两种入侵植物与三种本地植物根系特征的比较研究

以菊科2种入侵植物飞机草(Chromolaena odorata(L.)R.M.King&H.Rob)和紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Speng)以及生活型相似的3种本地植物异叶泽兰(Eupatorium heterophyllum DC.)、佩兰(Eupatorium fortune Turcz.)和白头婆(Eupatorium japonicum Thunb.)为研究对象,以单种为对照,分析5种植物的株高、生物量以及细根形态和结构特征对混种(竞争)的响应。结果显示,在单种情况下,2种入侵植物的株高和地上生物量比3种本地植物高。2种入侵植物的株高和地上生物量在单种和混种下无显著差异,但在混种下3种本地植物的株高、地上生物量、根生物量、细根长度、细根表面积和体积与单种相比显著降低。在混种情况下,2种入侵植物的根组织密度显著降低,但比根长和比根面积仅在紫茎泽兰中显著增加。5种植物在单种和混种下的株高与细根长度、根生物量呈显著正相关,地上生物量与细根体积、表面积呈显著正相关。主成分分析结果表明入侵植物位于株高和地上生物量更高的一端。说明在与本地植物竞争的过程中,飞机草和紫茎泽兰能通过调整根系碳投资策略实现更强的竞争力。     

西双版纳外来入侵植物及其共存种叶片氮、磷化学计量特征

诊断外来植物和本地种的资源利用方式是入侵生态学研究的热点问题。叶片氮(N)、磷(P)含量和化学计量特征可以反映受侵地区植物的N、P吸收能力和限制状况, 为把握外来植物的入侵能力、为本地植物共存或消失的机制提供基础科学依据。该研究以我国西南地区典型外来入侵植物(飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)、紫茎泽兰(又叫破坏草, Ageratina adenophora))及其共存的本地植物为对象, 探讨不同入侵条件下入侵种及其共存的本地植物的N、P利用策略。在云南西双版纳孔明山研究区, 调查了无入侵条件下和飞机草与紫茎泽兰的不同入侵程度(按入侵种生物量比例划分)下的物种数量和生物量, 分析了主要植物的叶片N、P含量和N:P值。结果显示: 尽管群落地上生物量随飞机草和紫茎泽兰入侵程度增加而增加, 但本地植物种数随飞机草和紫茎泽兰入侵程度增加而显著减少。飞机草与紫茎泽兰的叶片N、P平均含量无显著差异, 但均显著高于无入侵条件下的本地植物以及与其共存的本地植物。两种入侵植物的N、P含量均随它们所占样方总生物量的比例增大而升高, 本地植物N含量也有相似的变化趋势。当对比入侵和无入侵两类样方的同种植物N、P和N:P变化时发现多数本地种叶片P含量呈降低趋势, N含量和N:P呈升高趋势。根据叶片N、P绝对含量和N:P值及其随入侵的变化规律, 推测入侵可能提高了植物的N可利用性, 但本地植物仍然受N限制; 入侵植物N:P值总体小于10与其具有相对于N吸收的较高的P吸收能力有关。该研究揭示了西南典型外来入侵植物具有较强的N、P吸收富集能力。     

种间竞争对入侵植物和本地植物生长的影响

为了探讨入侵植物与本地同属和异属植物之间的关系,本研究以入侵植物喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、三裂叶蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata)和本地植物莲子草(A.sessilis)、蟛蜞菊(W.chinensis)为试验材料开展了温室控制实验。实验设置了单种种植和混种种植两种方式,测定了每种植物生物量及其他生长指标,并分析了种间关系。结果表明:(1)对入侵植物而言,同属和异属种间竞争均增加了喜旱莲子草的生物量、根冠比和分节数,而降低了三裂叶蟛蜞菊的株高和分节数;(2)对本地植物而言,同属种间竞争降低了莲子草的株高和蟛蜞菊的分节数,异属种间竞争增加了莲子草的生物量、株高和分枝数,而降低了蟛蜞菊的总生物量和株高;(3)同属种间竞争对入侵种喜旱莲子草具有促进作用,异属种间竞争对本地种莲子草也具有促进作用,同属和异属种间竞争对其他两个物种的影响不大。未来应加强野外原位下入侵植物与本地植物研究,为入侵植物防控提供理论依据。     

CO2浓度升高对沉水克隆植物生长速率及营养元素积累的影响

 研究在不同CO2浓度下水生克隆植物刺苦草（Vallisneria spinulosa）整个生活周期中生长的动态变化及对营养元素积累情况。在不损伤植物体的前提下,采用刺苦草形态学指标组合史估计了植株生物量的动态变化。结果表明：刺苦草鳞茎的萌发不受CO2浓度变化的影响。在高浓度CO2即(1000±50) μmol·mol-1下,刺苦草源株地上部分生长速率在整个生长前期和中期都远远高于低浓度CO2即(400±20) μmol·mol-1,而在后期则出现相反的现象,其中一个原因是因为高浓度CO2下后期光合物质向地下大量转移形成鳞茎引起地上部分生长减慢。但高浓度CO2下克隆株中的初级和次级分株生长速率均高于低浓度CO2。在两种CO2浓度下相同克隆植株构件中的总碳含量没有明显差异;除鳞茎外,根、叶、匍匐茎中的总磷含量随CO2浓度升高显著增加;由于各构件生物量增加有明显差异,导致叶和鳞茎因为生物稀释作用而使其含氮量降低了12%～14%,但根和茎中含量基本保持不变。在高浓度CO2中植株总生物量显著升高,所以总碳、总氮和总磷吸收量均显著大于在低浓度CO2中的吸收量。研究结果揭示,大气CO2浓度升高对沉水克隆植物生长的促进,有利于提高水生克隆植物在群落中的竞争能力;水生植物克隆生长将增加水生生态系统中碳的沉积;水环境中N、P含量将直接影响到水生克隆植物生长。     

不同养分水平对飞机草生长与生物量分配的影响

采用温室盆栽模拟实验研究了不同养分水平对外来入侵植物飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)的生长性状、生物量积累以及生物量分配格局的影响。实验共设置5 种养分浓度处理, 分别为Hoagland 标准营养液的10%、25%、50%、100%和200%溶液。结果表明: 养分水平对飞机草植株的生长性状以及生物量的积累、分配产生显著影响。随着养分水平的增加, 飞机草的总分枝数量、长度以及一级分枝数量、长度持续增加, 并且100%、200%处理还能促进二级分枝的萌发生长。飞机草的叶片数、总叶面积、总生物量以及茎、叶两器官生物量随养分水平的上升显著增加, 但株高、根生物量不受养分浓度变化的影响。根生物量比、根冠比随养分水平的提高显著下降, 叶生物量比则显著上升, 但茎生物量比在各养分浓度保持稳定。叶面积比、叶根比、RGR 亦随养分含量的上升显著增加。说明养分资源丰富的环境将促进飞机草的地上部生长, 而生物量分配格局的变化可能是其在入侵蔓延过程中适应养分异质性生境的重要生态策略。     

三种增温情景对入侵植物紫茎泽兰种子出苗的影响

全球气候变暖影响外来植物的入侵风险, 不同增温情景可影响入侵植物的生长和其他表型。种子出苗是种群生活史的重要阶段, 但是目前还不了解不同增温情景对入侵植物种子出苗的影响。设置三种增温情景(白天增温、晚上增温、全天增温), 通过同属近缘种比较, 研究不同增温对入侵植物紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)和本地植物异叶泽兰(Eupatorium heterophyllum)种子出苗的影响。与对照(不增温)相比, 三种增温方式都不同程度地降低异叶泽兰的出苗率, 白天增温时出苗率最低, 其次是全天增温; 对于紫茎泽兰而言, 晚上增温提高其出苗率, 白天增温降低其出苗率, 在全天增温条件下紫茎泽兰没有出苗。增温对紫茎泽兰的影响比对异叶泽兰的影响更明显。此外, 异叶泽兰与紫茎泽兰种子出苗率与积温基本呈线性关系, 且不同增温方式对各线性关系影响存在差异。这些结果初步表明, 如果未来的气候变暖发生在夜间, 则有利于提高紫茎泽兰的入侵风险; 如果发生在白天、尤其是全天, 则可能极大降低其入侵风险。     

大气CO_2浓度升高对红三叶和高丹草Cs、K竞争吸收与转运的影响

水培条件下,研究了大气C02浓度升高对红三叶(Trifolium Pratene L.)和高丹草(Sorhum vulgare x Sorghum.vulgare va r.sudanense hybrids)在不同铯(Cs)浓度(0、200、500、1 000μmol·L~(-1))下生物量、铯和钾的竞争吸收及转运的影响。结果表明,大气CO_2浓度升高显著提高了2种植物叶、茎和根各部位的生物量,其中,红三叶各部生物量分别提高了42.6%、66.2%和45.0%,高丹草分别提高了17.4%、18.9%和22.3%。大气CO:浓度升高提高了红三叶和高丹草叶片及茎中的Cs含量,提升比例最大的为红三叶的茎(达9.7%),同时显著提高了2种植物对Cs的转运系数及红三叶的茎和根中Cs/K的区别系数。对于红三叶,大气CO_2浓度升高引起叶片K含量略微增加,而茎和根系中K含量显著降低;对于高丹草,大气CO_2浓度升高引起叶片和茎中K含量增加,而根系中K含量降低。2种植物对Cs的吸收都与介质中Cs浓度呈显著的线性相关,溶液中Cs浓度的增加提高了红三叶和高丹草的Cs/K区别系数,并且Cs的添加不仅对红三叶和高丹草的生物量都起到了一定的抑制作用,同时还降低了2种植物对钾的吸收。在正常的CO_2浓度下,1000μmol·L~(-1)Cs处理可使2种植物叶、茎和根中的K含量分别降低10.4%、13.3%、32.5%(红三叶)和18.3%、42.1%和38.9%(高丹草);在大气C02浓度升高的条件下,分别降低12.2%、22.0%、35.0%(红三叶)和17.9%、38.7%、34.6%(高丹草)。     

不同光照强度对入侵植物薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha）和飞机草（Chromolaena odorata）生长及生物量分配的影响

外来植物入侵严重威胁着当地生物多样性和生态系统功能,引发巨大经济损失,已成为日益严重的全球性问题。光是热带和亚热带森林生态系统植物生长最重要的限制性资源之一,对光的捕获和利用直接影响植物在自然生态系统中的生存和适合度。本研究以华南地区危害严重的入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)和飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)为研究对象,对比二者生长、生物量分配及叶片特征对光照强度变化的响应,从而验证假设:外来植物入侵力受有效光辐射的限制,光照是影响不同演替阶段林型具有不同可入侵性的重要原因之一。研究结果表明,3%—60%全光照下两种外来植物均可存活,并显示较灵活的生物量分配策略,可见其对光照具有广适性,为其广泛分布提供生态学基础。低光严重抑制了两种外来植物的生物量积累,这可能是导致演替后期季风林入侵现象少的主要原因之一。对比两种植物叶片特征对光照强度变化的响应,高光下薇甘菊SLA降低,LAR、LARMR减小,叶片变小变厚,有利于植株保持强光下的水分平衡;低光下薇甘菊增加SLA和LAR,叶片变薄变大,增大对光的截获面积,以实现对光强减弱的适应。相比薇甘菊,3种光照处理对飞机草的SLA、LAR、LARMR无显著影响。以上结果提示:(1)光照影响所在群落对外来植物入侵的抵抗力;(2)攀援植物薇甘菊较丛生型草本飞机草对变化的光环境在叶片水平上具有更高的形态可塑性,有效寻觅光资源。     

飞机草入侵种群和原产地种群生长和数量型化学防御物质含量差异的比较研究

增强竞争能力的进化假说认为,在入侵地外来植物逃离了原产地天敌的控制,把原来用于防御的资源分配到生长、生殖等,从而提高竞争力。为探讨进化在恶性外来入侵植物飞机草（Chromolaena odorata）入侵中的作用,在同质种植园中的两个养分条件下比较研究了飞机草原产地和入侵地各8个种群叶片单宁含量,茎和叶片总酚、半纤维素和纤维素含量以及总生物量的差异。结果表明,在两个养分条件下,飞机草入侵种群和原产地种群总生物量差异均不显著,入侵种群茎和叶片半纤维素含量均低于原产地种群;在高养分条件下,飞机草入侵种群叶片纤维素含量低于原产地种群;在低养分条件下,入侵种群茎和叶片总酚含量高于原产地种群。由此,我们得出结论：在入侵地,飞机草未发生加快生长的进化,但数量型化学防御物质发生了遗传变化;降低的半纤维素和纤维素含量可能是对入侵地专性天敌缺乏做出进化响应的结果,提高的总酚含量有利于飞机草防御入侵地的广谱天敌。     

模拟大气CO2浓度升高对虎耳草生理特性和药用品质的影响

探究大气CO2浓度升高对虎耳草(Saxifraga stolonifera Curt)生长及药用成分含量的影响, 以期为未来大气CO2浓度升高环境下虎耳草的优质栽培及药物配伍使用提供理论依据。以一年生虎耳草为试验材料, 设置目前大气CO2浓度(400±10) μmol·mol-1和升高CO2浓度(800±10) μmol·mol-1 2个处理, 对比分析不同CO2浓度条件下, 虎耳草生长、生物量、叶绿素含量、酶活性、渗透调节能力、N、P、K含量及药用成分含量变化。结果表明: 升高CO2浓度使虎耳草生长和药用品质发生显著变化。相比对照CO2浓度, 升高CO2显著提高虎耳草的株高、根长、叶片数、叶柄长和叶厚, 并且根、茎、叶和总生物量显著增加, 较对照分别增加9.86%、69.65%、14.26%和23.46%。升高CO2浓度处理后, 虎耳草的叶绿素含量显著增加, 较对照增加2.17%。相比对照CO2, 升高CO2处理使MDA含量显著下降, 较对照下降3.25%, 而可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量及SOD均显著升高。CO2浓度升高对虎耳草叶片K含量无显著影响, N和P含量显著下降, 较对照分别下降11.44%和18.65%。另外, CO2浓度升高使虎耳草中没食子酸和岩白菜素含量及生物产量显著增加, 使得虎耳草的药用品质显著提高。综上, 未来大气CO2浓度升高后, 虎耳草的形态指标和生物量积累将显著增加, 药用成分积累提高, 使得虎耳草的药用价值和经济价值升高。     

Interactions between TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 and their role in medial edge epithelium cell death and palatal fusion in vitro

In recent decades, studies have shown that both TGF-β₁ and TGF-β₃ play an important role in the induction of medial edge epithelium (MEE) cell death and palatal fusion. Many of these experiments involved the addition or blockage of one of these growth factors in wild-type (WT) mouse palate cultures, where both TGF-β₁ and TGF-β₃ are present. Few studies have addressed the existence of interactions between TGF-β₁ and TGF-β₃, which could modify their individual roles in MEE cell death during palatal fusion. We carried out several experiments to test this possibility, and to investigate how this could influence TGF-β₁ and TGF-β₃ actions on MEE cell death and palatal shelf fusion. We double-immunolabelled developing mouse palates with anti-TGF-β₁ or anti-TGF-β₃ antibodies and TUNEL, added rhTGF-β₁ or rhTGF-β₃ or blocked the TGF-β₁ and TGF-β₃ action at different concentrations to WT or Tgf-β₃ null mutant palate cultures, performed in situ hybridizations with Tgf-β₁ or Tgf-β₃ riboprobes, and measured the presence of TUNEL-positive midline epithelial seam (MES) cells and MES disappearance (palatal shelf fusion) in the different in vitro conditions. By combining all these experiments, we demonstrate great interaction between TGF-β₁ and TGF-β₃ in the developing palate and confirm that TGF-β₃ has a more active role in MES cell death than TGF-β₁, although both are major inductors of MES disappearance. Finally, the co-localization of TGF-β₁, but not TGF-β₃, with TUNEL in the MES allows us to suggest a possible role for TGF-β₁ in MES apoptotic clearance.     

Thermodynamic and kinetic characterisation of individual haems in multicentre cytochromes c3

The characterisation of individual centres in multihaem proteins is difficult due to the similarities in the redox and spectroscopic properties of the centres. NMR has been used successfully to distinguish redox centres and allow the determination of the microscopic thermodynamic parameters in several multihaem cytochromes c₃ isolated from different sulphate-reducing bacteria. In this article we show that it is also possible to discriminate the kinetic properties of individual centres in multihaem proteins, if the complete microscopic thermodynamic characterisation is available and the system displays fast intramolecular equilibration in the time scale of the kinetic experiment. The deconvolution of the kinetic traces using a model of thermodynamic control provides a reference rate constant for each haem that does not depend on driving force and can be related to structural factors. The thermodynamic characterisation of three tetrahaem cytochromes and their kinetics of reduction by sodium dithionite are reported in this paper. Thermodynamic and kinetic data were fitted simultaneously to a model to obtain microscopic reduction potentials, haem-haem and haem-proton interacting potentials, and reference rate constants for the haems. The kinetic information obtained for these cytochromes and recently published data for other multihaem cytochromes is discussed with respect to the structural factors that determine the reference rates. The accessibility for the reducing agent seems to play an important role in controlling the kinetic rates, although is clearly not the only factor.     

Electron transfer kinetics between soluble modules of Paracoccus denitrificans cytochrome c1 and its physiological redox partners

The transient electron transfer (ET) interactions between cytochrome c₁ of the bc₁-complex from Paracoccus denitrificans and its physiological redox partners cytochrome c₅₅₂ and cytochrome c₅₅₀ have been characterized functionally by stopped-flow spectroscopy. Two different soluble fragments of cytochrome c₁ were generated and used together with a soluble cytochrome c₅₅₂ module as a model system for interprotein ET reactions. Both c₁ fragments lack the membrane anchor; the c₁ core fragment (c_1CF) consists of only the hydrophilic heme-carrying domain, whereas the c₁ acidic fragment (c_1AF) additionally contains the acidic domain unique to P. denitrificans. In order to determine the ionic strength dependencies of the ET rate constants, an optimized stopped-flow protocol was developed to overcome problems of spectral overlap, heme autoxidation and the prevalent non-pseudo first order conditions. Cytochrome c₁ reveals fast bimolecular rate constants (10⁷ to 10⁸ M^− 1 s^− 1) for the ET reaction with its physiological substrates c₅₅₂ and c₅₅₀, thus approaching the limit of a diffusion-controlled process, with 2 to 3 effective charges of opposite sign contributing to these interactions. No direct involvement of the N-terminal acidic c₁-domain in electrostatically attracting its substrates could be detected. However, a slight preference for cytochrome c₅₅₀ over c₅₅₂ reacting with cyochrome c₁ was found and attributed to the different functions of both cytochromes in the respiratory chain of P. denitrificans.     

Functional properties of type I and type II cytochromes c3 from Desulfovibrio africanus

Type I cytochrome c₃ is a key protein in the bioenergetic metabolism of Desulfovibrio spp., mediating electron transfer between periplasmic hydrogenase and multihaem cytochromes associated with membrane bound complexes, such as type II cytochrome c₃. This work presents the NMR assignment of the haem substituents in type I cytochrome c₃ isolated from Desulfovibrio africanus and the thermodynamic and kinetic characterisation of type I and type II cytochromes c₃ belonging to the same organism. It is shown that the redox properties of the two proteins allow electrons to be transferred between them in the physiologically relevant direction with the release of energised protons close to the membrane where they can be used by the ATP synthase.     

Cytochrome c1 exhibits two binding sites for cytochrome c in plants

In plants, channeling of cytochrome c molecules between complexes III and IV has been purported to shuttle electrons within the supercomplexes instead of carrying electrons by random diffusion across the intermembrane bulk phase. However, the mode plant cytochrome c behaves inside a supercomplex such as the respirasome, formed by complexes I, III and IV, remains obscure from a structural point of view. Here, we report ab-initio Brownian dynamics calculations and nuclear magnetic resonance-driven docking computations showing two binding sites for plant cytochrome c at the head soluble domain of plant cytochrome c₁, namely a non-productive (or distal) site with a long heme-to-heme distance and a functional (or proximal) site with the two heme groups close enough as to allow electron transfer. As inferred from isothermal titration calorimetry experiments, the two binding sites exhibit different equilibrium dissociation constants, for both reduced and oxidized species, that are all within the micromolar range, thus revealing the transient nature of such a respiratory complex. Although the docking of cytochrome c at the distal site occurs at the interface between cytochrome c₁ and the Rieske subunit, it is fully compatible with the complex III structure. In our model, the extra distal site in complex III could indeed facilitate the functional cytochrome c channeling towards complex IV by building a “floating boat bridge” of cytochrome c molecules (between complexes III and IV) in plant respirasome.     

Quercetin-induced H2O2 mediates the pathogen resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis thaliana

Quercetin is a potent antioxidant and has been extensively used as a therapy intervention to prevent age-associated diseases. However, emerging studies showed it can also act as a prooxidant and induce H₂O₂ under certain conditions. In the current study, our results showed that quercetin contributed to the pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) in response to the infection of virulent strain Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato DC3000 (Pst). Various defense responses, such as H₂O₂ burst, callose deposition, cell death, PR1 (pathogenesis-related 1) and PAL1 (Phe ammonia-lyase 1) gene expression, have been investigated in quercetin-pretreated Pst-inoculated Arabidopsis Col-0 and there was a strong defensive response in quercetin-pretreated Arabidopsis against virulent Pst. However, with the presence of catalase, the protective effects of quercetin on pathogen resistance to virulent Pst disappeared in Arabidopsis, suggesting that H₂O₂ may play a key role in plant defense responses. In addition, we confirmed that quercetin did not show any beneficial effect on pathogen-free leaves in Arabidopsis, indicating that pathogen challenge is also required to induce the defense responses in quercetin-pretreated Arabidopsis. Furthermore, strong defense responses have been observed in quercetin-pretreated Arabidopsis mutant jar1, ein2, and abi1-2 under Pst challenge, whereas no protective effect has been observed in quercetin-pretreated Arabidopsis mutant NahG and npr1. These findings indicate that quercetin induces the resistance to Pst in Arabidopsis via H₂O₂ burst and involvement of SA and NPR1.     

Subunit a of the F1F0 ATP Synthase Requires YidC and SecYEG for Membrane Insertion

The insertion of inner membrane proteins in Escherichia coli occurs almost exclusively via the SecYEG pathway, while some membrane proteins require the membrane protein insertase YidC. In vitro analysis demonstrates that subunit a of the F₁F₀ ATP synthase (F₀a) is strictly dependent on Ffh, SecYEG and YidC for its membrane insertion but independent of the proton motive force. The insertion of the first transmembrane segment of F₀a also depends on Ffh and SecYEG but not on YidC, whereas the insertion is strongly dependent on the proton motive force, unlike the full-length F₀a protein. These data demonstrate an extensive role of YidC in the assembly of the F₀ sector of the F₁F₀ ATP synthase.     

Evidence of functional trimeric chlorophyll a/c2-peridinin proteins in the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium

The chlorophyll a-chlorophyll c₂-peridinin-protein (apcPC), a major light harvesting component in peridinin-containing dinoflagellates, is an integral membrane protein complex. We isolated functional acpPC from the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. Both SDS-PAGE and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis quantified the denatured subunit polypeptide molecular weight (MW) as 18 kDa. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and blue native gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) were employed to estimate the size of native acpPC complex to be 64–66 kDa. We also performed native ESI-MS, which can volatilize and ionize active biological samples in their native states. Our result demonstrated that the native acpPC complex carried 14 to 16 positive charges, and the MW of acpPC with all the associated pigments was found to be 66.5 kDa. Based on these data and the pigment stoichiometry, we propose that the functional light harvesting state of acpPC is a trimer. Our bioinformatic analysis indicated that Symbiodinium acpPC shares high similarity to diatom fucoxanthin Chl a/c binding protein (FCP), which tends to form a trimer. Additionally, acpPC protein sequence variation was confirmed by de novo protein sequencing. Its sequence heterogeneity is also discussed in the context of Symbiodinium eco-physiological adaptations.     

NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫下两种刺槐叶肉细胞叶绿体超微结构

二倍体刺槐(diploid Robinia pseudoacacia)是我国水土保持林的先锋树种,具有较强的适应性和抗逆性,对改善生态环境、防治水土流失、调节水文状况有重要作用。四倍体刺槐(tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia)是二倍体刺槐的加倍品种,也称多倍体刺槐,由韩国引进,具有速生、耐盐碱、耐干旱和耐烟尘等特点。目前,关于四倍体刺槐的研究,主要集中于栽培技术和繁殖技术方面,而关于四倍体刺槐叶片超微结构与其耐盐性的关系尚缺乏报道。比较了二倍体刺槐和四倍体刺槐在NaCl和Na₂SO₄胁迫下,叶片叶绿体超微结构的变化特点,一方面可以对二者的耐盐性进行鉴定,同时也可以探讨不同盐分胁迫条件下的作用机制。利用NaCl和Na₂SO₄进行20d的盐胁迫处理,观察叶绿体超微结构的变化特点,发现:NaCl处理前,二者叶肉细胞叶绿体为梭形、形态饱满、结构完整,NaCl处理后10d时,二倍体刺槐的叶绿体出现变形、膜模糊、基粒片层松散、类囊体解体、脂质球增多等现象,NaCl处理后20d时,叶绿体肿胀、变形,基粒片层断裂,膜系统解体。Na₂SO₄处理后10d时,二倍体刺槐的叶绿体肿胀,膜模糊,基粒片层松散、类囊体解体,Na₂SO₄盐胁迫处理后20d时,膜系统全部解体,结构破坏更为严重。总体来说,四倍体刺槐在盐胁迫后叶绿体结构变化不明显,只是在Na₂SO₄处理20d时,四倍体刺槐的叶绿体出现中空、基粒片层松散、膜边缘模糊现象。在处理前,两种刺槐的叶绿体均紧贴细胞壁,分布于细胞壁边缘。在NaCl处理后10d时,二倍体刺槐的叶绿体仍呈有序排列,紧贴细胞壁,但在处理后20d时,大部分叶绿体脱离细胞壁,呈随机分布。在Na₂SO₄处理后10d时,二倍体刺槐部分叶绿体脱离细胞壁,位于细胞中央。在Na₂SO₄处理后20d时,二倍体刺槐叶绿体大部分与细胞壁脱离。四倍体刺槐在两种盐胁迫处理前后叶绿体的排列变化不明显,均分布于细胞壁边缘,紧贴细胞壁。所以在盐胁迫下,耐盐植物叶片的叶绿体表现为结构完整,基粒片层清晰,类囊体结构完整,而不耐盐植物则表现为叶绿体超微结构松散、变形,基粒片层模糊,破坏严重时基粒片层扭曲,叶绿体解体,失去完整结构。