城市污水土地处理专家系统研究

在进行污水土地处理适宜性调查和研究基础上,应用ＴｕｒｂｏＰｒｏｌｏｇ和Ｃ程序语言建立了污水土地处理专家系统（ＬＴＥＳ）．通过测试表明,该系统能对土地处理系统的进水水质、场地适宜性、出水目标等指标进行快速准确的判断和预测,解决了污水土地处理的选址、处理工艺类型选择等问题,是科学设置污水生态工程的重要工具．     

基于不确定性的城市扩展用地生态适宜性评价

针对土地适宜性评价中采用定性和单因素方法而产生的主观、片面和精度低等缺点,分析了土地适宜性评价中的不确定性因素,并提出基于不确定性和灰色系统关联度的土地生态适宜性评价模型。结合长沙市生态规划,在野外生态调查的基础上,依据稳定性、独立性、主导性和综合性原则选取坡度、地基承载力、土壤生产力、植被、土壤渗透性、地表水、居民点用地程度、景观价值等土地生态适宜性评价因子。在地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感（Rs）的支持下,定量地获取各评价因子信息;采用AHP法确定各评价因子的权重;并运用改进的土地生态适宜性评价模型对长沙市城市扩展用地进行定性定量的评价,最终得到长沙市最适宜用地、适宜用地、基本适宜用地、不适宜用地、不可用地分别占总用地的14．77％、16．64％、24．07％、30．91％、13．61％,说明长沙市适宜开发的土地较多（最适宜、适宜和基本适宜用地占55．48％）。根据评价结果提出的相应对策,对城市用地的可持续性发展具有指导意义。     

基于GIS的中国土地生产潜力研究

在地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）及全国农业空间数据库和属性数据库的支持下,在前人关于农业生产潜力研究的基础上,进行了全国土地生产潜力的研究。首先探讨了基于ＧＩＳ的土地生产潜力研究方法;然后,就土地生产潜力的“土壤有效系数”进行重点研究,探讨了其计算方法与模型;并应用机制法,通过光、温、水、土逐级衰减,具体计算了全国分县土地生产潜力;最后,通过分析统计和分析制图,分析了中国土地生产潜力的数值分布和空间分布特     

县域农业主导产业结构生态适宜性评价及其发展预测

基于生态适宜性“三基点”理论,采用动态赋权和拟合的方法,建立县域农业主导产业结构生态适宜性评价指标体系,并以山东省章丘市为例,对其县域农业主导产业结构生态适宜性进行评价.结果表明： 在有限的农业生态资源下,2005-2010年,章丘市4种农业主导产业的生态适宜性综合指数呈上升趋势;2011-2015年,则呈下降趋势,其中,2015年油料作物和水果的生态适宜性综合指数出现负值.对章丘市的应用研究证实了本文提出的县域农业主导产业结构生态适宜性评价方法的有效性及预测模型的合理性.     

基于景观生态的城市土地开发适宜性评价——以丹东市为例

城市土地开发适宜性评价是城市总体规划中的一项重要基础性工作,其核心是合理分配利用有限的土地资源。在进行耕地适宜性评价和建设用地适宜性评价的基础上,针对丹东市不同的发展目标,提出3个城市土地开发适宜性评价方案,包括经济发展优先方案、生态保护优先方案以及协调发展方案,并按照3个方案对丹东市进行城市土地开发适宜性评价。通过选择适当指标,构建了由景观稳定度和景观干扰度组成的景观生态质量评价体系,并对3个适宜性方案进行对比与优选。结果表明,丹东市按照经济发展优先的城市土地开发适宜性方案进行开发,则景观干扰程度最高,景观稳定程度最低,景观生态质量最低;按照生态保护优先方案进行开发,则景观干扰程度居中,景观稳定程度最高,而景观生态质量居中;按照协调发展方案进行开发,则景观干扰程度最低,景观稳定程度居中,并且具有最高的景观生态质量。通过综合比较,应选择协调发展方案作为丹东市城市建设空间布局的首选方案。     

中国主要森林群落植物生活型谱的数量分类及空间分布格局的研究

采用Ｃ．Ｒａｕｎｋｉａｅｒ的生活型分类系统,对我国主要森林群落的生活谱资料进行整理,编制了全国划分标准统一的植被生活型谱,并应用聚类分析方法,对植物生活型谱进行数量分类,在此基础生态信息系统（ＧＲＥＥＮ）和地理信息系统（ＩＤＲＩＳＩ）等现代信息处理技术,定义各谱系的生态气候适应参数区间,模拟并图象显示各类植物生活型谱在地理空间上的分布格局,通过聚类分析,将我国主要木 落的植物生活型谱划分了１１种类     

基于生态位理论的富硒土壤资源开发利用适宜性评价及分区方法

实施乡村振兴战略,产业兴旺是关键。立足区域富硒土壤资源禀赋优势,发展富硒农业特色经济,是振兴乡村产业的一条有效途径。以多维超体积生态位理论为指导,以区域富硒土壤资源禀赋和富硒农业发展要求为基础,从土壤自身条件、土地利用和生态保护3个方面明确了富硒土壤资源开发利用的主导因素、区位因素、限制因素;选择土壤硒含量、土壤有机质含量、地形坡度、土地利用类型、土地综合污染指数、生态保护建设等6个关键因子,构建了富硒土壤资源开发利用生态位适宜性评价指标体系;利用生态位适宜性评价相关模型,探讨了生态位适宜性单一指数和综合指数的计算方法;结合土壤利用改良分区、土壤利用功能分区、富硒农业生产分区等,分析了区域富硒土壤资源开发利用适宜性分区问题。研究可为富硒土壤资源开发利用适宜性评价提供科学可行的思路与方法,对于促进区域富硒土壤资源科学合理利用、实现富硒农业产业科学发展具有重要的指导意义和现实意义。     

黄土高原地区提取植被信息方法的研究

研究评价了适于黄土高原地区植被信息提取的最佳植被指数和方法。该地区分布有落叶阔叶林、草原和荒漠,植被类型丰富多样。然而土壤背景对植被信息提取有较大影响。经对比分析,修正后的土壤调节植被指数（ＭＳＡＶＩ）, 不仅能增强植被信号,并能大大减小土壤背景的影响,同时又能宏观地反映该地区植被类型的分布状况。它是黄土高原地区目前提取植被信息较好的植被指数。标准化差值植被指数（ＮＤＶＩ）、土壤调节植被指数（ＳＡＶＩ）和垂直植被指数（ＰＶＩ）分别适用于高密度、中等密度和稀少植被地区植被信息的提取和监测。各种植被指数多时象累加产生的图像能较好地提取植被信息     

生态位适宜度模型及其在土地利用适宜性评价中的应用

生态适宜性评价是生态规划的核心,传统的以因素叠加力特征的适宜性评价方法已元法适应生态规划发展与应用的要求,本文尝试根据区域发展与资源坏境需求的关系,运用生态位理论,提出了生态位适宜度模型,并与地理信息系统技木相结合,运用于桃江土地利用适宜性评价之中,探讨了可持续发展生态学方法的基础。     

RS,GPS和GIS集成系统的新疆北部天然芥地估产技术中的应用进展

利用１９９１￣１９９６年在新疆天山北坡不同草地类型上观测的草地可食产量,环境与遥感资料等,使用ＲＳ技术、ＧＰＳ和ＧＩＳ集成系统进行了交重相关分析和遥感估产技术的深入研究,并在图象处理、信息提取、信息应用和ＲＳ－ＧＰＳ－ＧＩＳ一体化估产方法及遥感知识与草原生态专业知识结合方面获得一定研究进展。研究结果表明,４个草地类型的可食鲜干草产量与两种遥感绿度值间存在着极显著相关性（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ｒ值均在０．     

南方丘陵区小流域生态系统杂草物种多样性的空间分布特征

以开发利用程度较高的浙江德清排溪冲小流域为研究范例,采用网格化样框取样的调查方法和GIS技术,研究了南主丘陵区小流域生态系统的杂草生物多样性的分布格局,结果表明小流域内杂草多样性呈现明显的空间分布特征,稻田杂草多样性最低,坡地次之,稻田与坡地的交错带杂草物种最丰富,坡地中开发利用程度高的茶园和竹园杂草多样性较高,新开发的果园和旱地作杂草物种较少。     

Nitrate relationships between stream baseflow,well water,and land use in the Tomorrow-Waupaca Watershed

We examined the use of stream baseflow water quality as a representative measure of mean ground water quality in the Tomorrow-Waupaca Watershed in central Wisconsin and the relationship between agricultural land use and watershed water quality. From 1997 to 1999, 38 stream sites were sampled for nitrate during winter and summer baseflow conditions. Some sites have been sampled during winter baseflow conditions since 1994. The land area contributing ground water to each stream sampling site was delineated, resulting in 38 sub-basins. In addition, over 3500 test results from private wells in the watershed were compiled and mapped using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Nitrate concentrations in stream baseflow and well waters were found to have strong positive correlation in the sub-basins of second order or higher. This indicates that stream baseflow may be valid for monitoring mean ground water quality in watersheds predominantly fed by ground water, where much of the stream nitrate is believed to originate from ground water. Analysis of seasonal variation in the stream data showed that winter nitrate concentrations were higher than summer concentrations, implying that winter stream monitoring may be more critical for the assessment of overall ground water quality in the watershed. We also found that, as the amount of agricultural land increased in each sub-basin, average nitrate concentrations in the well and stream waters also increased, suggesting a connection between agricultural land use and nitrate contamination of water resources in the watershed.     

云南澜沧江流域土地利用和覆盖变化

由人类活动引起的土地利用和地被覆盖的变化是地球上环境变化的主要原因。上世纪90年代是云南省经济发展和环境变化的活跃时期。本文通过现代卫星遥感技术、地理信息系统和其它多学科手段相结合 ,系统调查评估了云南澜沧江流域 1990年至 1998年间土地利用和地被覆盖的变化 ,结果显示流域中林业用地面积从 1990年的 6 4 9%增长到 1998年的6 6 4 % ,但是森林有林地 (郁闭度 >30 %的天然林和人工林 )从 1990年的 5 2 6 %减少到 1998年的 35 3%。并且分析大规模商业性森林砍伐、基础建设、经济作物的种植、刀耕火种、薪材过度采集和砍伐建筑用材等引起了森林的结构的显著变化和退化 ,从而导致了生物多样性的下降。     

Assessing the impacts of watershed indexes and precipitation on spatial in-stream E. coli concentrations

Pathogen contamination of waterbodies, which is often identified by the presence of pathogen indicators such as Escherichia coli, is a major water quality concern in the United States. Reducing in-stream pathogen contamination requires an understanding of the combined impacts of land cover, climatic conditions, and anthropogenic activities at the watershed scale. In this study these factors are considered by assessing linear relationships between in-stream E. coli water quality data, watershed indexes, and rainfall for the Squaw Creek Watershed, IA, USA. The watershed indexes consider the undisturbed land cover which encompasses the natural land cover area, wetlands, and vegetated stream corridors, and the disturbed land cover extent which includes areas receiving manure from confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), tile-drained areas, and areas in cropped and urban land. In addition to disturbed and undisturbed land, we also calculated indexes for barren land and slope. Bivariate analysis was used to assess the linkage between E. coli concentrations, watershed indexes and the cumulative rainfall 15, 30, 45, and 60 days prior to water sample collection. To predict in-stream E. coli concentrations, we developed multivariate regression models, and predictions were compared with observed E. coli concentrations at 46 sampling locations over four sampling periods in two years. Results show that areas receiving manure, wetlands, drained land, and cropped land all influence in-stream E. coli concentrations significantly (p < 0.001). The coefficient of determination was higher when indexes were corrected using the cumulative rainfall 30 days prior to the sampling event. Model skill varied from 0.29 to 0.55. More than 95% of the predictions across all spatial locations fall within one order of magnitude of the observed values. This Geographic Information System (GIS) based approach for predicting in-stream E. coli concentrations appears to be a useful technique for assessing the impacts of land management on water quality.     

Determining the Pattern of Oak Woodland Regeneration for a Cleared Watershed in Northwest California: A Necessary First Step for Restoration

Historically, oak woodlands of northern California have been subject to intensive tree and brush removal efforts to improve land for livestock grazing. As a result of this tree removal, these watersheds are susceptible to soil erosion and stream degradation. Therefore, planting woody vegetation is often required to restore watershed function. Prior to such actions, a thorough understanding of natural vegetation regeneration patterns is essential. The physical and biological attributes of natural vegetation regeneration in a cleared watershed were characterized using remote sensing, a Geographic Information System, and field surveys. A 79‐ha watershed at the University of California's Hopland Research and Extension Center was examined because the clearing of vegetation was part of a well‐documented experiment in the early 1960s, providing essential baseline data. The results of this study reveal that significantly more oak regeneration, consisting mostly of evergreen oaks, occurred on moister and steeper northerly slopes. Deciduous oaks, located primarily on drier and less steep southerly slopes, have not regenerated. Hardwood regeneration was associated with Josephine, Los Gatos, and Maymen soils. The distribution of hardwood regeneration is clustered, suggesting that the presence of other trees may promote regeneration. These results also suggest that without active restoration efforts such as tree planting and seedling protection, southerly slopes will most likely remain barren and erosion will continue, while northerly slopes and riparian areas will recover under the current land management practices. Despite some woody plant regeneration, the once densely forested watershed is now predominantly grassland, emphasizing the need to minimize clearing of California oak woodlands.     

不同土地利用/覆被情景下生态系统减轻水库泥沙淤积的服务能力与经济价值模拟

以ArcGIS9.2为平台,构建了生态系统减轻水库泥沙淤积服务物质量和价值量评估模型.整合2000年的相关数据将此模型应用于二滩水库,并模拟了10种不同土地利用/覆被情景下集水区生态系统该项服务的能力和在水库使用年限内服务总价值的响应.结果表明:2000年,二滩水库集水区土壤保持量12.1亿t·a-1,高值区分布于雅砻江干流和支流水网附近.泥沙输移比在河道附近和水库周边较高.水库周边是最为主要的保沙区.水库使用年限内,集水区对于减轻二滩水库泥沙淤积服务总价值27.53亿元.集水区内不同结构类型的土地利用/覆被情景对保沙能力所产生的影响各异,模拟保沙量符合林地＞草地＞裸地＞农田规律,农田保沙能力最弱,是二滩水库最为主要的产沙源.     

生态系统减轻水环境磷素非点源污染服务及价值——以雅砻江二滩水库为例

以ArcGIS9.2为平台,构建了生态系统减轻集水区出口受纳水体非点源污染服务物质量和价值量评估模型。包括模拟集水区范围,根据各种土地利用/覆被类型的污染物质输出及过滤污染能力系数,沿汇流路径,模拟集水区内每个栅格像元被植被移除而未进入水环境的污染物质量空间分布特征。价值量模型结合期望水质标准和净化污染物的边际成本进行计算。以磷素作为指示污染物,在二滩水库的集水区进行了模型的运用。结果表明:二滩水库集水区南部的河道附近是水文敏感区。其中盐源县腹地的农作区、西昌市与冕宁县,以及集水区最北端的称多县、中部的甘孜县等部分地区是是磷素关键污染源区。2000年被集水区生态系统过滤移除而未进入水环境的磷素污染物质总量达到978.90t.a-1,占关键污染源区指数总量的81.88%。林地生态系统服务价值贡献率最高。2000年集水区生态系统对于减轻其出口受纳水体磷素非点源污染服务的总价值为1370.18万元。     

Mapping and monitoring of coastal wetlands of Çukurova Delta in the Eastern Mediterranean region

The aim of this research was to link vegetation characteristics, such as spatial and temporal distribution, and environmental variables, with land cover information derived from remotely sensed satellite images of the Eastern Mediterranean coastal wetlands of Turkey. The research method was based on (i) recording land cover characteristics by means of a vegetation indicator, and (ii) classifying and mapping coastal wetlands utilizing a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image of Çukurova Deltas in Turkey. Vegetation characteristics of various habitats, such as sand dunes, salt marshes, salty plains and afforestation areas, were identified by field surveys. A Landsat TM image of 4 July 1993 was pre-processed and then classified using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). As a result of this supervised classification, the land cover types were classified with a largest accuracy of 90.2% by ANN. The classified satellite sensor imagery was linked to vegetation and bird census data, which were available through literature in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment to determine the spatial distribution of plant and bird biodiversity in this coastal wetland. The resulting data provide an important baseline for further investigations such as monitoring, change detections and designing conservation policies in this coastal ecosystem.