NaCl胁迫对栓皮栎幼苗生长及其生理响应

为了研究栓皮栎幼苗期对盐胁迫的生理耐受特性,选择2年生栓皮栎实生幼苗为材料,在盆栽条件下,设置NaCl盐分梯度(0%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%),系统测定分析栓皮栎幼苗在不同盐胁迫梯度和胁迫时间下的形态生长指标以及保护酶活性、脯氨酸含量、根系活力等各项生理指标。结果显示:(1)随着盐胁迫程度的加剧,栓皮栎幼苗各部分器官鲜重和干重以及株高、基径和一级侧根长均先升高后降低,而主根长度逐渐增加,叶片数逐渐减少,并在重度胁迫下达到显著水平。(2)随着盐胁迫时间的延长,栓皮栎幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,但变化时间和幅度不同;丙二醛(MDA)含量则日益增加,且胁迫度越大增加越显著。(3)栓皮栎幼苗叶片的渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量在低盐胁迫下不断升高,高盐胁迫下先升高后降低;而可溶性糖的含量则随时间延长和胁迫加剧显著增加。(4)随NaCl浓度的提高,幼苗根系活力值先增后减,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均呈下降趋势。研究表明,在轻、中度NaCl胁迫下,栓皮栎幼苗通过提高保护酶活性、增加渗透调节物质等策略缓解盐胁迫伤害,表现出一定的耐盐潜力;而在高浓度盐分胁迫下幼苗受到伤害,自我调节能力降低,导致保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力等下降。     

栓皮栎幼苗对土壤干旱胁迫的生理响应

以栓皮栎一年生盆栽苗为实验材料,采用称重控水的方法,设置不同土壤水分胁迫梯度,系统分析其幼苗在不同干旱胁迫条件下的生理生化响应特征,以探索栓皮栎耐旱特性.结果显示:(1)栓皮栎幼苗叶片中3种保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性在对照(CK,土壤相对含水量19.5％～21.5％)条件下保持稳定,而中度干旱(T2,9.5％～11.5％)和重度干旱(T3,5.5％～7.5％)条件下,随着胁迫时间的延长呈先增高后降低的趋势,且变化的幅度在不同胁迫强度下存在差异.(2)在整个干旱胁迫过程中,各胁迫处理叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈上升趋势,不同胁迫强度的变化幅度不同;叶片中的可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力随着干旱胁迫程度的增强呈先增高后降低的趋势.(3)栓皮栎幼苗叶片的脯氨酸含量随着干旱胁迫时间的延长表现出先增加后降低的趋势;叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量以及叶绿素a/b值均呈逐渐降低的趋势.研究表明,栓皮栎幼苗在短期和轻度干旱胁迫下通过提高自身的保护酶活性、增加可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量、提高根系活力等来抵御干旱环境的伤害,从而表现出较强的耐旱特性;而在重度干旱胁迫条件下,栓皮栎幼苗自我调节能力丧失,体内代谢紊乱,导致保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和根系活力等下降,从而受到干旱伤害.     

干旱胁迫下叶面喷施褪黑素对滁菊幼苗生理生化特性的影响

以滁菊品种"金玉"幼苗为材料,通过日光温室内盆栽实验,在中度干旱胁迫条件下(土壤田间持水量的40%),研究叶面喷施外源褪黑素(MT,100μmol·L-1)对滁菊幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响,探讨提高滁菊耐干旱性的新途径。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,干旱胁迫处理降低了滁菊叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和水分利用效率,提高了可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,而叶片MDA含量和相对电导率显著增加,显著抑制了滁菊幼苗的生长。(2)在干旱胁迫条件下,外源MT可显著提高滁菊幼苗叶片脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖的含量,并显著降低了叶片相对电导率和MDA含量,使幼苗保持较高叶绿素含量和净光合速率。(3)与干旱胁迫处理相比,外源MT处理的滁菊地上部和根系干重、鲜重均显著增加。研究发现,外源褪黑素(MT)在一定程度上可通过促进滁菊幼苗渗透调节物质的积累,有效降低干旱胁迫对其细胞膜的伤害,维持其正常的细胞膜功能,保持其较高的光合速率和水分利用效率,从而增加其对干旱环境的适应性。     

转BADH基因水稻幼苗抗盐性研究

以转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因水稻品系52-7的受体亲本中花8号、旱作品种开系7和陆稻白珍珠为对照,分别用含0、5、7 g?L-1NaCl的水稻专用营养液培养水稻幼苗,对转BADH基因水稻品系52-7的抗盐性及其机理进行研究.结果表明:在正常培养条件下,转基因水稻幼苗比对照品种长势旺,根系活力强,可溶性糖和叶绿素含量高,抗氧化酶SOD和POD活性高.在盐胁迫条件下,水稻幼苗生长减慢,根冠比值减小,根系活力增强;膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性提高;脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量升高,叶绿素含量下降,蛋白质分解加强;且随着盐浓度的升高各指标变化幅度增加.与对照品种比较,转基因水稻幼苗在盐胁迫下的生长量和根冠比较大,电解质相对渗出率和MDA含量较低,蛋白质和叶绿素分解较少,表现出较强的抗盐性.盐胁迫下转基因水稻幼苗比对照品种具有更高的脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量以及SOD和POD活性,使其抗盐性强.     

白三叶不同叶龄叶片对不同季节温度适应的生理调控机理

对不同季节白三叶(Trifolium repens)不同叶龄叶片(幼叶、中叶和老叶)抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活力、渗透调节物(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸)含量、MDA含量和叶绿素含量进行分析,揭示白三叶不同叶龄叶片对不同季节温度适应的生理调控机理和白三叶叶片短寿在维护匍匐茎生长中的生态作用。结果表明:(1)冬季低温生出的幼叶MDA含量较低,而叶绿素a、POD和SOD活力、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均最高;夏季高温生出的幼叶MDA和叶绿素b含量较高,而POD和SOD活力、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量较低。白三叶幼叶具有较强的生理调控可塑性以适应冬夏季温度。(2)不同季节幼叶成长过程中,其生理调控模式相近,随叶片长大成熟,叶绿素含量和SOD、POD、CAT活力及脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均增高,而MDA含量降低。(3)不同季节老化叶片生理特征相同,叶片中可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量趋于增高,CAT活力及MDA含量均下降。研究表明,抗氧化酶和渗透调节物通过维护氧自由基代谢和水分代谢平衡而在幼叶适应不同季节温度、叶片快速生长中起重要保护作用。不同季节叶片抗氧化能力下降和持续积累的脯氨酸、可溶性糖抑制光合作用可能是叶片衰老和短寿的诱因。不同季节匍匐茎上叶片的短寿、快速衰老可使匍匐茎将能量物质分配给其顶部,促进匍匐茎顶部幼叶萌生和匍匐茎的延伸生长及种群的扩散,其在维护白三叶植株持续生存中具有重要的调控作用。     

盐胁迫下番茄幼苗对赤霉素处理的响应

为了研究盐胁迫下番茄幼苗对赤霉素处理的响应,本试验对不同盐胁迫浓度(0 mmol/L,50 mmol/L,160 mmol/L)条件下长至两叶一心的番茄幼苗叶片进行不同浓度的赤霉素(0 mg/L,20 mg/L,80 mg/L,150 mg/L)喷施处理,对其叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素含量以及干物重进行测定并进行分析。结果表明,番茄中可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量随着盐胁迫浓度的增加而增加,施加赤霉素后,可溶性糖含量的上升的幅度明显变大;盐胁迫条件下,番茄叶片干物重下降,且盐浓度越高干物质下降幅度越大,施加赤霉素后,干物重下降幅度减缓;随着盐胁迫浓度增加,番茄叶片的叶绿素含量降低,且浓度越高叶绿素含量下降趋势越明显,赤霉素的施加同样使叶绿素含量降低。以上结果为研究盐胁迫下番茄幼苗对赤霉素处理的响应提供了实验依据。     

NaCl 胁迫下小麦突变体和野生型叶片中一些有机溶质累积和基因表达差异

盐胁迫下突变体和野生型叶片中的脯氨酸累积量均有显著的增加,野生型的增加幅度不及突变体。至９６ ｈ ,两者含量均下降,但突变体的脯氨酸含量仍高于野生型。１００ｍ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＮａＣｌ 胁迫７２ ｈ ,突变体叶片中可溶性糖的含量有显著的增加,增加量随盐浓度增加而降低。至９６ ｈ,各个盐浓度处理的突变体可溶性糖的含量基本恢复到其对照的水平;除１００ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ 盐胁迫处理组外,野生型叶片中可溶性糖含量均大幅度下降。盐胁迫下突变体和野生型叶片细胞可溶性蛋白组分有明显的差异。ｍＲＮＡ 差异显示结果表明,突变体有６ 个差异性的ｃＤＮＡ 片段     

盐胁迫对中国柽柳幼苗生理特性的影响

以中国柽柳(Tamarix chinensis Lour.)插穗为研究材料,在装有不同土壤盐分梯度(0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%、2.0%、2.4%)的盆钵中进行扦插试验,测定柽柳扦插成活率、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量等指标,研究分析柽柳扦插成活率及幼苗生理特性对盐分胁迫的响应特征。结果表明:(1)柽柳扦插成活率随盐胁迫增强逐渐降低,适合扦插繁殖的土壤含盐量低于0.8%;土壤含盐量超过0.8%后,扦插成活率太低,不适合柽柳进行扦插繁殖。(2)柽柳可通过提高叶绿素含量来适应盐胁迫,随着盐胁迫增强,柽柳扦插幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量先升高后降低,但过高的盐胁迫会破坏叶绿素的合成。(3)柽柳扦插幼苗叶片SOD和POD活性随盐胁迫增强先升高后降低,通过提高SOD和POD活性来清除细胞内多余的活性氧自由基,但活性氧自由基积累过多时,膜脂过氧化作用会破坏细胞膜的稳定性,导致抗氧化酶活性降低。(4)柽柳扦插幼苗叶片MDA含量随盐胁迫的增强先升高后降低。在土壤含盐量0.4%—1.2%范围内,MDA含量虽高于CK,但各盐分处理之间差异不显著。在含盐量为1.6%时,叶片细胞受到膜脂过氧化作用加强,MDA含量显著升高,但含盐量为2.0%时,MDA含量降低。     

外源Ca(NO_3)_2对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生理特征的影响

以番茄品种'农城906'和"毛粉802'幼苗为材料,利用Hoagland基础培养液,研究在150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下外源10、20、30和40 mmol/L Ca(NO3)2对番茄植株盐胁迫的缓解作用.结果显示,(1) NaCl胁迫显著降低了2个品种幼苗地上和地下部分干重、叶片叶绿素含量和根系活力,增加了幼苗的可溶性糖含量、细胞膜透性和MDA含量,同时使其CAT、POD、SOD活性显著降低;(2)添加20 mmol/L Ca(NO3)2能够有效提高盐胁迫条件下幼苗的地上和地下部干重,缓解叶绿素的降解和根系活力的下降,增加幼苗体内可溶性糖含量,降低叶片质膜透性和MDA含量,增强幼苗体内POD、CAT等细胞保护酶活性,但随着Ca(NO3)2浓度的继续增加,这种缓解作用逐渐减小.研究表明,一定浓度的外源Ca(NO3)2能有效缓解NaCl对番茄幼苗的生长和生理伤害,在一定程度上增强番茄幼苗对盐胁迫的耐受力,并以20 mmol/L Ca(NO3)2对NaCl胁迫的缓解效果最佳.     

NaCl胁迫对海滨木槿叶片生理特性的影响

采用盆栽法,对NaCl胁迫条件下(2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0 mg·g-1 NaCl)1年生海滨木槿(Hibiscus hamabo Sieb. et Zucc. )扦插苗叶片中电解质渗出率,叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量以及SOD和POD活性等生理指标的动态变化进行了比较和分析.结果显示,在质量浓度较低(2.0和4.0 mg·g-1)的NaCl胁迫条件下,海滨木槿叶片的叶绿素含量高于对照组,而在质量浓度较高(6.0和8.0 mg·g-1)的NaCl胁迫条件下叶绿素含量则有所降低;随NaCl胁迫时间的延长,各处理组海滨木槿叶片的叶绿素a与b的比值呈先减小后增大的趋势,但变化幅度较小.在2.0和4.0 mg·g-1NaCl胁迫条件下,整个实验期间(70 d)叶片的电解质渗出率与对照组间几乎没有显著差异(P>0.05);而在6.0和8.0 mg·g-1NaCl胁迫条件下叶片的电解质渗出率均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01).各处理组叶片的MDA含量随NaCl胁迫时间的延长先升高后降低,甚至低于对照组,且在处理的第20和第70天与对照组差异不显著.各处理组叶片的脯氨酸含量随NaCl胁迫时间的延长总体上呈先急剧升高后逐渐下降的趋势,但均高于对照组;各处理组叶片的可溶性糖含量随NaCl质量浓度的提高以及胁迫时间的延长没有表现出一定的变化规律.随NaCl胁迫时间的延长,各处理组叶片的SOD活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,而POD活性呈先降低后升高的趋势,但总体上均高于对照组.研究结果表明,海滨木槿对一定浓度的NaCl胁迫具有一定的耐性,且对胁迫伤害具有一定的修复能力.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.