现状,展望了分子标记辅助选择在甘蔗抗病育种中的前景。     

植物空间诱变的生物效应及其育种研究进展

概述了空间环境对植物的诱变效应及植物空间诱变育种的研究进展,并提出了目前植物空间诱变研究存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

藻类诱变育种技术研究进展

藻类诱变育种技术是指利用物理和化学因素诱发藻体产生遗传变异,在短时期内获得有价值的突变体的育种方法。藻类是水生生态系统中主要的初级生产者,与人类生活及经济发展有着密切的关系,是发展"蓝色农业"的基础。诱变育种已经成为提高藻类育种效率,获得新种质的一个重要手段,广泛应用在生物活性物质含量高的微藻、生物能源微藻及一些大型的经济海藻中。在藻类育种中常用的诱变技术主要包括物理和化学诱变技术。物理诱变辐射源包括紫外线、γ射线、重离子束及常压室温等离子体等,化学诱变剂主要包括甲基磺酸乙酯和亚硝基胍等。主要介绍了上述诱变技术的诱变机理和生物学效应,总结了诱变技术在藻类育种中的研究进展及应用前景,以期推动藻类诱变育种的发展。     

激光诱变的生物学效应及其在动植物遗传育种上的应用

激光诱变是一种新型的育种技术,具有能量密度高,比较集中,单色性和方向性好,诱变当代即可出现遗传突变等特点。本文概述了激光诱变的一般原理和生物学效应,激光诱变后对植物形态,生理和遗传性状及动物早期胚肥发育的影响,旨在为深入研究激光诱变机制及其在动植物遗传育种上的应用提供参考。     

大豆诱变育种研究四十年

本文简要阐明我所大豆诱变育种研究四十年来,研究确定的可行诱变技术,创造的优良遗传变异类型。先后采用＾６０Ｃｏγ－射线,Ｘ－射线,热中子,ＥＭＳ,ＮａＮ３等诱变因素处理以及有性杂交与诱变结合的技术,育成１３个优良大豆品种,累计种植面积４３２万公顷。还创造出一些极早熟,高蛋白、低亚麻酸、高油,高亚油酸,抗病等优良突变体。研究表明,人工诱变,及其与有性杂交相结合技术,已经成为大豆遗传改良的有效技术手段。     

Genes for wheat resistance to yellow rust and the role of epiphytotics in the emergence of new races

The paper presents the results of a multi-year assessment of wheat resistance to yellow rust on an artificial infectious background in the field. The dynamics of the disease in the differentiatial varieties with identified resistance genes is studied. The formation of new races of the pathogen after its epiphytotics is revealed. The loss of resistance of certain genotypes that had “effective genes” and were resistant to the disease at the beginning of the experiment is registered. The adult plant resistance, which is of great importance in breeding of resistant varieties of wheat, is analyzed.     

Genetic improvement of Citrus for disease resistance

Progress in the genetic improvement of Citrus species was reviewed. Tools used for the genetic improvement of Citrus were categorised as conventional (introduction, selection and hybridisation) and non-conventional methods (mutation, somatic cell hybridisation and genetic engineering) of improvement. Genes linked with the disease resistance were characterised and tagged through molecular marker techniques such as Sequenced Characterised Amplified Region and Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences. Disease resistance genes showed both monogenic and polygenic inheritance. Conventional methods for disease resistance improvement of Citrus were bottleneck due to inadequate and lengthy breeding procedures. However, non-conventional methods, such as mutation breeding and protoplast fusion, have been routinely utilised for the production of disease resistant germplasm while novel genes from variable sources were used to transform Citrus species to induce resistance against diseases. These non-conventional techniques have been shown to overcome the disadvantages of conventional breeding procedures and could be regarded as rapid methods of genetic improvement as well as helpful to overcome the interspecies barrier.     

抗黑条矮缩病水稻品种资源的筛选与鉴定

近年来,水稻黑条矮缩病严重影响我国水稻生产,培育高抗黑条矮缩病的水稻新品种迫在眉睫。获得抗性好的水稻资源是育种的基础。本研究通过对保存的2000份水稻地方品种连续2年设置2个试验点的黑条矮缩病抗性鉴定,初步筛选出连续2年没有发病的资源38份。对这38份中农艺性状较好的6份粳稻资源进行人工室内接虫鉴定,获得高抗水稻黑条矮缩病的水稻资源1份。与感病对照相比,水稻黑条矮缩病毒（Rice black-streaked dwarf virus, RBSDV）在抗病品种体内的表达量下降71.5倍,表明抗病品种对RBSDV在体内的复制有明显的抑制作用。本研究为水稻黑条矮缩病抗病育种和抗性基因的定位、克隆奠定了材料基础。     

烟草赤星病抗性主效QTL人工选择响应研究

分析赤星病抗性主效QTL的人工选择响应,可为烟草赤星病抗性分子标记辅助选择提供一定的理论基础。本研究利用与主效QTL紧密连锁的分子标记J9和J4,分析随机群体、人工选择群体和自然群体中响应分子标记的等位基因频率,研究相关标记位点在不同群体中的等位基因变化规律。结果发现:(1)赤星病抗性主效QTL等位基因在不同选择强度(5%、10%和20%)的正向选择条件下均发生了显著性偏分离,其中在10%的正向选择强度下偏分离显著性最高。(2)在不同世代(F3、F4、F5和F6)的赤星病抗性育种选择群体中,J9位点抗病亲本等位基因型频率显著高于感病亲本基因型频率,表明来源于抗源净叶黄的主效抗性QTL与赤星病抗性显著关联。(3)在198份自然群体中,包括烟草赤星病抗性品种中烟86、单育二号在内的50份烟草种质携带与抗源净叶黄相同的基因型,表明该主效QTL被广泛应用于烟草赤星病抗性改良中。本研究验证了之前定位到的主效抗病QTL的准确性;分析了该主效QTL的人工选择响应,相关结果为烟草赤星病抗性改良提供了一定的理论基础。     

大豆抗SCN3种质资源的创新

大豆孢囊线虫(SCN)是危害大豆的主要病害之一,它发生范围广、危害比较严重,培育抗病品种是目前最经济有效的控制措施.培育抗病品种首先需要筛选和鉴定抗源,得到优良抗源材料至关重要.为此,针对目前我国大豆抗SCN3种质资源存在的弱点问题进行创新研究.采用高抗大豆孢囊线虫病3号生理小种的抗源与当地优良品种进行杂交,对后代(F6)进行盆栽抗性筛选和田间丰产性能鉴定,从中鉴定出抗性强、综合农艺性状优良的创新种质资源,为今后抗线虫育种工作奠定基础,对加快育种进程、缩短育种年限具有重要作用.     

Identification of resistance source in wheat germplasm against spot blotch disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana

Four hundred and twenty-two spring wheat germplasm (Triticum aestivum L.) lines belonging to Indian, CIMMYT and Chinese wheat programme were evaluated for their tolerance against natural epiphytotic conditions of spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana at the hot spot location, Pusa, Bihar, India. Of the 422 entries screened, none of the genotype showed immunity to the disease, whereas 52 were resistant, 180 moderately susceptible, 171 susceptible and 19 highly susceptible. Indian germplasm lines tended to be more susceptible than lines originated from CIMMYT and China. Chirya 3, Chirya 7 and Mayoor from CIMMYT showed high degree of resistance to the disease both under field and polyhouse conditions. On the basis of the disease severity under field conditions, 20 promising resistant genotypes and 10 highly susceptible lines were isolated for further testing under artificial epiphytotic conditions in polyhouse for genetic analysis and their potential for spot blotch resistance breeding.     

Blast resistance in rice: a review of conventional breeding to molecular approaches

Blast disease caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae is the most severe diseases of rice. Using classical plant breeding techniques, breeders have developed a number of blast resistant cultivars adapted to different rice growing regions worldwide. However, the rice industry remains threatened by blast disease due to the instability of blast fungus. Recent advances in rice genomics provide additional tools for plant breeders to improve rice production systems that would be environmentally friendly. This article outlines the application of conventional breeding, tissue culture and DNA-based markers that are used for accelerating the development of blast resistant rice cultivars. The best way for controlling the disease is to incorporate both qualitative and quantitative genes in resistant variety. Through conventional and molecular breeding many blast-resistant varieties have been developed. Conventional breeding for disease resistance is tedious, time consuming and mostly dependent on environment as compare to molecular breeding particularly marker assisted selection, which is easier, highly efficient and precise. For effective management of blast disease, breeding work should be focused on utilizing the broad spectrum of resistance genes and pyramiding genes and quantitative trait loci. Marker assisted selection provides potential solution to some of the problems that conventional breeding cannot resolve. In recent years, blast resistant genes have introgressed into Luhui 17, G46B, Zhenshan 97B, Jin 23B, CO39, IR50, Pusa1602 and Pusa1603 lines through marker assisted selection. Introduction of exotic genes for resistance induced the occurrence of new races of blast fungus, therefore breeding work should be concentrated in local resistance genes. This review focuses on the conventional breeding to the latest molecular progress in blast disease resistance in rice. This update information will be helpful guidance for rice breeders to develop durable blast resistant rice variety through marker assisted selection.     

Effects of barley yellow mosaic disease resistant gene rym1 on the infection by strains of Barley yellow mosaic virus and Barley mild mosaic virus

Although a Chinese landrace of barley, Mokusekko 3, is completely resistant to all strains of Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), and is known to have at least two resistant genes, rym1 and rym5, only rym5 has been utilized for BaYMV resistant barley breeding in Japan. In order to clarify the effect of rym1 on BaYMV and BaMMV, and to utilize the gene for resistant barley breeding, the susceptibilities of only rym1 carrying breeding lines against BaYMV and BaMMV were investigated. In the assessment of resistance to BaYMV-I, 341 F(2) populations derived from a cross between the resistant line Y4 with only rym1 and the susceptible cv Haruna Nijo shows that the segregation loosely fits a 1R:3S ratio (0.05 > P > 0.01), suggesting that the resistance is controlled by a single recessive gene, rym1. Further, none of the F(3) lines derived from the nine resistant F(2) plants showed any disease symptoms in the field infected by BaYMV-I. The same nine F(3) lines showed almost the same agronomic characters in the field infected by BaYMV-III as those in the uninfected field, apart from the symptom of showing numerous mosaics. This result indicates that the gene rym1 has an acceptable level of resistance to BaYMV-III. In the assessment of resistance to BaYMV-II, BaMMV-Ka1 and -Na1, an artificial infection method was adopted and the susceptibilities to those viruses were investigated. Although the control varieties, Ko A and Haruna Nijo, were infected with all of them, the rym1 gene carrying BC(2)F(3) lines were completely resistant to all strains. In summary, rym1 is completely resistant to BaYMV-I, -II, BaMMV-Ka1 and -Na1, and has an acceptable level of resistance to BaYMV-III. This study concludes with a discussion of the reason why the important resistance gene rym1 was eliminated along with resistant cultivars during breeding for resistance to BaYMV.     

甘薯抗线虫病的遗传育种研究

甘薯线虫病是危害甘薯的主要病害,危害甘薯的线虫种类主要是根结线虫和茎线虫.甘薯生产上主要采用综合防治方法进行防治,其中选育抗病品种最为经济有效.本文综述了根结线虫和茎线虫病的抗源筛选、抗性机制、抗性的遗传和抗病育种等方面的研究进展,并展望了甘薯抗线虫病育种.     

1994 - 2002年小麦品种(系)抗条锈性鉴定与监测

1994—2002年经对3822份小麦品种(系)材料抗条锈性鉴定结果表明,冬小麦抗条锈性优于春小麦,甘肃品种抗条锈性优于国内其它省区品种。田间抗条锈性监测结果表明,我国主要生产品种均表现感病,甘肃主要生产品种仅陇鉴127等少数几个品种抗病,抗源材料中也仅有中四等少数品种表现抗病,结合抗病性鉴定、监测结果及田间综合农艺性状观察,筛选出20余份可供育种利用的抗源材料。同时在针对今后抗条中31、32号等主要小种类型的抗病育种、抗病性监测等方面进行了讨论。