中国大鲵肝脏的超微结构

应用透射电镜对中国大鲵的肝脏进行了超微结构研究.观察表明,大鲵肝不具肝小叶,与其他脊椎动物有所不同.肝细胞含有单个卵圆形的核;细胞质内含有粗面内质网、高尔基囊泡、线粒体、糖原颗粒和脂滴等细胞器和内含物.胆小管由两个相邻肝细胞质膜凹陷围成,而肝血窦则由内皮细胞的胞质构成.胆小管腔和窦周隙内浸润许多由肝细胞发出的微绒毛结构.还发现了枯否氏细胞和贮脂细胞.还讨论了中国大鲵肝脏的一般形态结构特点.     

唐鱼肝脏显微和超微结构观察

应用光镜和透射电镜对繁殖期间唐鱼Tanichthys albonubes肝脏组织的显微和超微结构进行了观察。结果显示,唐鱼肝细胞具单核,中央核仁显著;细胞质内分布着粗面内质网、线粒体、糖原颗粒和脂滴等细胞器和内含物。胆小管由2～3个相邻肝细胞质膜凹陷围成,而肝血窦则由内皮细胞的胞质、成纤维细胞等参与构成。肝细胞与周边细胞通过3种不同方式进行联系:肝细胞之间的紧密连接;与血窦的间接连接;与胆小管的邻接。这些联系方式显示了肝脏具有内分泌腺和外分泌腺功能的特点。研究还发现雌性唐鱼肝脏具有"暗"细胞和"淡"细胞两种类型。本文还讨论了唐鱼肝脏与其他硬骨鱼类肝脏一般组织结构和超微结构的异同点。     

三疣梭子蟹精子的发生及超微结构研究

用透射电镜观察三疣梭子蟹的精子发生过程及精子的超微结构。发现精原细胞较大，卵圆形。核大而圆，染色质分散，附着于核膜之内侧。胞质少，内含线粒体和粗面内质网等结构。初级精母细胞比精原细胞略小，卵圆形，核内染色质凝聚成团块，散布于核质中，除线粒体外，胞质中尚含有很多内质网小泡和游离核糖体。次级精母细胞多边形，核卵圆形，染色质致密，线粒体等含量均下降。早期精细胞质中由内质网产生许多颗粒，这些颗粒合并成为大     

金线蛙冬眠期与出眠初期肝脏比较细胞学研究

本实验对金线蛙冬眠期与出眠初期肝脏进行了比较细胞学研究。结果表明冬眠期肝细胞含有大量糖元颗粒和一些脂滴，线粒体数目少，未见粗面内质网；出眠初期糖元颗粒稀少但仍有脂滴，粗面内质网丰富，线粒体数目多，这提示蛙类在冬眠中优先依靠消耗糖元维持生存。此外，本文还对两个时期肝细胞中细胞器种类和数量变化的意义进行了讨论。     

脂质营养对中华绒螯蟹幼体肝胰腺超微结构的影响

采用透射电镜技术研究了中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis)各期幼体肝胰腺的超微结构,结果表明,蟹的肝胰腺腺管上皮由Ｅ,Ｆ,Ｂ和Ｒ４种细胞组成,其中Ｅ细胞为胚胎细胞,能分化成其他３种细胞;Ｂ,Ｒ和Ｆ细胞均呈,高柱状,腔面有发达的微绒毛,基底部有基膜,呈明显的极性分布;Ｂ细胞粗面内质网丰富,胞质中有１－２个大液泡,起分泌作用,属分泌液;Ｆ细胞内含发达的粗面内质网,还可见酶原颗粒;Ｒ细胞胞质中有丰富的滑面内质网、游离的核糖体和脂肪滴,主要起贮存养人的作用。细胞的连接有紧密连接和中间连接２种方式。与脂质营养缺乏时相比,脂质营养充足的幼体其肝胰腺超微结构有如下特点：Ｒ细胞质中有连多的脂肪滴,线粒体呈饱满的圆形或椭圆形,且膜未见有内陷或萎缩,滑面内质网膨胀成小泡状结构。     

慢性丙型肝炎肝细胞及细胞器病变特点研究

目的观察不同炎症程度的丙型肝炎肝细胞及细胞器超微结构,了解不同炎症程度的丙型肝炎患者肝细胞超微结构特征。方法收集6例经肝穿刺活检病理确诊的轻度、中度、重度丙型肝炎肝组织标本各2例,同时选取2例肝移植中的正常供肝组织作为对照,对照光镜特点,对各病例电镜下的肝细胞器超微结构特点进行分析总结。结果光镜下观察到轻度慢性丙型肝炎以肝细胞水肿变性为主;中度慢性丙型肝炎以汇管区炎症为主伴淋巴滤泡形成;重度慢性丙型肝炎肝小叶内易见肝细胞点状坏死,纤维组织增生并可见弓形纤维或假小叶形成。电镜下观察到与正常肝细胞相比较,轻度慢性丙型肝炎病例中肝细胞胞浆内粗面内质网减少、滑面内质网增多;中度慢性丙型肝炎表现为肝细胞胞浆内脂滴稍增多,部分伴脂滴融合,胞浆内局灶可见胶原纤维;而重度慢性丙型肝炎的肝细胞内可见线粒体凝聚、融合和变性,糖原增多,脂滴进一步呈大泡型脂变并融合,细胞核内可见包涵体形成。结论不同炎症程度的丙型肝炎肝细胞具有不同的超微结构特征。     

可口革囊星虫肾管肌组织的结构特征

采用显微及亚显微技术观察了可1：7革囊星虫肾管肌组织的结构特征。肾管肌组织位于柱状上皮层下,由纵肌及环肌组成。肌细胞（肌纤维）呈长梭形,核位于细胞边缘并明显突向细胞外基质中,核周围有较多线粒体及少量内质网。肌纤维表面有许多囊状或指状突起的肌质囊,内含肌浆、光面内质网、线粒体及糖原颗粒。肌质囊之间的肌膜内面具膜相关电子致密斑。肌纤维内含粗、细两种肌丝,细肌丝围绕在粗肌丝周围,在肌丝之间分布有糖原颗粒、线粒体及胞质致密体。线粒体及糖原为肌纤维的代谢提供能量,肌组织的收缩对促进肾管的过滤排泄及繁殖时配子进入肾管可能起重要作用。     

武昌六前鞭虫胞器超微结构的研究

对武昌六前鞭虫胞器的超微结构进行了观察,发现R鞭毛复合体的内下方有分散的微管,两根R鞭毛复合体之间和外方具少量的粗面内质网,而虫体周边分布较多.粗面内质同外周被发达的微管.生毛体与胞核之间有胞咽和小盾结构.胞质中有较多的食物泡,未见到线粒体、高尔基体和表膜下微管结构.另外对粗面内质网的结构、功能以及种的鉴定等方面也作了讨论.       

荒漠沙蜥冬眠前与冬眠中期肝脏、胰腺、脂肪体超微结构的比较

对荒漠沙蜥（Phrynocephalus przewalskii）冬眠前及冬眠中期的肝脏、胰腺和脂肪体的超微结构进行了比较观察。结果表明,荒漠沙蜥肝脏、胰腺和脂肪体中的糖原颗粒、脂滴、内质网、线粒体等细胞结构有明显变化。冬眠中期胰腺腺泡细胞线粒体中出现致密颗粒,核周间隙增宽,核中出现无定形体。文中对上述结果的生理意义进行了讨论。     

麝鼠泌香期香囊腺形态及组织结构的研究

麝鼠香囊腺由腺细胞、支持细胞和排香管组成。其分泌腺属复管泡状腺。发育初期的腺泡胞质内含有大量的粗面内质同、光滑内质网、高尔基复合体、中心粒和线粒体、香腺细胞间连接发达,桥粒、半桥粒广为分布。胞质内含有电子致密度高和电子致密度低的两种分泌颗粒。其分泌方式为顶浆分泌。     

Ultrastructure of liver cells of shrews]

It was established that the hepatocytes of least shrew (Sorex minutissimus) contained 1-2 nucleus with wide nuclear pores and big nucleolus. There are abundant mitochondria with numerous crists in their matrix (many organelles were divided along the crists). Each mitochondrion was surrounded by the cistern of granular endoplasmic reticulum. The ultrastructure of Golgi complex (1-2 flat cisterns, small vesicles] indicated that the bile was secreted often, by small portions, that was the adaptation to repeated fractional feeding. There were many peroxisomes in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Lipid droplets were absent, glycogen granules were not at all hepatocytes. Sinusoidal cells had the usual structure. All sinusoids were open and consisted of the erythrocytes, fragments of hepatocyte cytoplasm and myelin figures in its lumen.     

Destructive and restorative processes of the liver in rats under intensive physical loading

The ultrastructure of rat liver cells after running exercise was investigated. When rats were trained for a month and sacrificed immediately after the last exercise it was revealed that the number of liver cells mitochondria increased, but many of them had alterations: mitochondria became swollen, had lucid matrix. There were some variations in degree of alterations between different mitochondria: a) in the same hepatocyte, b) in different hepatocytes of the same animal, that was connected with individual sensitivity of organelles on the levels of the cell and of the organ. Rough endoplasmic reticulum bore few ribosomes. Glycogen was absent. There were abundant vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, autophagic vacuoles and peroxisomes in the liver cell cytoplasm. Adaptation of rat liver to the exercise programme becomes evident by 1.5 month of exercise. Mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum were numerous and of normal structure. There were many peroxisomes and glycogen granules in the cytoplasm of hepatocyte. The presence of large autophagic vacuoles in the cytoplasm of some hepatocytes were obviously connected with more rapid destruction of some organelles, than in control.     

Ultrastructure of hepatocytes after local cooling of the liver

Electron-microscopic and stereometric study of hepatocyte ultrastructure with local liver cooling to -30 degrees C have been performed using the method of vital fixation by rat liver perfusion. Quantitative and qualitative data obtained testify to the presence of destructive changes in hepatocytes immediately after thawing expressed in hyaloplasm lightening, formation of cavities in cytoplasm and injury of mitochondria membrane and endoplasmic reticulum integrity. Changes in nuclear structure of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells (widening of nuclear pores and channels in condensed chromatine, as well as the presence of ribosomal complexes in the nucleus and edge position of the nucleolus) may be connected with the beginning of the reparation process.     

Ultrastructural study of liver cells from rooks living in ecologically unfavorable areas

The ultrastructure of liver cells was studied in rooks (Corvus frugilegus) living in radioactive and chemical contamination areas. The ultrastructure of liver cells from rook as well as jackdaw (Corvus monedula) and hooded crow (Corvus cornix) (Corvidae family) from a conventionally clean area was studied as control. Control hepatocytes proved to contain a great number of mitochondria, many of which were swollen and had clear matrix and disorganized cristae. The cristae nearly lacked glycogen and had abundant lipid droplets, which often tightly contacted mitochondria. The cytoplasm of hepatocytes in birds from both ecologically unfavorable areas had numerous mitochondria with the same ultrastructure. In contrast to control, the hepatocyte cytoplasm: (1) contained a lot of glycogen; (2) there were many lipid droplets, which directly contacted glycogen granules; and (3) had more abundant peroxisomes. In addition to normal erythrocytes, the sinusoids contained erythrocytes with mitochondria, vesicles, and lipid droplets in their cytoplasm. Analysis of many micrographs of lipid droplets contacting glycogen granules, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and cisterns of smooth endoplasmic reticulum allowed us to propose that glycogen is synthesized via gluconeogenesis from glycerol and products of fatty acid oxidation in the liver cell cytoplasm of rooks from ecologically unfavorable areas as distinct from control.     

Ultrastructure of the liver of the fingerling rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson

Portions of the livers of fingerling rainbow trout were studied by light and electron microscopy. The histology, cytology and ultrastructure of mesothelial cells, serosal fibroblasts, hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial cells, endothelial cells of central veins and blood cells were described. Mesothelial cells and fibroblasts constituted a very thin capsule. Hepatocytes contained extensive areas of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, consisting mainly of parallel cisternae and pools of glycogen. One or two nuclei and numerous mitochondria occurred in the areas of endoplasmic reticulum, but never in the pools of glycogen. Hepatocyte surface possibilities included hepatocyte to hepatocyte, hepatocyte to bile canaliculus, hepatocyte to space of Disse and hepatocyte to serosa. The trout liver was compared compared to channel catfish liver and to rat liver. Functional implications of the structural features were discussed.     

Quantitative study of hepatocytes from minipigs and minipig fetuses exposed to ethanol in vivo

The effect of ethanol on hepatocytes from pregnant minipigs and their half-term fetuses was studied with the aid of morphometric methods. In the pregnant minipigs the hepatocytes of the ethanol-treated animals showed a significant increase in the volume density of mitochondria, autophagic vacuoles, Golgi complexes and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and a significant decrease of glycogen. In the half-term fetuses the hepatocytes of ethanol-exposed animals showed no significant change in the volume density of mitochondria, peroxisomes, autophagic vacuoles, Golgi complexes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum or glycogen, and no significant change in the surface density of granular endoplasmic cisternae. The present investigation indicates that in the maternal hepatocyte certain cytoplasmic components are quantitatively changed by ethanol, whereas the volume and surface densities of identical components in the fetal hepatocyte are unaffected. The significance of these results is discussed.     

白鲟肝脏和胰脏的组织学与形态学研究

白鲟肝脏较大,可分为左右两大叶及小的中叶,胆囊位于右叶的凹缺内。肝板多由双层细胞构成,肝小叶不明显。肝内毛细胆小管由4个肝实质细胞围成。胰脏有3支,被厚的浆膜。胰岛明显。胰管与胆管汇合后共同开口于小肠最前部背面。对肝、胰实质细胞的显微或亚显微结构进行了描述。     

Occurrence of unusual heterogeneous lipid-containing granule-storing cells in the main excretory duct epithelium of the male mouse submandibular gland

Summary The fine structure of the main excretory duct epithelium of the male mouse submandibular glands was investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Three principal cell-types were observed: type I and II, and basal cells. This epithelium was characterized by the presence of intercellular canaliculi. Type-I cells were the most numerous. They had an abundance of mitochondria, well-developed Golgi apparatus, a few electron-lucent lipid-containing granules and poorly developed basal infoldings. These cells were also characterized by many glycogen granules throughout the cytoplasm and abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the apical cytoplasm. Type-II cells were the second most numerous. Their most characteristic feature was the presence of abundant heterogeneous lipid-containing granules having acid phosphatase activity at the periphery. They were concentrated in the infra- and supranuclear cytoplasm. The granules may be derived from mitochondrial transformation and seem to be a special kind of secondary autolysosome. Type-II cells also contained abundant mitochondria throughout the cytoplasm, much smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the apical cytoplasm, a well developed Golgi apparatus adjacent to the heterogeneous lipid-containing granules and no basal infoldings. Basal cells were situated adjacent to the basal lamina. They had a large nucleus and the cytoplasm was filled with glycogen granules.