CO2 flux dynamics and its limiting factors in the alpine shrub-meadow and steppe-meadow on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

高寒灌丛草甸和草甸均是青藏高原广泛分布的植被类型, 在生态系统碳通量和区域碳循环中具有极其重要的作用。然而迄今为止, 对其碳通量动态的时空变异还缺乏比较分析, 对碳通量的季节和年际变异的主导影响因子认识还不够清晰, 不利于深入理解生态系统碳通量格局及其形成机制。该研究选取位于青藏高原东部海北站高寒灌丛草甸和高原腹地当雄站高寒草原化草甸年降水量相近的5年(2004-2008年)的涡度相关CO₂通量连续观测数据, 对生态系统净初级生产力(NEP)及其组分, 包括总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸的季节、年际动态及其影响因子进行了对比分析。结果表明: 灌丛草甸的CO₂通量无论是季节还是年际累积量均高于草原化草甸, 并且连续5年表现为“碳汇”, 平均每年NEP为70 g C·m ^-2·a ^-1, 高寒草原化草甸平均每年NEP为-5 g C·m ^-2·a ^-1, 几乎处于碳平衡状态, 但其源/汇动态极不稳定, 在2006年-88 g C·m ^-2·a ^-1的“碳源”至2008年54 g C·m ^-2·a ^-1的“碳汇”之间转换, 具有较大的变异性。这两种高寒生态系统源/汇动态的差异主要源于归一化植被指数(NDVI)的差异, 因为NDVI无论在年际水平还是季节水平都是NEP最直接的影响因子; 其次, 灌丛草甸还具有较高的碳利用效率(CUE, CUE = NEP/GPP), 而年降水量和NDVI是决定两生态系统CUE大小的关键因子。两地区除了CO₂通量大小的差异外, 其环境影响因子也有所不同。采用结构方程模型进行的通径分析表明, 灌丛草甸生长季节CO₂通量的主要限制因子是温度, NEP和GPP主要受气温控制, 随着气温升高而增加; 而草原化草甸的CO₂通量多以季节性干旱导致的水分限制为主, 其次才是气温的影响, 受二者的共同限制。此外, 两生态系统生长季节生态系统呼吸主要受GPP和5 cm土壤温度的直接影响, 其中GPP起主导作用, 非生长季节生态系统呼吸主要受5 cm土壤温度影响。该研究还表明, 水热因子的协调度是决定青藏高原高寒草地GPP和NEP的关键要素。     

藏北高原植被物候时空动态变化的遥感监测研究

利用遥感数据提取的植被物候格局及时空变化特征能很好地反映区域尺度上植被对全球变化的响应。目前关于青藏高原地区植被物候的少量报道基本上是基于物候站点的观测记录展开分析的。该文基于非对称高斯拟合算法重建了藏北高原2001-2010年的MODIS EVI (增强型植被指数)时间序列影像, 然后利用动态阈值法提取整个藏北高原2001-2010年植被覆盖的重要物候信息, 包括植被返青期、枯黄期与生长季长度, 分析了植被物候10年间平均状况的空间分异特征以及年际变化情况, 并结合站点观测记录分析了气温和降水对植被物候变化的影响, 结果表明: (1)藏北高原植被返青期在空间上表现出从东南到西北逐渐推迟的水平地带性与东南高山峡谷区的垂直地带性相结合的特征, 近60%区域的植被返青期提前, 特别是高山地区; (2)植被枯黄期的年际变化不太明显, 大部分地区都表现为自然的年际波动; (3)生长季长度的时空变化特征由植被返青期和枯黄期二者决定, 但主要受返青期提前影响, 大部分地区生长季长度延长; (4)研究区内不同气候区划植被物候的年际变化以那曲高山谷地亚寒带半湿润区和青南高原亚寒带半干旱区的植被返青期提前和生长季延长程度最为明显; (5)基于气象台站数据分析气候变化对物候的影响发现, 返青期提前及生长季延长主要受气温升高的影响, 与降水的关系尚不明确。     

青海湖流域草地植被动态变化趋势下的物候时空特征

植被物候不仅直接受气候变化的影响,还反作用于气候变化。因此,明确植被物候变化的驱动机制对于进一步研究气候变化与物候的相互作用具有重要的意义。选取位于青藏高原东北部的青海湖流域,利用MODIS 16d增强植被指数(EVI)合成数据,来分析草地物候时空格局特征以及不同EVImax变化趋势下草地物候期(返青期、枯黄期及生长季)的变化趋势。研究得到以下结果:(1)在气候变化和人类活动等因素的共同作用下,青海湖流域的EVImax变化呈现多元化趋势,EVImax增加、不变、降低趋势并存;(2)1990—2012年期间,流域内温度上升、降水量增加趋势显著,温度上升速率为0.42—0.83℃/10a,降水量增加速率为43.20—44.68 mm/10a。刚察、天峻气象站草地返青期在2001—2012年期间呈现延迟趋势,枯黄期变化趋势不显著,生长季呈现缩短趋势;(3)流域内草地返青从4月下旬持续到6月上旬,枯黄期从8月中旬持续到10月上旬,青海湖东岸、南岸、布哈河入湖口区域以及流域西部山坡和平坦的谷底地区牧草最早进入返青期,返青空间格局呈现由湖岸向四周高海拔地区延伸趋势,草地枯黄空间格局与返青期相反;(4)不同EVImax变化趋势下,草地返青期、枯黄期、生长季变化趋势表现出差异。草地EVImax降低趋势下,牧草返青期呈现提前趋势,枯黄期延迟,生长季延长;EVImax增加趋势下,牧草返青期延迟,枯黄期变化不明显,生长季缩短;EVImax不变区、农田的返青与枯黄期变化趋势并不明显,但是农田生长季缩短趋势较明显。     

植被覆盖度和物候变化对典型黑沙蒿灌丛生态系统总初级生产力的影响

气候变化和人类活动是植被生产力年际尺度变化的重要驱动因素, 明晰二者对植被生产力的共同影响对于生态系统可持续管理至关重要。气候变化可能导致植被物候变化, 进而影响植被生产力。目前尚不清楚毛乌素沙地典型植被物候如何响应气候变化, 并因此影响生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)。此外, 植被恢复(覆盖度增加)和物候变化对GPP的共同影响有待明确。该研究选取典型黑沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)灌丛生态系统, 结合MODIS遥感数据与涡度相关数据, 利用植被光合模型(VPM), 模拟并分析了2005-2018年间植被覆盖度和物候变化对GPP的影响。结果表明: (1) VPM模型能够较好地模拟涡度相关法观测的GPP动态(GPP_Flux), 而MODIS遥感产品(MOD17A2H)则显著低估GPP_Flux; (2)研究期内年均归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、最大NDVI (NDVI_max)和年总GPP均显著增加, 表明植被恢复促进了植被生产力增加; (3)基于NDVI和GPP日序列估算的生长季开始日期显著提前(2.1 d·a^-1), 生长季结束日期显著推迟(1.5 d·a^-1), 二者共同促使生长季长度延长(3.6 d·a^-1); (4)物候期延长促进了GPP增加, 生长季长度每延长1天, 全年GPP显著增加6.44 g C·m^-2·a^-1; (5)植被覆盖度增加和生长季延长分别可以解释79%和57%的GPP增加; (6)尽管植被覆盖度和物候变化均促进GPP增加, 但前者是其增加的主要驱动因素。鉴于植被覆盖度增加和生长季延长也可能导致生态系统呼吸和蒸散发增加, 未来研究仍需探究生态系统碳汇能力、水分利用效率和水分承载力对气候变化和人类活动的响应。此外, 该研究主要探讨GPP在年际尺度的变化趋势及影响因素, 未来需要研究GPP的年际变异规律及驱动因素, 尤其是对降水年际变异和极端干旱事件的响应。     

高寒草甸植物物候对温度变化的响应

植物物候是植物为适应其生长环境而呈现的规律性变化,是气候变化的指示器。为了解高寒植物物候对温度变化的响应,利用1997—2010年青海湖海北高寒草原生态监测站群落优势种矮嵩草物候观测资料和同时段的气象资料,应用偏最小二乘(PLS)回归定量分析了植物物候期变化特征、趋势及其与气温间的相互关系。结果表明:①1997—2010年青海湖地区年均温度总体上升,倾向率为0.5℃/10a,其中年均最高温度和最低温度呈现出非对称型变化,最低温度显著升高且高于年均温升幅,倾向率为0.7℃/10a(P0.05),而年均最高温度无明显变化。②1997—2010年间,矮嵩草平均返青期和枯黄期分别为4月18日和10月2日,矮嵩草返青期推迟,枯黄期提前,生长季长度缩短。③影响矮嵩草返青的关键时期为每年的1月和3—4月,1月温度升高影响植物休眠进程进而延迟返青,而3—4月温度升高有利于热量积累使返青提前;影响矮嵩草枯黄的关键时期为7月上中旬和8月,期间温度升高使枯黄期提前。④根据PLS分析和相关分析,最低温度在各关键时期内显著影响植物物候,而最高温度仅在8月对枯黄期影响通过显著性检验,因此最低温度是影响高寒草地矮嵩草物候期的关键因子。     

干旱胁迫降低了内蒙古羊草草原的碳累积

采用涡度相关法, 分析了2004年(平水年)和2005-2006年(干旱年)生长季内蒙古锡林河流域羊草(Leymus chinensis)草原的净生态系统碳交换(net ecosystem exchange, NEE)、总初级生产力(gross primary productivity, GPP)和生态系统呼吸(ecosystem respiration, R_e)的季节和年度变化。结果表明: 平水年羊草草原的日最大GPP和R_e分别为4.89和1.99 g C·m^-2·d^-1, 而干旱年GPP和R_e分别为1.53-3.01和1.38-1.77 g C·m^-2·d^-1。与平水年相比, 干旱年日最大GPP、R_e分别下降了38%-68%和11%-12%。平水年羊草草原累积的GPP、R_e分别为294和180 g C·m^-2, 而在干旱年分别为102-123 g C·m^-2和132-158 g C·m^-2。和平水年相比, 干旱年的GPP、R_e分别下降了58%-65%和12%-27%。用Van’t Hoff模型模拟的8个窄土壤含水量(θ)跨度生态系统呼吸(R_e)对土壤温度(T_s)的敏感程度表明: 曲线斜率在θ = 0.16-0.17 m³·m^-3范围内达到最大, 高于或者低于这个阈值, R_e对T_s的敏感度降低。干旱胁迫降低了生态系统生产力和生态系统呼吸量。与平水年相比, 干旱年的GPP比R_e下降的幅度更大, 干旱胁迫降低了内蒙古羊草草原的碳累积, 使生态系统由碳汇变为碳源。     

高寒矮生嵩草草甸主要植物物候特征对养分和水分添加的响应

植物物候特征对环境条件的季节和年际变化具有较强的指示作用, 因此研究植物物候特征对环境条件变化的响应, 对理解植物和环境之间的相互作用关系、植物的适应机制和生存策略, 以及应对全球变化都具有重要的意义。该研究基于2009-2011年高寒矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸养分水分控制实验的植物物候观测数据资料, 采用巢式方差分析、物候指数和聚类分析方法, 开展了高寒矮生嵩草草甸主要植物物候特征对养分和水分添加的响应研究。结果表明: (1)养分添加处理之间植物返青期和枯黄期均无显著差异, 但养分添加中氮磷处理对主要物种作用较明显, 使莎草科、禾本科、杂类草主要代表植物的返青期和枯黄期推迟。(2)增雪处理效应明显, 主要优势物种无论是何种养分添加, 在增雪处理后均表现出花期物候提前的趋势(p < 0.01), 同时增雪处理使杂类草植物返青期显著提前(p < 0.05)。增水处理对植物的作用效果并不一致, 其中垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和双柱头藨草(Scirpus distigmaticus)的枯黄期显著推迟(p < 0.05), 而杂类草枯黄期提前。(3)养分添加后, 不同物种的物候特征表现出显著差异(p < 0.01), 例如雪白委陵菜(Potentilla nivea)枯黄期显著推迟(p < 0.05), 而双柱头藨草的枯黄期显著提前(p < 0.05), 但物种对养分添加响应的差异以植物类群为单位, 禾本科植物表现为返青期推迟, 而莎草科植物表现为返青期提前。(4)矮生嵩草草甸主要植物营养生长期与果后营养期持续天数之间呈负相关关系, 主要植物物候特征经聚类分析可以分为3个类群, 3个类群经氮磷钾、钾和氮钾三个养分添加处理后植物物候特征变化较大。研究表明, 高寒矮生嵩草草甸植物物候特征在物种水平响应和水分添加后的响应表现出较大差异, 而对养分添加的响应不显著。     

基于MODIS植被指数的藏北高原植被物候空间分布特征

基于非对称高斯拟合算法重建了2001-2010年的MODIS EVI时间序列影像,利用动态阈值法提取2001-2010年各年藏北高原植被覆盖的关键物候参数(生长季峰值、返青期、枯黄期及生长季长度),并在此基础上分析了藏北高原植被覆盖的物候参数空间分布特征.结果表明:植被生长季EVImax、物候返青期及生长季长度均表现出从东南到西北过渡的水平地带性与东南高山峡谷区的垂直地带性相结合的空间格局;对于不同地表覆盖类型,EVImax、返青期、生长季长度均呈现农林混合区＞林灌区＞草甸＞草原＞荒漠草原的特征,枯黄期除农林混合区较迟外,其他4种地表覆盖类型时间接近;对于不同气候区划,植被生长季EVImax、返青期、生长季长度表现出半湿润区→半干旱区→干旱区的递变规律;研究区内植被物候受地形影响较大,随着海拔的升高,植被生长季EVImax降低、物候返青期推迟、生长季长度减小.     

Modelling the effects of changes in solar radiation on gross primary production in subtropical evergreen needle-leaf plantations

太阳辐射是陆地生态系统碳水循环的能量来源。太阳辐射的变化对植被吸收大气CO₂具有重要影响。该文通过辐射观测数据建立散射辐射比例与晴空指数的关系, 结合生态过程模型(BEPS)和通量观测数据, 模拟分析了太阳辐射变化对千烟洲常绿针叶林总初级生产力(GPP)的影响。研究结果表明: 千烟洲森林生态系统的阴叶对年GPP总量的贡献达67%, 太阳辐射变化对阴叶光合作用的影响决定了冠层GPP的变化; 太阳辐射强度和分布的年际差异导致年GPP对太阳辐射变化的响应不同, 2003、2004和2005年太阳辐射分别变化-5.44%、-1.83%和6.26%, 可使千烟洲生态系统当年GPP总量达到最大值; 在季节上, 太阳辐射的增加会导致5-6月GPP上升, 7-9月GPP下降, 使年GPP变化程度降低; 在天尺度上, 晴空指数在0.43时, 太阳辐射变化对GPP的影响最小。     

基于NOAA/AVHRR NDVI 监测中国北方典型草原的生长季及变化

 该研究基于Savitzky_Golay滤波算法平滑了1982～1999年NOAA/AVHRR NDVI 时间序列影像,然后利用曲线拟合了锡林郭勒典型草原1982～1999年的每年物候期（返青期、黄枯期）及18年的平均物候期和生长季长度,并对1982～1999年的物候期进行了线性拟合,从而分析了物候期的变化趋势。结果表明：1）1982、1986、1992年的返青期处于正常水平,1985、1988、1989、1991年大部分地区的牧草返青期比正常年份有所提前。1984、1990、1993 年的黄枯期处于正常水平,大部分年份的黄枯期主要处于9月下旬至10月上旬（290～310 d）。2）在整个典型草原,返青期有较大的变异性,而黄枯期变化表现出了锡林郭勒典型草原的西南部较早、中部及东北部较晚的格局,生长季长度的变化格局为西南地区最短,中部地区最长。3）从1982～1999年,不同的地区表现出物候期及生长季长度提前或延迟的变化趋势,返青期大多数地区延迟时间集中在10～20 d,提前日期主要集中在10 d之内。锡林郭勒盟西南地区的黄枯期提前趋势最大。大部分地区的生长季长度变化呈缩短趋势,缩短日期小于 10 d,少部分地区的生长季延长,延长日期主要集中在0～10 d。4）对锡林浩特的物候期研究表明,牧草返青期提前日期小于10 d,黄枯期延迟大约14±5 d,生长季长度延迟大约1 5±5 d。最后利用野外观测数据对锡林浩特牧草返青期的拟合精度作出了评价。     

Deriving a new phenological indicator of interannual net carbon exchange in contrasting boreal deciduous and evergreen forests

Phenology is an important variable affecting the annual net ecosystem production (NEP) of terrestrial ecosystems. A new phenological indicator was proposed based on the ratio of respiration season length and growing season length (respiration–growth length ratio, RGR). Validation of this new phenological indicator was conducted using continuous flux measurements at contrasting boreal deciduous and evergreen forests in Canada. Analyses based on yearly anomalies of both annual NEP and phenological indicators indicated that the RGR can explain more proportion of interannual NEP variability compared to existing phenological metrics, including the carbon uptake period and the autumn lag. A multivariate regression model was used to predict the respiration–growth length ratio anomaly using anomalies of spring air temperature, autumn radiation and soil water content (SWC), which serves as a prerequisite for this indicator being scaled up for regional applications where flux data were unavailable. By normalization growing season length, interannual NEP showed comparable sensitivity to RGR variations of different plant functional types, which is a great advantage over other phenological indicators. The high potential of RGR in explaining interannual NEP variability may highlight the importance of respiration process in controlling annual NEP, which has probably been overlooked or underestimated in existing phenological studies. The comparable sensitivity of RGR to annual NEP observed at different plant functional types would favor its application in tracking interannual variability of NEP regionally and complementary to existing indices to promote our understanding of carbon sequestration with future climate change.     

Seasonal variability of forest sensitivity to heat and drought stresses: A synthesis based on carbon fluxes from North American forest ecosystems

Climate extremes such as heat waves and droughts are projected to occur more frequently with increasing temperature and an intensified hydrological cycle. It is important to understand and quantify how forest carbon fluxes respond to heat and drought stress. In this study, we developed a series of daily indices of sensitivity to heat and drought stress as indicated by air temperature (T_a) and evaporative fraction (EF). Using normalized daily carbon fluxes from the FLUXNET Network for 34 forest sites in North America, the seasonal pattern of sensitivities of net ecosystem productivity (NEP), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) in response to T_a and EF anomalies were compared for different forest types. The results showed that warm temperatures in spring had a positive effect on NEP in conifer forests but a negative impact in deciduous forests. GEP in conifer forests increased with higher temperature anomalies in spring but decreased in summer. The drought‐induced decrease in NEP, which mostly occurred in the deciduous forests, was mostly driven by the reduction in GEP. In conifer forests, drought had a similar dampening effect on both GEP and RE, therefore leading to a neutral NEP response. The NEP sensitivity to T_a anomalies increased with increasing mean annual temperature. Drier sites were less sensitive to drought stress in summer. Natural forests with older stand age tended to be more resilient to the climate stresses compared to managed younger forests. The results of the Classification and Regression Tree analysis showed that seasons and ecosystem productivity were the most powerful variables in explaining the variation of forest sensitivity to heat and drought stress. Our results implied that the magnitude and direction of carbon flux changes in response to climate extremes are highly dependent on the seasonal dynamics of forests and the timing of the climate extremes.     

Evidence of increased net ecosystem productivity associated with a longer vegetated season in a deciduous forest in south‐central Indiana,USA

Observations of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon and its biophysical drivers have been collected at the AmeriFlux site in the Morgan‐Monroe State Forest (MMSF) in Indiana, USA since 1998. Thus, this is one of the few deciduous forest sites in the world, where a decadal analysis on net ecosystem productivity (NEP) trends is possible. Despite the large interannual variability in NEP, the observations show a significant increase in forest productivity over the past 10 years (by an annual increment of about 10 g C m^?2 yr^?1). There is evidence that this trend can be explained by longer vegetative seasons, caused by extension of the vegetative activity in the fall. Both phenological and flux observations indicate that the vegetative season extended later in the fall with an increase in length of about 3 days yr^?1 for the past 10 years. However, these changes are responsible for only 50% of the total annual gain in forest productivity in the past decade. A negative trend in air and soil temperature during the winter months may explain an equivalent increase in NEP through a decrease in ecosystem respiration.     

2000—2015年中国东北森林生产力和碳素利用率的时空变异

中国东北森林生态系统是重要的碳汇功能区,也是对环境变化响应的敏感区,分析其植被生产力和碳素利用效率的变化特征及其对气候变化的响应对于区域碳收支的准确评估和预测具有重要意义.本研究利用MODIS的长期监测数据,结合植被类型分布数据,对中国东北森林生态系统2000—2015年生产力(净初级生产力NPP、总初级生产力GPP)和碳素利用率(NPP/GPP)时空变化特征进行分析.结果表明: 研究期间,东北森林生态系统平均NPP和GPP分别为346.4和773 g C·m^-2·a^-1,平均NPP/GPP为0.45.不同森林类型的NPP和GPP依次为针阔混交林>落叶阔叶林>针叶林,NPP/GPP在不同森林类型间无显著差异.NPP和GPP呈现出东南高、西北低的空间分布特点.2000—2015年间,东北森林生态系统NPP、GPP和NPP/GPP呈波动增加趋势,固碳能力逐步增强.NPP、GPP和NPP/GPP的变化趋势和变化速率表现出空间差异性,在大兴安岭南部地区显著增加,在大兴安岭北部地区显著下降,其余区域呈微弱增加趋势.与气候因子的相关性分析表明,年降水量的增加是驱动东北森林生态系统NPP、GPP和NPP/GPP波动增加的主要因素.     

The impact of growing-season length variability on carbon assimilation and evapotranspiration over 88 years in the eastern US deciduous forest

 Recent research suggests that increases in growing-season length (GSL) in mid-northern latitudes may be partially responsible for increased forest growth and carbon sequestration. We used the BIOME-BGC ecosystem model to investigate the impacts of including a dynamically regulated GSL on simulated carbon and water balance over a historical 88-year record (1900–1987) for 12 sites in the eastern USA deciduous broadleaf forest. For individual sites, the predicted GSL regularly varied by more than 15 days. When grouped into three climatic zones, GSL variability was still large and rapid. There is a recent trend in colder, northern sites toward a longer GSL, but not in moderate and warm climates. The results show that, for all sites, prediction of a long GSL versus using the mean GSL increased net ecosystem production (NEP), gross primary production (GPP), and evapotranspiration (ET); conversely a short GSL is predicted to decrease these parameters. On an absolute basis, differences in GPP between the dynamic and mean GSL simulations were larger than the differences in NEP. As a percentage difference, though, NEP was much more sensitive to changes in GSL than were either GPP or ET. On average, a 1-day change in GSL changed NEP by 1.6%, GPP by 0.5%, and ET by 0.2%. Predictions of NEP and GPP in cold climates were more sensitive to changes in GSL than were predictions in warm climates. ET was not similarly sensitive. First, our results strongly agree with field measurements showing a high correlation between NEP and dates of spring growth, and second they suggest that persistent increases in GSL may lead to long-term increases in carbon storage. Received: 26 May 1998 / Accepted: 6 July 1998     

基于FORCCHN模型的中国典型森林生态系统碳通量模拟

森林生态系统是陆地碳循环的重要组成部分,其固碳能力显著高于其他陆地生态系统,研究森林生态系统碳通量是认识和理解全球变化对碳循环影响的关键。碳循环模型是研究森林生态系统碳通量有效工具。以长白山温带落叶阔叶林、千烟洲亚热带常绿针叶林、鼎湖山亚热带常绿阔叶林和西双版纳热带雨林等4种中国典型森林生态系统为研究对象,利用涡度相关2003-2012年观测数据,评估FORCCHN模型对生态系统呼吸（ER）,总初级生产力（GPP）,净生态系统生产力（NEP）的模型效果。结果表明：（1） FORCCHN模型能够较好的模拟中国4种典型森林生态系统不同时间尺度的碳通量。落叶阔叶林和常绿针叶林ER和GPP的逐日变化模拟效果较好（ER的相关系数分别为0.94和0.92,GPP的相关系数分别为0.86和0.74）;（2）4种森林生态系统碳通量季节动态模拟值和观测值显著相关（P<0.01）,ER、GPP、NEP的观测值和模拟值的R²分别为0.77-0.93、0.54-0.88和0.15-0.38;模型可以很好地模拟森林生态系统不同季节碳汇（NEP>0）,碳源（NEP<0）的变化规律;（3）4种森林生态系统碳通量模拟值与观测值的年际变化有很好的吻合度,但在数值大小上存在差异,模型高估了常绿阔叶林的ER和GPP,略微低估了其他3种森林生态系统ER和GPP。     

祁连山不同植被类型的物候变化及其对气候的响应

基于1982—2006年GIMMS NDVI和2000—2014年MODIS NDVI遥感数据,利用double logistic拟合方法提取了1982—2014年祁连山区不同植被的生长季始期、生长季末期和生长季长度3个重要的物候参数,分析了不同植被物候期的时间变化趋势、空间分异特征及对气候因子的响应。结果表明:(1)祁连山区不同植被的生长季始期和生长季末期随年际变化表现出波动提前或推迟,其中沼泽植被的变化波动最大;草甸植被、灌丛植被、阔叶林植被和栽培植被生长季长度出现延长趋势;(2)祁连山区植被生长季始期集中在5月初,其中阔叶林植被生长季开始最早,荒漠植被生长季开始最晚,植被生长季末期集中在9月,栽培植被生长季结束较早,荒漠植被、沼泽植被生长季结束较晚,植被生长季长度集中在110—140 d,其中阔叶林植被、针叶林植被生长季长度较长,而荒漠植被、高山植被生长季长度较短;(3)祁连山植被物候期变化趋势的空间分布表明植被生长季始期、生长季末期主要表现为提前不明显和推迟不明显,生长季长度主要表现为缩短不明显和延长不明显;(4)物候要素与气候要素相关性表明前期温度的积累有利于植被的开始生长,但当年3月的降水量对植被生长季始期同样有重要作用,不同植被生长季末期与8月、9月温度相关性较大,而与10月、11月降水的相关性较大。     

仪器的加热效应校正对生态系统碳水通量估算的影响

涡度相关技术的广泛应用为获取生态系统碳、水通量提供了可能,但在开路式涡度相关系统中,仪器的加热效应增大了观测数据的不确定性。为了衡量仪器的加热效应,以ChinaFLUX3个典型生态系统(长白山温带针阔混交林(CBS)、海北灌丛草甸(HBGC)、鼎湖山亚热带常绿阔叶林(DHS))为研究对象,就仪器的加热效应校正对碳、水通量估算的影响进行分析。结果表明:加热校正没有改变生态系统的能量闭合特征,也没有对水汽通量的估算产生影响,但显著减小了CBS和HBGC非生长季的净生态系统生产力(NEP),进而减少了NEP的年总量,对DHS没有显著影响。NEP减小幅度受到温度的强烈影响,CBS为7.7%～10.4%,远小于HBGC的76.6%～85.2%,HBGC的NEP大幅降低主要是由夜间NEP的改变导致生态系统呼吸(RE)的增大而引起。因而,在温带生态系统中,充分考虑加热校正对于准确估算生态系统的碳收支具有重要作用。     

Environmental controls over carbon exchange of three forest ecosystems in eastern China

Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was continuously measured using the eddy covariance (EC) technique from 2003 to 2005 at three forest sites of ChinaFLUX. The forests include Changbaishan temperate mixed forest (CBS), Qianyanzhou subtropical coniferous plantation (QYZ), and Dinghushan subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forest (DHS). They span wide ranges of temperature and precipitation and are influenced by the eastern Asian monsoon climate to varying extent. In this study, we estimated ecosystem respiration (RE) and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). Comparison of ecosystem carbon exchange among the three forests shows that RE was mainly determined by temperature, with the forest at CBS exhibiting the highest temperature sensitivity among the three ecosystems. The RE was highly dependent on GEP across the three forests, and the ratio of RE to GEP decreased along the North–South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) (i.e. from the CBS to the DHS), with an average of 0.77 ± 0.06. Daily GEP was mainly influenced by temperature at CBS, whereas photosynthetic photon flux density was the dominant factor affecting the daily GEP at both QYZ and DHS. Temperature mainly determined the pattern of the interannual variations of ecosystem carbon exchange at CBS. However, water availability primarily controlled the interannual variations of ecosystem carbon exchange at QYZ. At DHS, NEP attained the highest values at the beginning of the dry seasons (autumn) rather than the rainy seasons (summer), probably because insufficient radiation and frequent fog during the rainy seasons hindered canopy photosynthesis. All the three forest ecosystems acted as a carbon sink from 2003 to 2005. The annual average values of NEP at CBS, QYZ, and DHS were 259 ± 19, 354 ± 34, and 434 ± 66 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. The slope of NEP that decreased with increasing latitude along the NSTEC was markedly different from that observed on the forest transect in the European continent. Long‐term flux measurements over more forest ecosystems along the NSTEC will further help verify such a difference between the European forest transect and the NSTEC and provide insights into the responses of ecosystem carbon exchange to climate change in China.     

Influence of spring and autumn phenological transitions on forest ecosystem productivity

We use eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) from 21 FLUXNET sites (153 site-years of data) to investigate relationships between phenology and productivity (in terms of both NEP and gross ecosystem photosynthesis, GEP) in temperate and boreal forests. Results are used to evaluate the plausibility of four different conceptual models. Phenological indicators were derived from the eddy covariance time series, and from remote sensing and models. We examine spatial patterns (across sites) and temporal patterns (across years); an important conclusion is that it is likely that neither of these accurately represents how productivity will respond to future phenological shifts resulting from ongoing climate change. In spring and autumn, increased GEP resulting from an ‘extra’ day tends to be offset by concurrent, but smaller, increases in ecosystem respiration, and thus the effect on NEP is still positive. Spring productivity anomalies appear to have carry-over effects that translate to productivity anomalies in the following autumn, but it is not clear that these result directly from phenological anomalies. Finally, the productivity of evergreen needleleaf forests is less sensitive to phenology than is productivity of deciduous broadleaf forests. This has implications for how climate change may drive shifts in competition within mixed-species stands.