甘肃灵台文王沟晚中新世-早更新世小哺乳动物

大量小哺乳动物化石在地层中的分布,将文王沟剖面２３层划分出５个生物地层带;Ⅰ带相当于榆社马会组;Ⅱ带与Ⅲ带相同庄组;Ⅳ带相当于麻则沟组;Ⅴ带为午城贡土底部。根据生物属种转换判定出４个主要生物事件发生时期,分别在５．８、３．６、．３０、２．４Ｍａ左右。每一个生物事件集中发生的时期指示生态环境的一次显著向干冷方向变化。     

甘肃灵台小石沟晚中新世─上新世 小哺乳动物生物地层

根据发现的大量小哺乳动物化石,将甘肃灵台小石沟７２０７４（４）地点剖面划分出４个生物地层带。Ｉ带与榆社马会组化石组合相当,为中新世晚期;Ⅱ带、Ⅲ带及Ⅳ带代表中国上新世较为完整的小哺乳动物生物地层层序。     

甘肃灵台小石沟晚中新世—上新世小哺乳动物生物地层

根据发现的大量小哺乳动物化石,将甘肃灵台小石沟７２０７４（４）地点剖面划分出４个生物地层带,Ⅰ带与榆社马会组化石组合相当,为中新世晚期;Ⅱ带、Ⅲ带及Ⅳ带代表中国上新世较为完整的小哺乳动物生物地层层序。     

辽宁凌源及内蒙古宁城地区下白垩统义县组脊椎动物生物地层

辽宁凌源及相邻内蒙古南部宁城地区义县组发现多个重要脊椎动物化石地点,通过岩 石地层、脊椎动物生物地层和同位素年代地层对比,建立了该地区义县组地层层序。凌源一宁 城地区义县组有 ２个脊椎动物化石层位：下部道虎沟层含 Ｌｙｃｏｐｔｅｒａｅｒ Ｉｃｈｔｈｙｏｆａｕｎａ, Ｐｓｉｔｔａｃｏｓａｕｒｕｓ Ｆａｕｎａ和Ｃｏｎｆｕｃｉｕｓｏｒｎｉｓ Ａｖｉｆａｕｎａ等３个动物群,可以与北票尖山沟层的四合 屯脊椎动物化石群对比,层位相当于义县组一、三段;上部大王杖子（大新房子）层含 Ｌｙｃｏｐｔｅｒａ Ｉｃｈｔｈｙｏｆａｕｎａ和Ｌｉａｏｘｉｏｒｎｉｓ Ａｖｉｆａｕｎａ等２个动物群,为义县组中部沉积,在四合屯地 区缺失。冀北丰宁四岔口－森吉图地区义县组脊椎动物化石层对应于凌源大王杖子层;滦平 大北沟组为义县组最下部沉积,其上覆的大店子组相当于宁城道虎沟层和北票四合屯义县组 一、三段。热河群义县组和九佛堂组发现３个连续的鸟类群;义县组下部Ｃｏｎｆｕｃｉｕｓｏｒｎｉｓ Ａｖｉｆａｕｎａ、义县组中部Ｌｉａｏｘｉｏｒｎｉｓ Ａｖｉｆａｕｎａ和九佛堂组Ｃａｔｈａｙｏｒｎｉｓ－Ｃｈａｏｙａｎｇｉａ Ａｖｉｆａｕｎａ。义 县组和九佛堂组Ｌｙｃｏｐｔｅｒａ　Ｉ     

江西二叠-三叠系界线层的牙形刺及Hindeodus-Isarcicela的演化谱系

对江西修水清水岩乡东岭剖面和乐平沿沟剖面的再研究表明,ＨｉｎｄｅｏｄｕｓｐａｒｖｕｓＭｏｒｐｈｏｔｙｐｅ１在东岭剖面首现于大冶组的最低层位,生物地层界线与岩石地层界线一致,仅比事件地层界线高５－６ｃｍ。沿沟剖面Ｈｉｎｄｅｏｄｕｓｐａｒｖｕｓ带厚仅３６ｃｍ,其首现与岩石地层界线也一致。张克信等提出的Ｈ．ｌａｔｉｄｅｎｔａｔｕｓ→Ｈ．ｐａｒｖｕｓ→Ｈ．ｔｕｒｇｉｄｕｓ→Ｉ．ｉｓａｒｃｉｃａ的演化谱系需作进一步修正。依据华南的资料,本文第一作者提出新的演化谱系：Ｈ．ｌａｔｉｄｅｎｔａｔｕｓ→Ｈ．ｐａｒｖｕｓ→Ｉ．ｓｔａｅｓｃｈｅｉ→Ｉ．ｉｓａｒｃｉｃａ。Ｈ．ｔｕｒｇｉｄｕｓ并不在此演化系列中,它属Ｈｉｎｄｅｏｄｕｓ的另一分枝。二叠三叠系界线层的牙形刺应区分出浮游相与浅水相。在浮游相,牙形刺序列为：（１）ＣｌａｒｋｉｎａｃｈａｎｇｘｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＣ．ｄｅｆｌｅｃｔａ带,（２）Ｃ．ｃａｒｉｎａｔａ带,（３）Ｃ．ｐｌａｎａｔａ带。在浅水相,牙形刺序列为：（１）Ｈ．ｌａｔｉｄｅｎｔａｔｕｓ带,（２）Ｈ．ｐａｒｖｕｓ带,（３）Ｉ．ｓｔａｅｓｃｈｅｉ带,（４）Ｉ．ｉｓａｒｃｉｃａ带,（５）Ｈ．ｐｏｓｔｐａｒｖｕｓ带     

西藏定日县贡扎上白垩统浮游有孔虫与桑顿阶/坎潘阶界线的厘定

白垩纪是大洋缺氧及生物灭绝等重大地质事件频发的一个时期,也是全球气候变暖的重要时期。因此,白垩纪研究对于探讨地质历史时期地球的系统演化,尤其是生物与环境之间的协同演化关系,具有十分重要的意义。西藏定日贡扎剖面保存着上白垩统较为完整的地层序列,文中对上白垩统岗巴村口组和宗山组剖面岩石样品中获得的有孔虫化石进行研究,鉴定出有孔虫化石8属22种,识别出Dicarinella asymetrica、Globotruncanita elevata、Globotruncana ventricosa、Radotruncana calcarata等4个有孔虫化石带。根据有孔虫化石确定贡扎剖面的地层时代为晚白垩世桑顿期(Santonian)至坎潘期(Campanian),桑顿阶/坎潘阶界线位于Dicarinella asymetrica带与Globotruncanita elevata带之间。     

生物多样性研究的几个国际热点

ＤＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＡＳ是国际上生物多样性研究的主要项目,到１９９５年时,这项目发展到一个新的阶段．研究内容由过去４个方面发展到目前代表ＤＩＶＥＲＳＹＦＡＳ核心的５个主要项目组成部分及４个交叉项目组成部分。系统学作为生物学的一门分支学科,它的重要任务之一就是要研究生命的多样性．为了世界性地提高对系统学研究重要性的认识,加强系统学基础设施和人才资源,国际上制定了２０００年系统学议程项目。此外,本文还介绍了ＩＵＢＳ组织的物种２０００项目。     

陕西宁强—四川广元地区奥陶系“涧草沟组”和宝塔组牙形刺生物地层研究之新进展

开展陕西宁强范家沟、赵家坝和四川广元谭家沟3条剖面奥陶系牙形刺生物地层研究。在宁强地区"涧草沟组"发现了凯迪阶中部的Protopanderodus insculptus生物带,它相当于湖北宜昌地区上奥陶统临湘组之同名带;宝塔组由上而下可划分为Hamarodus brevirameus,Baltoniodus variabilis,Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis和Y.foliaceus等牙形刺带,属达瑞威尔阶上部至凯迪阶下部,可与湖北宜昌地区中-上奥陶统牯牛潭组顶部至宝塔组的同名带对比;广元地区宝塔组则见Baltoniodus variabilis和Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis生物带,属达瑞威尔阶顶部至桑比阶,可与湖北宜昌地区庙坡组或南京地区大田坝组的同名带对比。上述发现改变了先前的认识:陕西宁强地区宝塔组划分为Hamarodus europaeus和Eoplacognathus jianyeensis两牙形刺带,与湖北宜昌地区庙坡组和宝塔组地层相当;四川广元地区宝塔组归入Pygodus serra-Eoplacognathus foliaceus牙形刺带,与湖北宜昌地区牯牛潭组对比。邱洪荣(1989)建立的4个新种可能是一些老属种不同形态的组成分子,因此在本文属种描述部分把它们分别列入相应属种的同义名录。     

甘肃董湾晚新近纪地层及中新统/上新统界线

古地磁测年表明,甘肃董湾晚新近纪剖面代表了7.3～3.5 Ma间的连续风成古土壤堆积。在74.8 m厚的剖面上,发现了小哺乳动物化石层位40个,共产出小哺乳动物39种。根据小哺乳动物组合特点,董湾剖面可以划分出4个生物地层带,Ⅰ+Ⅱ带为晚中新世晚期,相当于保德期;Ⅲ+Ⅳ带为上新世早期,相当于榆社期早期。中新统/上新统界线(5.33 Ma)位于剖面距顶部35.5 m处,比以鼢鼠Mesosiphneus最早出现为标志的生物地层Ⅲ带的底界低2 m。由于榆社阶底界直接对应于中新统/上新统界线,该剖面因其良好的地层和生物条件可被推荐为榆社阶界线层型的候选剖面。     

江西二叠—三叠系界线层的牙形刺及Hindeodus—Isarcicella的演化谱系

对江西修水清水岩乡东岭剖面和乐平沿沟剖面的再研究表明,Ｈｉｎｄｅｏｄｕｓ ｐａｒｖｕｓ Ｍｏｒｐｈｏｔｙｐｅ１在东岭剖面首现于大冶组的最低层位,生物地层界线与岩石地层界线一致,仅比事件地层界线高５－６ｃｍ,沿沟剖面Ｈｉｎｄｅｏｄｕｓ ｐａｒｏｕｓ带厚仅３６ｃｍ,其首现与岩石地层界线与一致。张克信等提出的Ｈ。ｌａｔｉｄｅｎｔａｔｕｓ→Ｈ．ｐａｒｏｕｓ→Ｉ．ｉｓａｒｃｉｃａ的演化谱系需作进一步修正。依     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.     

New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Stenotrachelidae, Oedemeridae, Meloidae, Myceteridae, Boridae, Pythidae, Pyrochroidae, Anthicidae, and Aderidae

We report 19 new species records for the faunal list of Coleoptera in New Brunswick, Canada, six of which are new records for the Maritime provinces, and one of which is new Canadian record. We also provide the first recent records for five additional species in New Brunswick. One new species of Stenotrachelidae, Cephaloon ungulare LeConte, is added to the New Brunswick faunal list. Additional records are provided for Cephaloon lepturides Newman, as well the first recent record of Nematoplus collaris LeConte. Two species of Oedemeridae, Asclera puncticollis (Say) and Asclera ruficollis (Say), are newly reported for New Brunswick, and additional locality and bionomic data are provided for Calopus angustus LeConte and Ditylus caeruleus (Randall). The records of Ditylus caerulus are the first recent records for the province. Three species of Meloidae, Epicauta pestifera Werner, Lytta sayi LeConte, and Meloe augustcollis Say are reported the first time for New Brunswick; Epicauta pestifera is newly recorded in Canada. Lacconotus punctatus LeConte and the family Mycteridaeis newly recorded for New Brunswick. The first recent records of Borus unicolor Say (Boridae) are reported from the province. One new species of Pythidae, Pytho siedlitzi Blair, and the first recent records of Pytho niger Kirby are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick. Three species of Pyrochroidae are newly reported for the province, including Pedilus canaliculatus (LeConte) and Pedilus elegans (Hentz), which are new for the Maritime provinces. Five species of Anthicidae and the first recent record of Anthicus cervinus LaFerté-Sénectére are newly reported for New Brunswick. Anthicus melancholicus LaFerté-Sénectère, Sapintus pubescens (LaFerté-Sénectère), Notoxus bifasciatus (LeConte), and Stereopalpus rufipes Casey are new to the Maritime provinces faunal list. Ambyderus granularis (LeConte) is removed from the faunal list of the province. Three species of Aderidae, Vanonus huronicus Casey, Zonantes fasciatus (Melsheimer), and Zonantes pallidusWerner, are newly recorded for New Brunswick; Zonantes fasciatus and Vanonus huronicus are new for the Maritime provinces' faunal list. Collection data, bionomic data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

Caprine blood groups. 2. The C,G, H,I, J,K, L,N, and Q systems

Nine blood group systems of goats were identified using 12 caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera. The caprine C blood group system, possibly homologous to the ovine C blood group system, was characterized by two reagents and shown to be controlled by three alleles,C ¹²,C ²⁵, andC ⁻. A more complex blood group system of goats, designated G, was identified using three reagents and shown to be controlled by six codominant alleles (G ^10.19.20,G ^10.19,G ^10.20,G ¹⁰,G ¹⁹,G ²⁰) and a recessive allele (G ⁻). A further seven one-factor two-allelic systems were identified by seven reagents. The nine genetic systems provided exclusion probabilities of 0.479, 0.492, 0.548, and 0.572 in Australian Angora, Dairy, Cashmere, and Texan Angora goat breeds, respectively. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.