P38 MAPK 信号传导通路与卵巢癌关系的研究进展

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated proteinkinases,MAPKs)级联反应是细胞内重要的信号传导系统之一,参与细胞生长、发育、分化和凋亡等一系列生理、病理过程.P38 MAPK信号传导通路是MAPK通路的分支之一,介导了应激、炎性细胞因子、细菌产物等多种刺激引起的细胞反应,对细胞周期调控具有重要作用.但对不同的卵巢癌细胞系,或者不同的刺激,P38通路的作用不完全相同,甚至可能相反,提示对P38通路的功能仍需进一步的研究,他可能是肿瘤治疗的新靶点.本文就P38 MAPK信号传导通路与卵巢癌关系作一综述。     

经MAPK信号转导通路介导的糖皮质激素的作用机制

糖皮质激素(GC)通过膜受体快速激活细胞内信号传导通路的机制,主要涉及ERK,JNK/SAPK和P38等MAPK家族的重要成员.GC在许多细胞中对ERK起抑制作用,在不同的细胞中,GC能激活JNK或抑制其活性,即具有一定的细胞特异性.GC还直接或间接地激活P38途径.GC激活MAPK介导的信号传导通路,产生一系列生物学效应,如抑制细胞的生长的繁殖,介导细胞的凋亡等.     

促分裂原激活的蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号传导通路的研究进展

MAPK信号传导通路在真核生物细胞的生化和分化、细胞周期调节和细胞凋亡过程中发挥着重要的作用。生物化学研究和分子生物学鉴定表明：在酵母和哺乳动物细胞中MAPK信号传导通路都有一个保守的三组分激活模件,该模件内的激酶引发了一系列的磷酸化级联反应。了解MAPK信号传导通路的组成部分、调控方式和作用机制,有助于对因信号传导通路的调节失控而引起的疾病进行预防和治疗。     

卵巢癌中TGF-β/Smads信号通路的功能研究

为探讨卵巢癌细胞中TGF-β的信号传导情况及TGF-β／Smads信号通路各组分在卵巢癌发生中的作用,采用MTT和活细胞计数方法研究了TGF-β1对卵巢癌细胞系HO-8910、HO-8910PM及SKOV3的生长抑制作用;并应用RT-PCR、荧光免疫组化等方法研究了TGF-β／Smads传导通路中各组分的表达和定位以及TGF-β1刺激前后Smad7和P-Smad2定位及表达的变化。结果显示,TGF-β1对细胞系SKOV3没有生长抑制作用．而SK-OV3细胞表达了TGF-β／Smads信号通路中的所有已知成分。且3种卵巢癌细胞在TGF-β1刺激后Smad7mRNA瞬时表达增加,Smad7蛋白表达亦增加并由胞核转位到胞浆,P-Smad2由胞浆转位到胞核。结果表明TGF-β／Smads信号传导通路在卵巢癌细胞HO-8910、HO-8910PM和SKOV3中是完整的,SKOV3细胞逃逸TGF-β介导的生长抑制作用可能是由于TGF-β／Smads信号通路下游发生异常。     

周围神经损伤中P2Y12受体-p38MAPK通路的研究进展

周围神经损伤是临床中常见的神经损伤之一,神经胶质细胞和信号通路转导在周围神经损伤和再生修复中发挥重要作用。小胶质细胞的活化与周围神经损伤导致的神经损伤及疼痛密切相关,小胶质细胞是周围神经损伤与修复的关键场所。脊髓背角的小胶质细胞可被嘌呤信号通路的P2Y_(12)受体活化,进而导致p38MAPK磷酸化,造成相关神经损伤及感觉功能障碍。以脊髓背角的小胶质细胞为靶点,从P2Y_(12)受体-p38MAPK通路的角度可揭示周围神经损伤的部分可能机制。探究从嘌呤信号通路与小胶质细胞活化的新角度,将神经损伤后的P2Y_(12)受体与p38MAPK的磷酸化表达联系为P2Y_(12)受体-p38MAPK通路,可为临床治疗周围神经损伤提供新的思路。本文就周围神经损伤中P2Y_(12)受体-p38MAPK通路的研究进展作一综述。     

病原细菌调控丝裂原激活蛋白激酶信号介导先天免疫的机制研究进展

信号传导途径使细胞能够对复杂的外界环境刺激及时做出反应,从而针对不同病原菌感染产生生物学效应。丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)及其下游靶标作为将环境输入转化为大量细胞程序的最重要信号模块之一,在哺乳动物细胞中最为常见,几乎参与绝大多数细胞的生理和病理反应。MAPK响应各种环境压力刺激,包括细菌感染和炎症,以此调节宿主的免疫反应。近期研究表明,病原菌在感染期间会释放特定效应物或毒素来劫持MAPK通路,劫持方式分为两种,一种是通过降解关键蛋白影响信号传导,更主要的一种是影响宿主细胞翻译后修饰,如磷酸化、泛素化等来调节诸多细胞进程。本文讨论了MAPK在先天免疫中的调节激活过程,并研究病原细菌如何进化出复杂机制来操纵MAPK激活以增强自身感染,以及作为新型抗病原感染和肿瘤免疫治疗靶点的潜在作用。     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路在脓毒症器官功能障碍中的作用

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK)信号通路是多种细胞信号转导、疾病的发生发展中的重要信号通路,在脓毒症的病情进展中发挥重要作用,是导致器官功能障碍发生的关键通路之一。该文就p38 MAPK在炎症介质的释放、氧化应激损伤、细胞凋亡、钙离子超载等方面的作用进行综述,阐述了p38 MAPK在脓毒症器官功能障碍方面的作用及其近年来的研究进展。     

MAPK/ERK 和 MAPK/P38 信号通路的活化参与沙眼衣原体诱导前炎因子的产生

沙眼衣原体感染可导致沙眼、性传播性疾病、不孕症等疾病,主要病理表现是炎症反应引起的组织损伤和瘢痕.因此,沙眼衣原体诱导产生的炎症因子是导致疾病的关键,沙眼衣原体可直接感染内皮细胞产生各种前炎因子,但其机制目前还不清楚.通过ELISA和免疫印迹等方法,检测到沙眼衣原体感染HeLa229细胞可产生IL-8,IL-1α,IL-1β,IL-6等前炎因子,并且沙眼衣原体感染可以主要激活宿主细胞MAPK/ERK和MAPK/P38信号通路.抑制MAPK/ERK和MAPK/P38信号通路显示,两条通路在沙眼衣原体感染过程中参与调节不同的炎症因子产生.MAPK/P38信号通路的活化参与调控IL-1α,IL-6的产生,而IL-8则同时受MAPK/ERK和MAPK/P38两条通路的调控.     

p38γ/SAPK3信号传导通路及其生物学功能

p38γ（又称为SAPK3、ERK6）是MAPK家族的一个新成员,其组织分布具有高度特异性,在骨骼肌中大量表达。p38γ／SAPK3信号传导通路可引起多种细胞生物学反应,如细胞增殖、分化、转化及凋亡等,其级联途径的上游分子及激活方式、下游分子及效应方式又与MAPK家族其他成员显著不同。本文重点讨论近年来国内外对p38γ／SAPK3的结构、信号通路组成及其生物学功能的研究进展。     

卵巢癌细胞与巨噬细胞共培养对B7-H1表达的影响及机制

为了探讨卵巢癌细胞与巨噬细胞共培养后对B7．H1表达的影响及其可能机制,利用佛波酯（PMA）诱导THP-1或外周血单核细胞分化为巨噬细胞后,与人卵巢癌细胞株SKOV3体外非接触共培乔24h,qRT-PCR、Western blot以及流式细胞术分别检测SKOV3与巨噬细胞B7-H1的表达：进一步利用NF-KB、JAK2／STAT3、p38MAPK信号通路的抑制剂作用于共培养体系,检测B7-H1表达的变化,以探讨其机制。结果显示,共培养24h后,SKOV37L巨噬细胞B7-H1mRNA和蛋白的表达较非共培养组均显著升高（P〈0．05）,而阻断NF-κB、JAK2／STAT3、p38MAPK信号通路后,B7-H1的上调均明显被抑制（P〈0．05）。SKOV3与巨噬细胞共培养后B7-H1的表达升高伊〈0．05）,其机制可能涉及到NF—κB、JAK2／STAT3、p38MAPK信号通路的激活。     

p38 MAPKs在细胞周期调控中的作用

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)作为MAPK家族的成员,传统认为它主要参与调控细胞应激反应和免疫反应。近年来发现它还参与调控细胞的增殖、凋亡和分化。在不同应激刺激下,p38 MAPKs通过多条信号转导通路作用于细胞周期的各个检验点,抑制细胞增殖,阻滞细胞于不同周期。     

Inhibition of TRAIL-induced apoptosis by IL-8 is mediated by the p38-MAPK pathway in OVCAR3 cells

Introduction: TRAIL (TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand) is a member of the TNF superfamily of cell death inducing ligands. Interestingly, while malignant cells are responsive to TRAIL-induced cell death when used alone or in combination with other agents, normal cells do not appear to be sensitive to this ligand, making it a desirable therapeutic compound against many cancers, including many ovarian carcinomas. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a member of the C-X-C chemokine family, has been found to be at significantly higher level in the ascites from patients with ovarian cancer. We have previously demonstrated a role for IL-8 in blocking TRAIL's ability to induce apoptosis in the ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR3, possibly by repressing the DR4 TRAIL receptor expression and blocking caspase-8 cleavage. In addition, we showed a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily, p38γ, is among the genes regulated in OVCAR3 cells by TRAIL and IL-8. The present study further investigates involvement of the p38 MAPK pathway in IL-8's ability to block TRAIL-induced apoptosis in the ovarian surface epithelial cancer cell line, OVCAR3. Results: In this study we demonstrate that p38γ as well as p38α play a significant role in IL-8's ability to block TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Through array analysis, as well as confirmation with other methods, we detected regulation of p38γ and p38α following treatment of the cancer cell line with IL-8 or TRAIL. We also tested two other isoforms of p38 MAPK, p38β and p38δ, but did not find significant regulation by IL-8 or TRAIL. We also examined activation of the p38 MAPK pathway, up-stream as well as down-stream, and noticed activation of the pathway following treatment with TRAIL and decreased activity when IL-8 was introduced. With the use of specific inhibitors, we were able to further confirm the role of this pathway in TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and IL-8's ability to block this apoptosis, in ovarian cancer cell lines. Conclusion: Taken together, these results further solidify the role of IL-8 in blocking the TRAIL-induced apoptosis in these ovarian carcinoma cells and provide new molecular insight into this potentially important therapeutic target.     

p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinases is required for counteraction of 2-methoxyestradiol to estradiol-stimulated cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cells via phosphorylation Bcl-2

INTRODUCTION: 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), a natural endogenous product of estradiol (E2) metabolism, has been shown to be a selective apoptotic agent for cancer cells but not for normal cells. In this study, we determined that 2ME2 counteracts E2-stimulated cell growth and induces apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cells. In addition, we demonstrate that 2ME2 induces apoptosis via p38 and phospho-Bcl2 pathway. METHODS: 2ME2 and/or E2 were administered to the OVCAR-3 (human ovarian cancer) cell line. Cell growth inhibition was analyzed by [3H] Thymidine incorporation assay and DNA fluorometric assay. Cell apoptosis was tested by DNA fragmentation analysis and FACS. The signaling pathway was determined by a series of biochemical assays. RESULTS: 2ME2 inhibited estradiol-stimulated cell growth and induced apoptosis in an ovarian carcinoma cell line. MAPK and p38, but not JNK, were found to be critical mediators in this process. Expression of a dominant negative mutant of p38 kinase or p38 specific inhibitor, SB 203580, almost completely blocked the process. Furthermore, Bcl-2 phosphorylation was required for 2ME2-induced effects. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that 2ME2 inhibits E2-stimulated proliferation and induces apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cells. Furthermore, activation of p38 and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 plays a critical role in the mechanism. 2ME2 therefore, may have a clinical application for the treatment of ovarian cancer.     

Modulation of MAPK activities during egg activation in Drosophila

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play essential roles during oocyte maturation and egg activation and are also active in somatic cell cycle regulation in many animals. In clams, starfish, ascidians, mice, and frogs, the species-specific timing of MAPK activity during oocyte maturation and egg activation correlates with the different meiotic arrest points of these various organisms. Furthermore, MAPKs have been shown to regulate the meiotic cell cycle in marine invertebrates and vertebrates. The initial trigger for egg activation in insects is different from that of marine invertebrates and vertebrates, and it was not previously known whether changes in MAPK activity accompany egg activation in insects. To examine the regulation of MAPKs during Drosophila egg activation and early embryogenesis, we quantified the levels of phosphorylated (active) forms of ERK, p38 and JNK by western blotting with antibodies specific to the phospho-forms of these kinases. Levels of phospho-ERK, phospho-p38 and phospho-JNK are high in Drosophila oocytes. Upon egg activation, levels of all these phospho- (active) forms of MAPKs decrease. Fertilization is not required for this decrease, consistent with the independence of egg activation from fertilization in Drosophila. The decrease in levels of phospho-MAPK occurs normally in embryos laid by sterile females mutant in the egg activation genes cortex, sarah, and prage. We present a model in which the decrease in MAPK activity is an intermediate step in the pathway leading from the calcium signal that initiates egg activation to the downstream events of activation.     

Activating p38 MAPK: New Tricks for an Old Kinase

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) participate in signaling initiated by a wide variety of extracellular stimuli. MAPKs are most commonly activated by a series of phosphorylation events in which one kinase phosphorylates another, the “MAPK cascade”. The cascade concludes with the dual phosphorylation of MAPKs on a conserved Thr-X-Tyr motif. In the case of the p38 MAPK, an exception to this paradigm has been found when signaling via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). Rather than trigger the MAPK cascade, TCR-mediated stimulation activates proximal tyrosine kinases, which results in the phosphorylation of p38 on a noncanonical activating residue, Tyr-323. This phosphorylation activates p38 to phosphorylate third party substrates as well as its own Thr-X-Tyr motif. Here we discuss the structural and functional implications of this alternative p38 activation pathway, which may provide a new target for tissue-specific pharmacologic inhibition.