人为干扰对碧峰峡栲树次生林群落物种多样性及其优势种群生态位的影响

为进一步了解人为干扰对碧峰峡生态旅游区的生态环境及不同种群利用资源、占据生态空间的能力的影响,并为该区植物资源、大熊猫栖息地的保护及旅游可持续措施的制定提供依据,调查了人为干扰下碧峰峡栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)次生林物种多样性及其优势种群生态位的组成情况。结果表明:7200m2的样方中共记录到156个植物种,隶属于70科114属,其中乔木16科23属33种,灌木39科67属95种,草本38科42属47种;乔木层总体物种多样性水平在中度干扰下最低,在轻度及重度干扰下差异不大。灌木层总体物种多样性水平在中度干扰下最高,在轻度干扰下最低。而草本层物种多样性随着干扰强度的加深有明显降低趋势;随着人为干扰强度的增加,乔木层中优势种栲树的生态位宽度均为最大,与其他树种生态位重叠值在中度干扰下有所降低,枹栎(Quercus serrata)的生态位宽度会变小,山茶科(Theaceae)植物的生态位变宽,同时其生态位重叠值增大;在灌木层中,重度干扰下,菝葜(Smilax china)生态位宽度减小,栲树幼苗的生态适应范围也骤减,其他大多数物种在中度干扰下,生态位宽度最低;在草本层中,蕨类植物及皱叶狗尾草(Setaria plicata)在重度干扰下生态位宽度及重叠值均增高,其适应范围变广,种间竞争加剧。综合分析表明,群落各层次物种多样性水平对人为干扰的响应各不相同,其中人为干扰对灌木及草本层物种多样性影响最大。同时人为干扰会改变群落物种组成及种间原有的关系,特别是中度干扰会使群落间优势种地位增强,种间竞争关系加剧,导致其原有生境被破坏,不利于群落发展。因此强化景区保护及合理经营迫在眉睫。     

人为干扰对川西碧峰峡山矾次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

为探讨人为干扰对川西碧峰峡山矾(Symplocos sumuntia)次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响,对其群落结构、物种组成和物种多样性特征进行了研究。结果表明,在总面积为7200 m~2的12块样地中共记录到维管束植物151种,隶属于58科98属,以樟科(Lauraceae)、山矾科(Symplocaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)等为主。单因素方差分析表明,不同强度人为干扰对山矾次生林群落径级、高度级结构影响的差异不显著(P0.05),群落乔木层径级为单峰型结构,高度级结构分布呈倒“J”型,群落天然更新能力强。受不同人为强度干扰的山矾次生林群落各层次物种组成和优势种数量不同,乔木层优势种数量差异显著,且轻度干扰中度干扰重度干扰;灌木层和草本层中,中度干扰的优势种数量最多,轻度干扰次之,重度干扰的最少。总体上看,人为干扰对山矾次生林群落乔木层、草本层物种多样性水平具有负面影响,群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(H′)、物种丰富度指数(S)和均匀度指数(J_(sw))随人为干扰强度的增加而降低,物种多样性水平呈下降趋势;中度干扰下灌木层的物种多样性有增加的趋势。总体上物种多样性指数表现出灌木层乔木层草本层的规律。     

人为干扰对碧峰峡山矾次生林群落物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响!

人为干扰是影响退化系统系统恢复的决定性因素。本研究以碧峰峡山矾3种不同强度干扰下(轻度、中度、重度)的次生林为对象,分析各干扰群落物种组成、植物多样性水平(丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou均匀度指数)和土壤生态因子差异及其相关关系。结果表明:在调查区共记录到维管植物132种,隶属56科99属,不同强度干扰群落物种数及物种组成存在差异,随干扰强度增加,乔木和草本层物种数减少,灌木层物种数先增加后减少;各干扰群落乔木层多样性水平差异极显著(P0.01),随干扰强度增加乔木层多样性水平持续下降;灌木和草本层多样性水平均无显著差异,且多样性水平均为中度干扰下最高,表明乔木层受干扰影响大,中度人为干扰能增加林下群落物种多样性,但不利于乔木多样性水平的提升;方差分析显示,土壤含水量、有机质和速效钾含量受人为干扰影响显著(P0.05),除土壤全磷、pH、容重外,其余土壤理化指标(全氮、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、有机质和含水量)均为中度干扰下最大,说明中度干扰在一定程度上能改善土壤理化性质;土壤环境因子与植物多样性存在一定的相关性,土壤速效钾、有机质、有效磷与群落多样性关系最显著;中度人为干扰能增加林下群落物种多样性水平,改善土壤理化性质,对山矾次生林群落构建与森林群落生态恢复而言属于增益性干扰。     

择伐强度对天然次生林乔木层6种优势种群生态位的影响

为探讨择伐强度对天然次生林乔木优势树种生态位的影响,运用定量分析方法对不同强度择伐下6种乔木优势树种[马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、木荷(Schima superba)、虎皮楠(Daphnipyllum oldhamii)、米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)、甜槠(C. eyrei)、黄瑞木(Adinandra millettii)]的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠进行了测定。结果表明：择伐干扰下,优势种群的生态位宽度随择伐强度增大呈下降趋势;除黄瑞木外,其余5种优势树种的生态位宽度均大于0.5;生态位重叠值大于0.8的种对比例,也随择伐强度增大而下降。在皆伐干扰下,优势种群的生态位宽度均小于0.5,生态位重叠值大于0.8的种对比例仅占46.7%。这说明适度择伐(弱度和中度择伐)干扰,有利于保持优势种群在群落中的较大生态位宽度和较强生态适应性。因此,合理择伐有利于中亚热带天然次生林的保护和利用,择伐强度应以弱度或中度为宜。     

长白山云冷杉群落主要种群生态位特征

应用TWINSPAN将23块长白山云冷杉林样方划分为8个群落类型,以此作为一维资源位,应用Levins、Hurlbert生态位宽度公式和Pianka生态位重叠公式对长白山云冷杉林群落12种主要乔木、13种主要灌木和18种主要草本植物的生态位特征进行分析.结果 表明:(1)乔木层中,臭冷杉、鱼鳞云杉具有最大的生态位宽度,它们是该区森林群落的主要建群种.灌木层中,瘤枝卫矛与几种械树的生态位宽度较大.草本层中,粗茎鳞毛蕨、山酢浆草、二叶舞鹤草具有较大的生态位宽度.表明它们广布于云冷杉林郁闭的林冠下,对环境适应能力强.(2)生态位宽的种群可能产生较小的生态位重叠,生态位较窄的种群间也会产生较大的生态位重叠,这主要取决于物种的生物学特性和对环境资源的需求.(3)从生态位重叠分布格局来看,主要植物种群的生态位重叠较为普遍,但主要集中在较低水平,表明群落内因利用相同资源或占有同一资源而产生的种间竞争并不激烈,对环境资源的共享比较充分,长白山云冷杉群落处于相对稳定阶段.     

漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群生态位

为了解漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群的生态位特征,在对其进行群落调查的基础上,利用Levins和Shannon生态位宽度、Schoener生态位相似性和Pianka生态位重叠指数对漓江河岸带枫杨群落乔木层、灌木层主要种群生态位进行定量分析.结果表明: 乔木层的枫杨、灌木层的石榕树和桑的生态位宽度较大;重要值较大的物种,其生态位宽度一般较大,但两者排名顺序并不完全一致.乔木层主要种群生态位相似性普遍小于灌木层,平均值分别为0.151和0.236,主要种群间的生态位相似性较小,各种群对资源利用的相似程度不高;乔木层主要种群生态位重叠普遍小于灌木层,它们的平均值分别为0.217和0.273,主要种群间的生态位重叠程度较低;生态位宽度与生态位相似性之间无显著相关关系,生态位宽度大的物种与其他物种发生重叠的概率更大,但生态位重叠值不一定大,生态位相似性大的物种,其生态位重叠值一般较大.漓江河岸带枫杨群落属于地带性顶极群落,种间关系相对稳定,种群更新缓慢,在发展中有衰退趋势.     

西藏色季拉山川滇高山栎群落生态位特征

探索群落构建背后的包括生态位分化与重叠在内的过程机制对于预测环境变化背景下的群落动态和开展区域物种多样性保护至关重要。藏东南地区由于地理和交通条件限制, 森林群落受人为干扰相对较少, 是开展群落生态学理论研究的天然实验室。在样地调查的基础上, 以物种重要值作为资源状态指标, 应用Levins、Shannon-Wiener 生态位宽度指数和Horn 生态位重叠指数, 分析了色季拉山川滇高山栎群落49 个主要种生态位特征。结果表明: (1) 色季拉山川滇高山栎群落中, 川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides)、小叶忍冬(Lonicera microphylla)、秦岭槲蕨(Drynariasinica)的生态位宽度分别在乔、灌、草本层中占有优势地位; (2) 群落各林层内部生态位重叠, 表现为草本层>灌木层>乔木层; (3) 群落各林层之间生态位重叠, 表现为灌草>乔灌>乔草。(4) 川滇高山栎作为先锋树种, 其群落在藏东南地区的水土保持与荒漠化防治作用突出, 群落内林层内和层间的不同植物对阳光、空间等资源的生态位重叠促进了物种的共存, 证明了高山地区强烈的环境过滤作用导致的生态位分化和对生境需求相似的物种间的生态位重叠是促进藏东南川滇高山栎群落生物多样性共存的重要机理。     

岳麓山马尾松生态位分析

在调查岳麓山植被的基础上,分析了马尾松（Pinus massoniana）群落乔木层和灌木层中主要种群的生态位宽度、生态位重叠及马尾松种群的年龄结构。结果表明：1）乔木层马尾松生态位宽度最大,灌木层中马尾松生态位宽度最小;2）马尾松年龄结构为衰退型;3）生态位和种群年龄结构表明,岳麓山马尾松虽然是乔木层的优势种,但更新严重不良,表现出强烈消退趋势;4）乔木层中与马尾松生态位重叠较大的种为樟（Cinnamomum camphora）、枫香（Liquidambar formosana）、四川山矾（Symplocos setchuensis）、冬青（Ilex crenata）、檵木（Cyclobalanopsis glauca）等,灌木层中栲(Castanopsis fargesii)和苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)与马尾松生态位重叠最大。     

秦岭冷杉群落主要种群生态位研究

基于对秦岭山区濒危植物秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis)分布群落的样地调查,采用定量分析的方法,研究了秦岭冷杉群落中主要种群的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠,结果表明：（1）分别用Levins和Shannon-weiner两指数测得的主要种群的生态位宽度结果基本一致,即乔木、灌木和草本层中生态位宽度最大的依次为秦岭冷杉、箭竹（Sinarundinaria nitida）和苔草（Carex lanceolata）,秦岭冷杉与生态位宽度值大的种群易形成混交林;（2）生态位宽度较高的两个种群,种对相似性比例一般较高;（3）秦岭冷杉群落中各主要种群之间的生态位重叠程度较低,表明种群对群落环境资源的分享比较充分,群落处于相对稳定状态。     

陕北典型退耕还林区林下草本物种生态位研究

基于样方法进行不同资源位的群落调查,并用群落物种多样性、生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位相似性比例分析了安塞县典型退耕区16种不同退耕模式及年限群落林下草本物种生态位特征。结果表明:乔木林下草本群落物种多样性高于灌木林。生态位宽度以达乌里胡枝子和阿尔泰狗娃花最大,它们的Shannon-Wiener(Bs-w,i)和Levins(Bl,i)指数分别为0.89、0.83和0.64、0.58。生态位宽度较大的种间生态位重叠程度大,如阿尔泰狗娃花、铁杆蒿、长芒草等。生态位宽度与生态位相似比例值并不一致。生态位相似性比例小于0.5的种对有174对,约占种群总对数的91.6%,说明种群对环境需求有较大的差异,各种群能较好地共生于群落中。     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat

This study determined the optimum number of tubules to be counted per testis cross section, and the number of animals per treatment group, when changes in stage frequencies in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium are criteria for assessing effects of treatment on spermatogenesis. A data base of 9,672 observed and staged tubules was collected from testicular cross sections of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant variation between animals was found for the frequencies of Stages I, II, IV, VI, VIII, and XIII. Computer simulation was used to randomly select different combinations of animal and tubule numbers from the observed data. Stage frequency means from each simulation experiment were compared statistically to observed mean frequencies. A model that used data from all 14 stages was analyzed. The following conclusions were made: a) a minimum of 200 tubule cross sections/testis is recommended for estimating stage frequencies; b) for a fixed number of tubules scored, the number of animals sampled is more important than the number of tubules per animal in reducing variance; c) to detect a difference of 2 standard deviations from the mean with a 2% error rate and examining 200 tubules/testis, at least 12 animals must be used per group when assessing all 14 stages; d) when individual stages are examined using 10 animals per group, only Stage VII has 80% or greater power of test (alpha = 0.05) to detect a frequency difference; e) pooling stages into 3-4 groups is recommended to improve the power of detecting a treatment difference.     

Role of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in the function of generalization in the cat

In chronic experiments on cats contribution of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus to the organization of the processes of generalization and abstraction was studied by means of alternation method. Electrolytic ablation of the nucleus retarded the learning and impeded the initial stages of formation of the generalization function. Mechanisms of thalamic dementia are discussed.     

Self-organization in the determination of the size of the axial structures in the embryogenesis of the clawed toad

Experiments were performed using X. laevis embryos during gastrulation and neurulation (stages 10, 11 1/2, 12 1/2, 13 1/2, 15 and 18). Part of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm was removed, and embryos raised until stage 25. The size of axial structures (notochord, somite mesoderm, central nervous system) was determined using serial histological sections and compared with that of control embryos. In experimental embryos, the size of axial structures was decreased. Until a specific stage of development, close correlation was found between the volume of embryonic compartment corresponding to a particular, structure and the volume of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm. This stage is individual for each axial organ: middle gastrula (stage 11 1/2) for notochord, late gastrula (stage 12 1/2) for somite mesoderm, and late neurula (stage 18) for central nervous system. This data suggest that differentiation pattern of ecto-mesodermal rudiment is subject to regulation during gastrulation-neurulation, and subdivision of ectoderm and mesoderm into axial and non-axial tissues is a self-organizing process.