甲胺磷和铜对黑土中乙草胺的蚯蚓生态解毒过程的影响

采用微宇宙培养法,通过蚯蚓对比试验,研究了甲胺磷和Cu分别与乙草胺共存条件下黑土中乙草胺降解过程的动态变化,探讨利用蚯蚓强化乙草胺解毒过程的可行性.结果表明,无论是否加入蚯蚓,在乙草胺单一污染的土壤中乙草胺的降解符合一级反应动力学规律;蚯蚓活动促进了乙草胺的降解解毒过程;土壤中甲胺磷或Cu分别与乙草胺共存时,对乙草胺的降解有抑制效应;甲胺磷与乙草胺复合及Cu与较高浓度乙草胺复合时,改变了乙草胺随时间的降解变化规律; 而Cu与较低浓度乙草胺复合时,对其降解解毒过程无明显影响.     

铜-毒死蜱对蚯蚓的联合毒性效应

为了揭示当前我国土壤环境中污染严重的代表性重金属铜和有机磷农药毒死蜱联合作用的毒性效应及风险,本研究以赤子爱胜蚓为模式生物,分别应用人工土壤法和滤纸法探讨铜、毒死蜱单一及复合暴露对蚯蚓生长及抗氧化防御系统的影响.结果表明: 随着铜、毒死蜱单一暴露浓度的增大,人工土壤法蚯蚓体质量增长率趋于降低;二者复合暴露组蚯蚓体质量变化则相对平缓.采用概率相加法求得不同浓度组合铜、毒死蜱对蚯蚓体质量联合作用的q值均小于0.55,表明二者的联合作用类型为显著拮抗作用.滤纸法铜、毒死蜱对蚯蚓过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性的联合作用类型主要为拮抗作用;而对还原型谷胱甘肽和丙二醛含量的影响表现为低浓度协同而高浓度拮抗的作用类型.     

土壤重金属污染对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应研究

测定了草甸棕壤条件下 ,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd单一 /复合污染对蚯蚓的急性致死及亚致死效应 .结果表明 ,Cu、Pb浓度与蚯蚓死亡率显著相关 (α=0 .0 5 ,RCu=0 .86 ,RPb=0 .87) ,Cu浓度与生长抑制率显著相关 (α=0 .0 5 ,RCu=0 .84) ,其他供试重金属浓度与蚯蚓死亡率和生长抑制率相关性不显著 .蚯蚓个体对重金属毒性的耐受程度差别较大 .其毒性阈值 (引起个体蚯蚓死亡浓度 )分别为 :Cu 30 0mg·kg-1,Zn 130 0mg·kg-1,Pb 170 0mg·kg-1,Cd 30 0mg·kg-1.LC50 分别为 :Cu 40 0～ 45 0mg·kg-1,Zn15 0 0～ 190 0mg·kg-1,Pb2 35 0～ 2 40 0mg·kg-1,Cd 90 0mg·kg-1.在Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd单一污染引起 >10 %蚯蚓死亡的浓度下 ,复合污染导致 10 0 %蚯蚓死亡 ,表明复合污染极强的协同效应 .     

乙草胺和甲胺磷对农田黑土可培养真菌数量及种群结构的影响

应用传统及PCR-DGGE方法(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis),分别对不同浓度乙草胺、甲胺磷胁迫下黑土中可培养真菌CFU(colony forming units)、种群丰富度(richness)及种群结构动态变化规律进行了研究.结果表明,在实验室微域条件下,乙草胺对黑土可培养真菌CFU的影响随处理浓度的增加而抑制作用增强,表现出由低浓度(50 mg·kg^-1)时的刺激生长到高浓度(250 mg·kg^-1)时的长期抑制效应;250 mg·kg^-1甲胺磷在8周处理过程中对土壤可培养真菌生长具有显著的刺激效应,使可培养真菌CFU比对照增加10倍,但50和150 mg·kg^-1甲胺磷处理对土壤可培养真菌CFU无显著影响.种群丰富度系数分析结果表明,高、中浓度乙草胺处理可使土壤可培养真菌种群丰富度不可逆地降低.土壤真菌rDNA特异PCR-DGGE聚类分析结果表明,不同浓度乙草胺、甲胺磷处理均不同程度地对土壤可培养真菌的种群组成和结构造成影响,其中甲胺磷尤为显著.     

高铜、高锌猪粪对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应研究

测定了高Cu、高Zn猪粪条件下Cu、Zn单一与复合污染对蚯蚓的急性致死及亚致死效应.结果表明,Cu、Zn浓度与蚯蚓死亡率显著正相关(a=0.05,r_Cu=0.99,r_Zn=0.99),与体重增长率显著负相关(a=0.05,r_Cu=-0.99,r_Zn=-0.96).蚯蚓个体对Cu、Zn的耐受程度不同,其毒性阈值(引起蚯蚓个体死亡浓度)分别为:Cu250mg·kg^-1、Zn400mg·kg^-1.LD₅₀分别为:Cu646.68mg·kg^-1、Zn947.38mg·kg^-1.复合污染情况下,Cu浓度为250、500mg·kg^-1时,Cu、Zn复合污染表现为协同效应;Cu浓度为750mg·kg^-1时,Cu、Zn复合污染表现为拮抗效应,可见,猪粪中Cu、Zn复合污染的毒性效应与各组浓度组合密切相关.     

重金属复合污染对小麦种子根活力的影响

应用二次回归旋转设计法,以小麦种子为材料,研究了水培条件下重金属复合污染对其根生长及活力的影响;借助回归分析建立了相应的数学模型,分析了Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb4种重金属对根活力的毒性、两两重金属问的联合作用以及各重金属的边际毒性效应．结果表明重金属对根活力的影响顺序为Pb＞Cu＞Cd＞Zn;Cu与Cd、Cu与Zn、Zn与Cd以及Cd与Pb元素间的互作效应显著;在0-20mg.L^-1浓度范围内,Cu和zn两元素在最小浓度时的边际效应值最大,Cd和Pb两元素的边际效应最大值却出现在最高浓度处．     

Cr6+和乙草胺对少根紫萍的毒性效应

采用水培实验方法,研究了重金属Cr6 和除草剂乙草胺对少根紫萍(Spirodela oligorrhiza L.)生长的单一毒性和联合毒性效应.结果表明,Cr6 和乙草胺对少根紫萍96 h生长抑制的IC50分别为15.4和6.95 mg* L-1,在质量浓度1∶ 1的情况下, Cr6 与乙草胺共存对少根紫萍96 h的IC50 为3.14 mg* L-1,二者为协同作用.随着Cr6 和乙草胺处理浓度的增加,少根紫萍叶绿素a浓度下降,复合污染对叶绿素a的影响明显大于单一污染,也表现为协同作用.另外,还对少根紫萍生长抑制实验进行了探讨,建议使用植物个体数和重复间的偏差作为衡量实验质量的指标.     

铅、镉及其复合污染对蚕豆根尖细胞的诱变效应

应用蚕豆根尖微核技术研究了Cd(1mgL^-1～25mgL^-1)、Pb(1mgL^-1～25mgL^-1)及其复合污染对根尖细胞的毒害作用,分析了重金属及复合重金属污染对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂和微核及染色体畸变的影响。结果表明：Cd、Pb及其复合处理对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂及染色体行为存在不同程度的影响。具体表现为：低浓度促进细胞分裂,高浓度则抑制细胞分裂;对染色体畸变的影响表现为：当浓度为1．0mgL^-1时Cd即产生显著效应,而Pb浓度达10．0mgL^-1时,表现出稳定的,强度较大的诱变效应,且随浓度的增加毒害增强。Cd、Pb间存在交互作用,Cd达低浓度时与Pb的交互作用明显而高浓度则不明显,且Cd、Pb间存在部分拮抗作用。     

铜、铅、镉、锌、汞和银离子复合污染对水螅的急性毒性效应

以水螅(Hydrasp)为例,通过单因子静态急性毒性试验方法和等毒性溶液法,分别研究Hg2 、Cu2 、Cd2 、Ag 、Zn2 和Pb2 对其单一和复合毒性效应。单一实验结果表明,它们对水螅毒性大小顺序为Hg2 >Cu2 >Cd2 >Ag >Zn2 >Pb2 。复合毒性实验表明,Zn2 与Cu2 、Hg2 、Pb2 、Ag ;Pb2 与Cu2 ;Hg2 与Ag ;Pb2 与Ag 这些组合对水螅联合急性毒性总体上表现出拮抗作用,Cd2 与Cu2 、Hg2 、Pb2 、Ag 组合总体上则是协同作用,Zn2 与Cd2 、Pb2与Hg2 、Cu2 与Hg2 ,Ag 在不同的浓度水平组合下明显表现出不同的毒性效应。     

多菌灵和敌百虫单一与复合污染对蚯蚓的毒性效应研究

采用滤纸接触法研究了赤峰市周边地区普遍使用的农药多菌灵和敌百虫单一与复合污染对蚯蚓毒性效应.单一试验结果表明蚯蚓在这两种农药作用下表现出不同的中毒症状和死亡情况,敌百虫的毒性大于多菌灵的毒性,48 h时多菌灵和敌百虫的LC50分别为1.2795 g·L-1和0.0511 g·L-1;复合试验结果表明,多菌灵与敌百虫混合后毒性减弱,即二者复合作用表现为拮抗作用.     

Carbaryl-induced behavioural and reproductive abnormalities in the earthworm Metaphire posthuma: a sensitive model

Carbaryl, an N-methyl carbamate insecticide, is used in India to control foliar insects, but, due to soil contamination, it also adversely affects non-target organisms such as earthworms. This paper deals with the toxic effects of carbaryl on the behavioural and reproductive profiles of the earthworm, Metaphire posthuma. Locomotion and geotaxis were significantly affected, even after a 20-minute exposure to 0.125ppm carbaryl. The hatching of cocoons was altered at 0.5ppm, whereas cocoon production was retarded even at 0.125ppm carbaryl. No cocoon production was observed at 2.0ppm carbaryl. Sperm head abnormalities were reported even at the lowest test concentration of 0.125ppm. Wavy head abnormalities were observed at 0.125ppm carbaryl, whereas at 0.25ppm and 0.5ppm, the sperm heads became amorphous and the head nucleus was turned into granules deposited within the wavy head. It is concluded that the earthworm could be used as an ecosystem model for the initial toxicity testing of environmental pollutants.     

菲、芘、1,2,4-三氯苯对土壤高等植物根伸长抑制的生态毒性效应

测定了草甸棕壤条件下,菲、芘、１,２,４—三氮苯对高等植物（小麦、白菜、西红柿）根伸长抑制串以及复合污染毒性效应。结果表明,菲、芘、１,２,４—三氮苯浓度与植物根伸长抑制串呈显著线性或对数相关（ｐ＝０．０５）。３种化学品对植物根伸长抑制的强弱顺序为１,２,４—三氮苯＞菲＞芘。这与３种化学品的水中溶解度大小显著相关。小麦是３种供试植物中对有机污染物最敏感植物。菲、芘、１,２,４—三氮苯复合污染主表现为协同作用。     

Comparative toxicity of ten organic chemicals to four earthworm species

Ten organic chemicals were tested for toxicity to four earthworm species: Allolobophora tuberculata, Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus, using the European Economic Community's (EEC) earthworm artificial soil and contact testing procedure. The phenols were the most toxic chemicals tested, followed by the amine, substituted benzenes, halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and phthalate as the least toxic chemical tested. Correlations among species within each type of test for a given chemical were extremely high, suggesting that the selection of earthworm test species does not markedly affect the assessment of a chemical's toxicity. The correlation between the two tests was low for all test species. The contact test LC50 for a given chemical cannot be directly correlated to an artificial soil test LC50 for the same earthworm species.     

Joint effects of acetochlor and urea on germinating characteristics of crop seeds

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in common use, joint toxic effects of acetochlor and urea on germinating characteristics of Chinese cabbage (Brassica Pekinensis Rupr) seeds were investigated using the water-culture method and the soil-culture method. The results indicatedthat excessive application of acetochlor and urea, when the coninhibitory effects on the rate of seed germination, root elongation and hypocotyl length of Chinese cabbage. The inhibitory rate of the germinating characteristics of Chinese cabbage seeds was significantly increased with an increase in the concentration of acetochlor or urea. The two agrochemicals in water had a stronger toxicity than these in the soil at the same concentration.Among the three indexes, hypocotyl length was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor and urea.     

Joint effects of acetochlor and urea on germinating characteristics of crop seeds

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in common use, joint toxic effects of acetochlor and urea on germinating characteristics of Chinese cabbage (Brassica Pekinensis Rupr) seeds were investigated using the water-culture method and the soil-culture method. The results indicated that excessive application of acetochlor and urea, when the concentrations were higher than 31.3 mg · kg^?1 for acetochlor and 500 mg · kg^?1 for urea, had strong inhibitory effects on the rate of seed germination, root elongation and hypocotyl length of Chinese cabbage. The inhibitory rate of the germinating characteristics of Chinese cabbage seeds was significantly increased with an increase in the concentration of acetochlor or urea. The two agrochemicals in water had a stronger toxicity than these in the soil at the same concentration. Among the three indexes, hypocotyl length was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor and urea.