龟纹瓢虫成虫对3种害虫的捕食作用

为明确天敌昆虫龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica对3种害虫莲缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae、紫薇长斑蚜Sarucallis kahawaluokalani和红带滑胸针蓟马Selenothrips rubrocinctus的捕食效应,分别在室内测定了龟纹瓢虫成虫对莲缢管蚜3~4龄若蚜、紫薇长斑蚜3~4龄若蚜和红带滑胸针蓟马2~3龄若虫的捕食作用。结果表明：龟纹瓢虫成虫对3种害虫的捕食效果可用Holling-Ⅱ模型进行拟合,对红带滑胸针蓟马2~3龄若虫的捕食能力最强,为192.14,对莲缢管蚜的捕食能力最弱,为91.12。龟纹瓢虫成虫对莲缢管蚜、紫薇长斑蚜和红带滑胸针蓟马的寻找效应呈线性相关,猎物密度越大寻找效应越低。龟纹瓢虫成虫对3种害虫的最佳搜寻密度分别为48.35、23.48和36.48头。由此可知,龟纹瓢虫对莲缢管蚜、紫薇长斑蚜和红带滑胸针蓟马具有一定的控害作用。     

外来入侵害虫——西花蓟马在山东省不同地区主要花卉上的分布

【背景】外来入侵害虫西花蓟马于2003年首次在北京郊区被发现,并逐渐扩散蔓延,目前已在我国局部地区暴发成灾。【方法】于2008～2009年通过定点调查的方法对山东省115个地区258个样点的主要花卉上的蓟马种类进行了分析。【结果】山东省主要花卉上发生的蓟马有11种,包括花蓟马、黄胸蓟马、黄蓟马、西花蓟马、棕榈蓟马、烟蓟马、禾花蓟马、横纹蓟马、腹小头蓟马、黑白纹蓟马、油加律带蓟马等,其优势种为花蓟马。外来入侵害虫西花蓟马在山东省18个地区的花卉上被发现。其中,荣成市区发生最重,占蓟马采集总量的51.86%;德州市区和青岛市区发生次之,分别占蓟马采集总量的34.21%和33.88%;其他地区西花蓟马发生量占采集总量的1.39%～18.75%。【结论与意义】西花蓟马已在山东省定殖并广泛分布,相关部门应做好西花蓟马的预防与控制工作。     

外来人侵害虫——西花蓟马在山东省不同地区主要花卉上的分布

【背景】外来入侵害虫西花蓟马于2003年首次在北京郊区被发现,并逐渐扩散蔓延,目前已在我国局部地区暴发成灾。【方法】于2008～2009年通过定点调查的方法对山东省115个地区258个样点的主要花卉上的蓟马种类进行了分析。【结果】山东省主要花卉上发生的蓟马有11种,包括花蓟马、黄胸蓟马、黄蓟马、西花蓟马、棕榈蓟马、烟蓟马、禾花蓟马、横纹蓟马、腹小头蓟马、黑白纹蓟马、油加律带蓟马等,其优势种为花蓟马。外来入侵害虫西花蓟马在山东省18个地区的花卉上被发现。其中,荣成市区发生最重,占蓟马采集总量的51．86％;德州市区和青岛市区发生次之,分别占蓟马采集总量的34．21％和33．88％;其他地区西花蓟马发生量占采集总量的1．39％～18．75％。【结论与意义】西花蓟马已在山东省定殖并广泛分布,相关部门应做好西花蓟马的预防与控制工作。     

闽台番石榴树冠害虫发生情况比较

2006～2007年对福建省番石榴树冠上的主要害虫种类、危害部位及程度进行调查,发现番石榴树冠主要害虫有8个目46个科72个种,其中害螨1种,以同翅目害虫种类最多,达32种.棉蚜、桃蚜、乌盔蚧、花蓟马等害虫的发生量最大,桔小实蝇对番石榴果实的为害最重.闺台两地番石榴共有的害虫有59种,隶属于6个目20个科,主要为同翅目害虫,占共有种类的69%;台湾特有的害虫有11种,隶属于4个目7个科,主要为同翅目和缨翅目害虫,比例达36%.     

昆明地区菊苗上优势种害虫的发生规律

为明确菊苗上优势种害虫的发生规律及季节动态，采用五点取样法，利用粘虫板对2018—2020年温室种植的菊苗上优势种害虫进行调查，利用四分位法对优势种害虫发生期进行划分，同时分析了菊苗上优势种害虫的发生规律、季节动态及时间生态位。结果表明：西花蓟马在一年大部分时间均可危害菊苗，主要发生期集中在4—8月，3年的发生高峰分别在5月、6月和7月，此时西花蓟马的种群数量分别为636、1411和256头·板^-1,西花蓟马的生态位宽度呈现逐年降低的趋势；菊潜叶蝇的生态位宽度较小，每年的危害主要集中在1—6月，主要发生期在3—6月，3年的发生高峰均在3月，此时菊潜叶蝇的种群数量可达256、239和124头·板^-1;桃蚜和白粉虱在3年的生态位宽度较大，说明桃蚜和白粉虱在菊苗上的发生时间最长，主要发生期均在2—4月，发生高峰在全年内不固定。4种害虫间的生态位重叠指数相似，说明4种害虫在发生的时间维度上具有相似性且存在竞争关系。因此，在防治菊苗优势种害虫时应以西花蓟马和菊潜叶蝇为主，1—6月主要防治菊潜叶蝇，3—10月主要防治西花蓟马。     

中国东北地区大豆主要食叶性害虫种类分析

2005～2007年,对大豆食叶性害虫种类开展了系统调查。共发现5目、15科、29种害虫。大豆蚜Aphisglycines Matsumura、茄无网长管蚜Acythosiphon solani(Kaltenbach)、豆黄蓟马Thrips nigropilosus Uzel、二条叶甲成虫Monolepta nigrobilineata(Motsch.)、双斑萤叶甲成虫Monolepta hieroglyphica(Motsch.)、大造桥虫Ascotis selenaria Schiffermüller et Denis幼虫及豆卜馍夜蛾Bomolocha tristalis Lederer幼虫为主要食叶性害虫。其中,大豆蚜、茄无网长管蚜田间发生较早,6月上旬已有发生;大造桥虫幼虫、豆卜馍夜蛾幼虫发生较晚,6月下旬后田间始见发生。豆黄蓟马成虫危害期为6月上旬至9月上旬,若虫危害期为6月中旬至8月下旬。二条叶甲成虫的危害期为6月上旬至9月下旬,双斑萤叶甲成虫发生期为7月上旬至9月上旬。     

中国蓟马蚜属研究：同翅目：斑蚜科

蓟马蚜属Thripsaphis Gillette是取食莎草科植物的一类害虫,其体细长,形似蓟马,因此而得名为蓟马蚜。在全世界已记载有18种。我国仅在1986年曾报道有1种。作者在整理东北和河北的标本时,发现2个新亚种和1个中国新记录种。文中还有中国已知种和亚种的检索表。所有研究标本均保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

大豆田节肢动物群落优势种群时间生态位及营养关系分析

【目的】阐明大豆田节肢动物群落时间生态位及营养关系,为大豆害虫生态调控手段的实施提供坚实的理论依据。【方法】以大豆田节肢动物群落为研究对象,通过两年的田间系统调查分析。【结果】统计得到种类220余种,物种可分为天敌、害虫和中性昆虫3个类群,以天敌物种丰富度最高;害虫中以烟蓟马Thrips tabaci(0.36902)和大豆蚜Aphis glycines(0.13122)优势度最高,且有着较高的生态位重叠指数(0.8163),蚜小蜂Aphytis sp.和大草蛉Chrysopa septempunctata对害虫的时间生态位重叠指数很高,其他天敌如异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis、龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica、黑带食蚜蝇Zyistrophe balteata和黑食蚜盲蝽Deraeocoris punctulatus等对害虫的重叠指数居中;大豆田中各类群构成错综复杂的食物网结构。【结论】综合考虑天敌的种群数量,确定捕食性天敌是控制害虫种群数量的有效天敌。研究可知不能单纯从时间生态位的重叠指数的高低来判断天敌的控制能力。     

多样化的棉田生态系统控害保益功能特征研究

应用数量分析与能量测定相结合的方法 ,定量地分析和比较了华北棉区多样化的套间作棉田生态系统与单作棉田生态系统中主要害虫、天敌的种群动态及其天敌对害虫的控制作用 .结果表明 ,多样化的套间作系统中苗蚜与 2代棉铃虫发生轻 ,而伏蚜与 3代棉铃虫发生重 ;套间作系统有利于天敌群落能量的生产 ,尤其是利于捕食性蜘蛛类群的能量生产 ;从棉田生态系统棉株 害虫 天敌相互作用关系来看 ,尽管间套作系统内天敌群落生产力增加 ,保护益虫 (天敌 )作用好 ,同时也增加了害虫群落生产力 ,其控害功能较差 .     

西花蓟马的鉴别及其与近缘种的区别

西花蓟马是我国2 0 0 3年在北京新发现的外来入侵害虫,因虫体很小鉴定困难。该文提供了西花蓟马详细的形态鉴别特征,同时给出了与西花蓟马相似的烟蓟马、花蓟马和佛罗里达花蓟马共4种花蓟马的鉴定检索表。     

The principal cotton pests and their economic thresholds in the Kilikien Plain in Southern Turkey

Agrotis ypsilon, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Bemisia tabaci, Heliothis armigera, Platyedra gossypiella, Earias insulana, Spodoptera littoralis are the major pests of cotton in the Kilikien Plain in Southern Turkey;Aphis gossypii, Spodoptera exigua, Empoasca spp. are occasional pests andThrips tabaci, Nezara viridula, Lygus spp.,Oxycarenus hyalinipennis are of little importance. Pest control is improved if the exact time of appearance and the biology and ecology of these insect pests are known.A. ypsilon can be controlled effectively and economically by seed treatment. Seed sterilization and the destruction of crop residues significantly reduce the offspring and infestation ofP. gossypiella andE. insulana. The number of chemical treatments forT. cinnabarinus, B. tabaci, H. armigera, S. littoralis can be reduced by the application of economic thresholds.     

西花蓟马、二斑叶螨与黄瓜新小绥螨的相互关系研究

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis（Pergande）和二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch是温室花卉与蔬菜上的重要害虫（螨）。植物常被两者同时危害。黄瓜新小绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris（Oudemans）是世界上广泛应用的温室蓟马的生物防治物,有时也被用来防治二斑叶螨。本研究中,在人工气候室盆栽条件下利用黄瓜新小绥螨防治西花蓟马和/或二斑叶螨。结果显示,当每豆株上接入10或20头二斑叶螨时,按照1∶4的益害比释放黄瓜新小绥螨可有效控制二斑叶螨。同样密度比的情况下,5和10头黄瓜新小绥螨的释放量可显著控制西花蓟马的接入量。二斑叶螨密度的增加没有显著影响到黄瓜新小绥螨对西花蓟马的控制作用。西花蓟马可捕食黄瓜新小绥螨的卵,日捕食量达1.2粒。本文对利用黄瓜新小绥螨防治温室中西花蓟马进行了讨论。     

An approach for IPM program to control sucking pests infesting garden bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Egypt

An approach to eatablish IPM program for some sucking pests infesting garden beans plants was carried out in two successive seasons of 2004 and 2005 under field conditions in Alexandria, Egypt. The sucking pests included the aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae), the white fly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyroidae) and the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch Pymetrozine, thiamethoxam, carbosulfan, abamectin, azadirachtin and the detergent (Masrol 410) were tested for their efficacy in this study. Thiamethoxam, carbosulfan, and pymetrozine proved to be highly effective against Aphis craccivora Koch, while abamectin, azadirachtin, and the detergent (Masrol 410) provided a moderate effect. Moreover, thiamethoxam, pymetrozine, and abamectin showed remarkable efficacy against adults and immature stages of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. However, azadirachtin provided a moderate effect, while carbosulfan and detergent (Masrol 410) had no effect altogether on whiteflies. In addition, abamectin induced the highest toxicity effect against the red spider mite, Teteranychus urticae followed by azadirachtin and the detergent that provided moderate effects. IPM program could be achieved by using abamectin, pymetrozine and azadirachtin in a sequence pattern throughout the whole season. Furthermore, the performance of the used agrochemicals on certain nutritional elements of beans pods vr. Branco , i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, and magnesium were also studied with varied results.     

Efficacy of Silwet L-77 against several arthropod pests of table grape

Silwet L-77, an organosilicone surfactant, was applied to several arthropod pests of California table grapes. Eggs of grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn), and omnivorous leafroller, Platynota stultana Walsingham, were tolerant to 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5% treatment solutions; however, eggs of Pacific spider mite, Tetranychus pacificus McGregor, were highly susceptible with mortality >99.4% (0.1% Silwet L-77). Mortality of immature and adult stages of cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover), Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande), and Pacific spider mite (Tetranychus pacificus McGregor) was > or = 93.8, > or = 98.5, and > or = 99.4% for 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5% Silwet L-77, respectively. Grape mealybug crawlers had 100% mortality when treated with 0.5 and 1.0% Silwet L-77 solutions; however, mortality was only 6.7% when 0.1% Silwet L-77 was applied. 'Thompson Seedless' table grapes were not damaged when treated with up to 1% Silwet L-77; however, grapes treated with the 0.5 and 1.0% solutions appeared wet after removal from cold storage because of the effect of the surfactant spreading the water condensation. Grapes dried with the normal bloom on the berries when they reached room temperature.     

Nematophagous fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paecilomyces lilacinus</Emphasis> (Thom) Samson is also a biological agent for control of greenhouse insects and mite pests

Pathogenicity of nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson in control of the most destructive greenhouse pests such as: greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, glasshouse red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii and western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis was examined in laboratory and pot experiments. The fungus showed the greatest efficacy in controlling winged and wingless forms of the cotton aphid. The cotton aphid’s population was almost totally eliminated. In controlling the greenhouse whitefly, P. lilacinus was most successful when applied against nymphal growth stages (L₃-L₄). Control of the western flower thrips was most efficient against prepupal and pupal stages when the fungus was applied as a water spore suspension to the soil. When the fungus was applied at temperatures below 10 °C, it was able to reduce a glasshouse red spider mite population by 60%.     

Sensitivity of two greenhouse pests to vapours of essential oils

Vapours of essential oils extracted from cumin, Cuminum cyminum L., anise, Pimpinella anisum L., oregano, Origanum syriacum var bevanii (Holmes) Ietswaart and eucalyptus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn., were found to be toxic to two greenhouse pests, viz. the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Tetranychidae, Tetranychini) and cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glov. (Aphididae, Aphidini). In general, a minimum dose of 0.5 µl/l air and 2–3 days of exposure was required for 99% mortality using essential oils of the first three plants.     

Amount and time course of ingestion of plant subcellular fractions by two thrips and one reference mite species

Thrips are known as cell-feeding sucking pests, but little information is available on which and how much of each subcellular fraction they ingest. In this study, the ingested amounts of nuclei and plastids in two representative thrips species (the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and the garden thrips, Frankliniella intonsa) along with two reference sucking pests (the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, a cell feeder, and the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, a sap feeder) were quantified by quantitative PCR using phytoene desaturase and rubisco as respective marker genes following feeding. The ingested amounts of plastids were significantly greater than those of nuclei in the thrips and mite species. In the thrips species, however, the fold differences in ingested amount between the two fractions were substantially lower than their original ratio in intact plant cells, suggesting that thrips ingest nuclei more selectively than plastids. Unlike the thrips species, the ratio between nuclei and plastids increased in T. urticae. In contrast to these cell-feeding insects, no subcellular fraction was detected in N. lugens. These findings suggest that transgenic expression of foreign hairpin RNA in the nucleus would deliver a substantial amount of target molecules to cell-feeding sucking pests, but not sap-feeding pests, when employing ingestion RNA interference-based control strategies.     

Cotton pests and their natural enemies in Madagascar

An update on the cotton pest complex and its associated natural enemies in Madagascar is provided. Since the end of the 1970s, when the previous reports had been published, the population dynamics of the principal pests in Malagasy cotton have undergone considerable changes. The American bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lep., Noctuidae) is still a limiting factor for production and can be considered the key pest, whereas the Egyptian leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lep., Noctuidae) and the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom., Aphididae) have become significant pests as a result of indiscriminate use of synthetic pyrethroids in the 1980s. New records of beneficials, in particular the discovery of the aphidopathogenic fungus Neozygites fresenii (Nowakowski) (Entomophthorales) in cotton aphid populations, are reported. Strategies to preserve predator populations in view of reducing disruptive insecticide treatments are discussed.     

The relative injuriousness of insect pests of cotton in the Namoi Valley,New South Wales

The sequence and relative injuriousness of insect pests was studied for three successive years in unsprayed cotton of the Namoi Valley. Heliothis punctigera Wallengren, the native budworm, and to a lesser extent H. armigera (Hübner), the cotton bollworm, prevented the setting of full crops by destroying buds and bolls. After setting, high proportions of bolls were injured by Earias huegeli Rogenhofer, the rough bollworm. Incidental damage was caused to seedlings by Thrips imaginis Bagnall, the plague thrips, and lo leaves by Anomis flava Fabricius, the cotton looper, and by Austracris guttulosa (Walker), the spur-throated locust. In commercial crops, pest control must rely on the use of broad-spectrum insecticides: H. armigera is currently resistant to several of these, and has become the principal species in the local population of cotton pests. A number of enviromental features impede the natural control of pests in the southerly areas where cotton is now produced. In comparison to the older dryland cropping practised in central Queensland, a higher yield is necessary to cover the production costs of irrigated cotton; a shorter growing season prevents the plants from compensating effectively for insect damage and the natural enemies of cotton pests are less abundant and less active.     

东亚小花蝽对西方花蓟马和二斑叶螨的捕食选择性

多食性天敌对猎物的捕食选择性及猎物密度对天敌捕食的干扰作用直接影响到天敌对不同猎物的控制作用.在实验室条件下研究了东亚小花蝽对西方花蓟马和/或二斑叶螨不同虫态的捕食选择性,以及两猎物中一种猎物的密度变化对小花蝽取食另一种猎物的影响.结果如下:东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和成虫对西方花蓟马2龄若虫的捕食选择性均强于对其成虫,对二斑叶螨的选择性为雌成螨>若螨>幼螨.实验中西方花蓟马2龄若虫是东亚小花蝽最喜好的虫态.二斑叶螨雌成螨密度固定为60头/19.63cm2,西方花蓟马若虫密度从10增加到60时显著地减少了东亚小花蝽对二斑叶螨的取食.反之,固定西方花蓟马同样密度,增加二斑叶螨密度却没有显著改变小花蝽对西方花蓟马的取食.此结果进一步表明,西方花蓟马是东亚小花蝽更喜好的猎物.