絮凝酵母吸附Cr(VI)的机理

絮凝酵母SPSC01为酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae和粟酒裂殖酵母Schizosaccharomyces pombe的融合菌株,用其吸附水溶液中的重金属Cr(VI),可以大大降低生物吸附的固液分离成本。为了探讨SPSC01菌体絮凝蛋白对Cr(VI)还原吸附的影响,对SPSC01与其亲本菌株的吸附行为进行了比较。结果表明,SPSC01和其具有絮凝性状的亲本S.pombe的Cr(VI)去除速率基本同步,远优于无絮凝性状的亲本S.cerevisiae;达到吸附平衡时,S.pombe、SPSC01和S.cerevisiae对总Cr去除率分别达68.8%、48.6%和37.5%;从而证明了絮凝有利于Cr(VI)的还原、吸附,絮凝蛋白在Cr(VI)的还原吸附过程中起促进作用。通过化学屏蔽方法和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析,对SPSC01菌体表面吸附Cr(VI)的机理进行了研究,结果表明SPSC01菌体表面吸附Cr(VI)起主要作用的基团是氨基、羧基和酰胺基。     

絮凝酵母吸附Cr(VI) 的机理

絮凝酵母SPSC01为酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae和粟酒裂殖酵母Schizosaccharomyces pombe的融合菌株,用其吸附水溶液中的重金属Cr(VI),可以大大降低生物吸附的固液分离成本。为了探讨SPSC01菌体絮凝蛋白对Cr(VI) 还原吸附的影响,对SPSC01与其亲本菌株的吸附行为进行了比较。结果表明,SPSC01和其具有絮凝性状的亲本S. pombe的Cr(VI) 去除速率基本同步,远优于无絮凝性状的亲本S. cerevisiae;达到吸附平衡时,S. pombe、SPSC01和S. cerevisiae对总Cr去除率分别达68.8％、48.6％和37.5％;从而证明了絮凝有利于Cr(VI) 的还原、吸附,絮凝蛋白在Cr(VI) 的还原吸附过程中起促进作用。通过化学屏蔽方法和傅立叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 分析,对SPSC01菌体表面吸附Cr(VI) 的机理进行了研究,结果表明SPSC01菌体表面吸附Cr(VI) 起主要作用的基团是氨基、羧基和酰胺基。     

铬对重金属去除菌影响的研究*

考察了Cr⁶⁺浓度和培养时间对4株重金属去除菌致死率的影响、重金属去除菌除铬性能的稳定性、吸附铬前后胞内外的变化、Cr⁶⁺对胞内可溶性还原糖含量的影响以及多种因素对重金属去除菌毒性,初步探讨了重金属去除菌的抗Cr⁶⁺机理。实验结果表明,4株实验菌的致死率随培养时间的变化趋势都是先升高后降低,最后再升高;假丝酵母的可驯化性较好;掷孢酵母73对高浓度Cr6+的耐受性最好;Cr⁶⁺对4株实验菌的各种代谢过程有一定影响;扫描电     

粗毛栓菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌及其共固定菌对Pb2+的吸附

将粗毛栓菌菌丝球与蜡状芽孢杆菌共固定为共固定菌.以粗毛栓菌菌丝球、蜡状芽孢杆菌和共固定菌为研究对象,测定不同吸附时间、初始pH、吸附剂浓度和Pb²⁺浓度对3种生物吸附剂吸附Pb²⁺的影响,并将3种生物吸附剂吸附Pb²⁺前后的红外吸收光谱进行分析比较.结果表明： 在吸附剂浓度为2 g·L^-1、pH为5.0、Pb²⁺浓度为50 mg·L^-1条件下对Pb²⁺吸附1 h效果良好,其吸附率分别为71.7%、91.0%和96.9%.生物吸附剂红外光谱主要由蛋白质、碳水化合物和含硫、磷酸基团的吸收带组成,表明对Pb²⁺吸附起主要作用的官能团是羟基、羧基、磷酸基和含硫基团.     

H~+、N~+、Ar~+注入对啤酒酵母存活率的影响及SEM和ESR研究

研究了H+ 、N+ 、Ar+ 低能离子注入酵母菌剂量对存活率的影响 ;离子注入对酵母细胞的刻蚀损伤作用和离子注入后对细胞内自由基产生的影响。结果表明 :酵母的存活率随着注入剂量的增加而减少 ,离子注入对其存活率影响程度是H+ >N+ >Ar+ ,其半致死剂量分别是 2 .1× 10 1 4 ions cm2 ,5 .5× 10 1 4 ions cm2 ,6 .8× 10 1 4 ions cm2 。随着离子注入剂量的增加对酵母细胞的损伤和刻蚀作用逐渐增大 ,刻蚀损伤作用具有不均匀性 ;离子注入后酵母细胞内自由基产额明显增加 ,随着注入剂量的增大 ,自由基的强度也增大 ,逐渐呈饱和趋势     

酵母表面展示-酶联免疫吸附测定法的建立

以表面展示人源蛋白酶体α亚基6蛋白的重组酵母细胞,结合酶联吸附免疫原理检测技术,以表面展示有人源蛋白酶体α亚基6(proteasome subunit alpha6,PSα6)的重组酵母细胞及其对应的单克隆抗体3D7D12D为研究对象,建立酵母酶联免疫吸附(yeast-ELISA)检测技术,应用于检测小鼠单克隆抗体及单抗效价.应用该方法最佳酵母浓度为0.50A600;测得单抗效价为1∶5×105,与常规ELISA效价接近;交叉试验和阻断试验表明该方法特异性强;同时该方法可用于检测抗血清.结果表明,yeast-ELISA可直接应用于检测单抗,测得效价与常规抗原包被间接ELISA具有良好一致性,特异性好,无交叉反应性.     

酵母细胞甘油代谢与生理功能研究进展

甘油是酵母细胞生长代谢过程中常见的多元醇物质。尽管甘油的结构简单,代谢途径并不复杂,但是其在细胞内的生理功能十分重要。甘油代谢过程主要参与细胞的高渗透压生理调节和厌氧条件下的胞内氧化还原平衡调节。近年来许多学者在酵母细胞的甘油代谢及生理功能方面开展了深入的研究。在扼要介绍甘油生理代谢的基础上,重点阐述甘油代谢参与细胞高渗压甘油应答信号途径和氧化还原平衡调节的生理机制,同时就酵母细胞甘油合成的代谢工程进行归纳和评述。     

酿酒酵母表面展示表达系统及应用

酵母细胞表面展示表达系统是一种固定化表达异源蛋白质的真核展示系统,即把异源靶蛋白基因序列与特定的载体基因序列融合后导入酵母细胞,利用酿酒酵母细胞内蛋白转运到膜表面的机制（GPI锚定）使靶蛋白定位于酵母细胞表面并进行表达。它利用细胞表面展示技术使外源蛋白固定化于细胞表面,从而生产微生物细胞表面蛋白,可应用于生物催化剂、细胞吸附剂、活疫苗、环境治理、蛋白质文库筛选、高亲和抗体、生物传感器、抗原／抗体库构建、免疫检测及亲和纯化、癌症诊断等领域。国内对这一方面研究较少,本文主要介绍了该技术的基本原理、研究现状、应用及其发展前景。     

磁修饰酵母对直接大红染料的生物吸附

本研究采用水相合成的纳米级铁磁流体对灭活酿酒酵母细胞进行磁修饰,获得了具有良好磁响应的酵母。傅立叶变换红外光谱分析表明,该修饰酵母在Fe-O特征峰581cm1处的吸收明显加强。透射电镜观察表明,纳米磁性颗粒单个或成团聚集在酵母细胞表面。在本实验条件下,160μL磁修饰酵母对1mL浓度为0.4mg/mL直接大红染料吸附率达100%;8min达到吸附平衡;在70%乙醇中,染料脱吸附率为99.18%。由于磁修饰酵母吸附力强,吸附速度快,易于磁分离,是一种有前景的水溶性染料生物吸附剂。     

微紫青霉菌Penicillium janthinellum菌株GXCR吸附废水中Cd2+的研究

研究了5种不同预处理方式对丝状真菌微紫青霉菌Penicillium janthinellum菌株 GXCR的Cd2+吸附的影响。结果表明,高温（80℃）、去离子水中的匀浆化、匀浆+碱化（NaOH,0.5mol/L）（简称匀浆碱化）和匀浆+30%二甲基亚砜处理均能提高菌体的吸附率,其中匀浆碱化处理后菌体的吸附效果最佳,吸附增量达到117.96%;匀浆+酸化（H2SO4, 0.5mol/L）处理则导致菌体的Cd2+吸附能力显著下降。匀浆碱化菌体吸附符合典型的Langmuir方程,表明该菌对Cd2+的吸附可能是以表面吸附为主的吸附行为。在吸附-解吸附循环4次后匀浆碱化菌体的Cd2+的吸附效率为58.01%。红外光谱分析显示匀浆碱化处理主要影响菌体表面分子的–OH和C=O基团,其中与Cd2+结合的主要基团是–OH。结果也表明,匀浆碱化菌体具有处理电镀废水的潜能。     

Uptake of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) compounds in the yeast cell structure

The study presented in this article investigated the influence of different Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds in the cultivation medium on the uptake and localization of chromium in the cell structure of the yeast Candida intermedia. The morphology of the yeast cell surface was observed by the scanning electron microscopy. Results demonstrated that the growth inhibitory concentration of Cr(III) in the cultivation medium induced changes in the yeast cell shape and affected the budding pattern, while inhibitory concentration of Cr(VI) did not cause any visible effects on morphological properties of the yeast cells. The amount of total accumulated chromium in yeast cells and the distribution of chromium between the yeast cell walls and spheroplasts were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. No significant differences were found neither in total chromium accumulation nor in the distribution of chromium in yeast cell walls and spheroplasts between the two of Cr(VI) compounds. Conversely, substantial differences between Cr(III) compounds were demonstrated in the total uptake as well as the localization of chromium in yeast cells.     

Effect of chromium (III) ions and a cysteine complex of it on lipid bilayer membranes]

The interaction of Cr3+ ions and its cysteine complex with bilayer phospholipid membranes was investigated. It was found that chromium ions and the complex compound are adsorbed on the bilayer lipid membrane surface, changing the intramembrane potential difference. As pH increases, the adsorption of Cr3+ decreases and that of the complex rises. The adsorption of the complex leads to an increase in the rigidity of bilayer lipid membrane, which is not observed with chromium ions.     

Uptake and distribution of chromium in Saccharomyces cerevisae exposed to Cr(III)-organic compounds

Abstract

The present study investigates the influence of different Cr(III)-organic compounds [Cr(III)-citrate and Cr(III)-histidine] in growth-nonsupportive exposure medium on the uptake and localisation of chromium in the cell structure of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae. The amount of total accumulated chromium in yeast cells and the distribution of chromium between the yeast cell walls and spheroplasts were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Chromium accumulation potential was shown to depend on treatment time, metal concentration as well as the nature of the bound ligand. Chromium uptake was characterised by a time-dependent increase of total chromium which suggests that the amount of cell-accumulated chromium also tended to increase over time. Cellular chromium accumulation (mg g^?1 dry wt) of Cr(III)-histidine is higher than Cr(III)-citrate. The pH dependence pattern of chromium accumulation is similar for both of the Cr(III)-organic compounds: pH 6.5>pH 5>pH 8. Substantial differences were found between the two Cr(III)-organic compounds, in the total chromium accumulation as well as in the distribution in yeast cell walls and spheroplasts.     

Characterization of enzymatic reduction of hexavalent chromium by Escherichia coli ATCC 33456.

Chromium reduction by Escherichia coli ATCC 33456 quantitatively transferred hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), to trivalent chromium, Cr(III). The reduced chromium was predominantly present in the external medium. Supernatant fluids of cell extract, obtained by centrifugation at 12,000 and 150,000 x g, showed almost the same Cr(VI) reduction activity, indicating that Cr(VI) reduction by E. coli ATCC 33456 was a largely soluble reductase activity. In studies with respiratory inhibitors, no inhibitory effects on aerobic and anaerobic Cr(VI) reduction were demonstrated by addition of cyanide, azide, and rotenone into both intact cell cultures and supernatant fluids of E. coli ATCC 33456. Although cytochromes b and d were identified in the membrane fraction of cell extracts, Cr(VI) was not reduced by the membrane fraction alone. The cytochrome difference spectra analysis also indicated that these cytochromes of the respiratory chain require the presence of the soluble Cr(VI) reductase to mediate electron transport to Cr(VI). Stimulation of Cr(VI) reduction by an uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol, indicated that the respiratory-chain-linked electron transport to Cr(VI) was limited by the rate of dissipation of the proton motive force.     

Chromium bioaccumulation in rice grown in contaminated soil and irrigated mine wastewater--a case study at South Kaliapani chromite mine area, Orissa, India

The level of chromium (Cr) contamination in soils and irrigated mine wastewater at South Kaliapani chromite mine region of Orissa, (India) were investigated. Chromium bioaccumulation in rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Khandagiri) irrigated with Cr+6 contaminated mine wastewater was analyzed along with its attenuation from mine wastewater. The levels of Cr+6 in irrigated mine wastewaters in successive rice grown plots were analyzed on 75 days and 100 days after transplantation of seedlings. Total chromium content in different parts of rice plants and soil samples from different plots was analyzed during harvesting stage (125 days after transplantation). Cr accumulation was significantly high in surface soils (0-20 cm) with a mean value of 11,170 mg kg(-1), but it decreased significantly after the crop harvest. About 70% to 90% reduction of Cr+6 levels was observed in irrigated mine wastewater when passed through successive rice plots. High bio-concentration of Cr in leaves with values ranging from 125-498 mg kg(-1) as compared to stem (25-400 mg kg(-1)) and grain (5-23 mg kg(-1)) was noticed. The reduction of Cr+6 levels is related to plant age, high biomass and area of water passage and was attributed to rhizofiltration technique.     

Biosorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by a tropical basidiomycete BDT-14 (DSM 15396)

Summary A tropical white-rot basidiomycete, BDT-14 (DSM 15396) was investigated for its chromium (VI) biosorption potential from an aqueous solution. Pre-treatment of fungal biomass with acid resulted in 100% metal adsorption compared to only 26.64% adsorption without any pre-treatment. Chromium adsorption was a rapid process at early exposure resulting in 60% chromium removal within the first 2 h of exposure. An increase in biomass showed an increase in the total metal ions adsorption but a decrease in specific uptake of metal ions. The concentrations of chromium had a pronounced effect on the rate of adsorption. The adsorption efficiency was 100% when the initial Cr (VI) concentration was 100 mg l⁻¹ with 1,000 mg biomass. Only 47.5% adsorption was observed with 500 mg l⁻¹ Cr (VI) concentration. The adsorption data fit well with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Comprehensive characterization of parameters indicates BDT−14 biomass as a promising material for Cr (VI) adsorption.     

Chromium accumulation by living yeast at various environmental conditions

Yeast tolerance to Cr (III) and Cr (VI) as well as chromium accumulation potential were shown to depend on treatment time, metal concentration, biomass density and the phase of growth. Kinetic studies as exemplified by Pichia guilliermondii ATCC 201911 revealed a biphasic mode of Cr (III) uptake: a rapid sorption phase was followed by a slow process of accumulation, in which the contribution of the cell-bound Cr fraction increased, while the total cellular Cr level remained constant. Cr (VI) uptake was characterized by a time-dependent increase of total Cr and by a constant fractional contribution of the cell-adsorbed chromium, which suggests that the amount of cell-accumulated Cr also tended to increase over time. The resistance to Cr and metal accumulation levels were substantially elevated for a given strain when cultures were treated at high initial biomass densities (1 mg dry weight/ml) of exponentially proliferating cells. Maximum accumulation capabilities ranged between 4.0 and 13 mg Cr (III)/g dry weight and 2-6.7 mg Cr (VI)/g dry weight. The total cell-accumulated Cr contained 29.3% and 52.3% of organically bound chromium for the treatment of P. guilliermondii with Cr (III) and Cr (VI), respectively. Selected yeast strains, under specified physiological conditions, can be applied for bioremediation of environmental Cr contamination, and might be useful too for attempts to obtain chromium-enriched biomass containing biostabilized and nontoxic Cr forms for nutritional applications.     

酵母菌Y17吸附Cu2+的影响因素及吸附机理研究

以高效吸附Cu2 的酵母菌Y17为材料,对其吸附Cu2 过程中的主要影响因素,包括溶液Ph、Cu2 初始浓度、菌体添加量、吸附时间和温度以及吸附机理进行了探讨.结果表明,对吸附过程影响较大的因素依次为吸附液Ph值、Cu2 初始浓度、菌体添加量和吸附时间.正交试验得到最佳吸附条件为溶液Ph5.0,吸附时间40min,加菌量5.Og湿菌/L时,对初始浓度为8mmol/L的Cu2 达到最佳吸附率为82.7%.通过对Y17菌体不同处理及解吸实验,初步确定Y17吸附Cu2 的位点在细胞壁,细胞壁表面的-NH2,-COOH基团在其吸附过程中起着重要作用.     

酵母菌Y17吸附Cu2+的影响因素及吸附机理研究

以高效吸附Cu2+的酵母菌Y17为材料, 对其吸附Cu2+过程中的主要影响因素, 包括溶液pH、Cu2+初始浓度、菌体添加量、吸附时间和温度以及吸附机理进行了探讨。结果表明, 对吸附过程影响较大的因素依次为吸附液pH值、Cu2+初始浓度、菌体添加量和吸附时间。正交试验得到最佳吸附条件为溶液pH5.0, 吸附时间40 min, 加菌量5.0 g湿菌/L时, 对初始浓度为8 mmol/L的Cu2+达到最佳吸附率为82.7%。通过对Y17菌体不同处理及解吸实验, 初步确定Y17吸附Cu2+的位点在细胞壁, 细胞壁表面的-NH2, -COOH基团在其吸附过程中起着重要作用。     

Effect of Chromium(VI) Action on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arthrobacter oxydans</Emphasis>

Arthrobacter species is of interest because of its high potential for bioremediation. Bacteria can detoxify chromium, by either reduction or accumulation inside the bacteria and/or absorption of chromium(VI) (CrVI) on their surface, and efflux pump. The possible pathway of Cr(VI) reduction by Arthrobacter oxydans isolated from Columbia basalt rocks at a US DOE highly contaminated site (USA) has been considered in the present study. FTIR absorption spectroscopy showed that these bacteria reduce Cr(VI). In the present study the threshold Cr(VI) nontoxic concentration (35 g/mL) for A. oxydans growing in liquid medium was estimated. Complete uptake of this concentration was achieved in about 10 days after chromium addition into the medium. At this concentration an increase in the protein isolated from the cell wall of A. oxydans was observed. This increased protein predominated independently of the growth phase at which Cr(VI) was added. Thermal analysis was used to identify any influence of Cr(VI) on the DNP complex of A. oxydans. According to the data obtained it can be supposed that Cr(VI) reduction predominantly occurs on the bacterial surface and that cell wall represents a permeable barrier for these bacteria at the non-toxic chromium action.