叶面喷施矮壮素对番茄嫁接愈合的调节作用

该研究选用番茄接穗品种‘硬粉8号’和砧木品种‘砧爱1号’为试材,分别在嫁接前6 d和12 d叶面喷施100 mg·L^-1 生长抑制剂矮壮素(CCC),测定番茄幼苗生长指标和嫁接接合部植物激素含量,监测CCC处理对嫁接愈合进程的影响。结果显示：(1)‘硬粉8号’和‘砧爱1号’幼苗生长受到CCC显著抑制,株高分别显著降低33.30%和33.96%,两幼苗地上部鲜重及‘砧爱1号’幼苗干重也均显著降低。(2)嫁接后12 h和48 h,CCC处理显著降低了嫁接接合部GA₁₅和GA₈含量,嫁接后48 h和72 h显著提高了嫁接接合部GA₃₄和GA₃含量;嫁接后12、48和72 h,CCC处理显著提高了嫁接接合部L 色氨酸、吲哚 3 乙酸甲酯、色胺、吲哚 3 乙酸、反式 玉米素 9 Β葡萄糖苷和异戊烯腺嘌呤 9 葡萄糖苷含量。(3)嫁接后48~168 h,CCC处理显著提高了嫁接接合部维管束品红吸收含量和平均荧光强度;嫁接后72 h,CCC处理的嫁接接合部已可见木质部导管分子连接;嫁接后96~120 h,CCC处理的嫁接接合部木质部与韧皮部基本完成连接,愈伤组织薄壁细胞填满接合部间隙,完成时间早于对照。(4)嫁接后20 d,CCC处理显著提高了接穗叶绿素(SPAD值)和砧木根系活力。研究发现,番茄幼苗嫁接前叶面喷施CCC可有效促进维管束重连和嫁接苗生长发育。     

日光温室秋冬茬番茄果实发育期的适宜夜温

为了明确秋冬季节夜温对设施栽培中果实发育期番茄的影响,在昼温相同情况下,利用自制的自然光照生长室,设定自然夜温(CK)、14、16、18℃4个夜温处理,相应的实测值分别为13.1、13.4、14.7、16.3℃,研究夜温控制对番茄植株的生理响应、光合作用、物质积累和产量的影响.结果表明:CK番茄植株受到部分时段的低温胁迫,膜系统受到破坏,导致干物质积累最少,前期几乎没有产量(成熟果仅每株28 g).与CK相比,14℃夜温处理的单株干物质积累显著增加,前期产量为每株304 g,总产量(包括未成熟果)显著增加58%;18℃夜温处理的植株净光合率显著增加10.6%~12.5%,单株干物质积累显著增加26%,开花时间提前4~12 d,单株采收果实数为3.8个,单果质量显著增加42.7 g,前期产量为每株476 g,总产量增加101%;16℃处理的各项指标介于18℃和14℃处理之间.表明昼温22℃时,13.4℃是秋冬季节华北设施番茄生长的低夜温极限,理想夜温应控制在16.3℃以上.     

不同砧木黄瓜嫁接苗对温度胁迫的生理响应及其抗性评价

以4种砧木和‘春秋王2号’( Cucumis sativus ‘Chunqiuwang No.2’)黄瓜为嫁接试材,在人工气候箱内对嫁接苗和自根苗进行了连续3 d的低温(昼12 ℃/夜5 ℃)、高温(昼42 ℃/夜35 ℃)和常温(昼25 ℃/夜18 ℃)3组处理,分析温度胁迫对嫁接苗和自根苗的伤害指数、光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响,明确不同砧木嫁接苗对低温和高温抗性机制的异同,为黄瓜设施栽培生产中不同季节选择嫁接砧木提供依据。结果表明:(1)低温胁迫下,黑籽南瓜( Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché)砧嫁接苗冷害指数最低,其次为日本南瓜( Cucurbita moschata )砧嫁接苗,两者的相对叶绿素含量、净光合速率( P n)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和可溶性蛋白含量比常温对照增加较多,且两者丙二醛(MDA)含量较低。(2)高温胁迫下,‘五叶香’丝瓜( Luffa cylindrica ‘Wuyexiang’)砧嫁接苗热害指数最低,同时叶绿素含量、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和可溶性蛋白含量均相对较高,MDA含量最低;‘甬砧8号’( Cucurbita maxima×Cucurbita moschata ‘Yongzhen No.8’)白籽南瓜砧和日本南瓜砧嫁接苗热害指数也较低,且SOD、CAT和APX活性较高。(3)不同嫁接组合的抗性综合评价结果显示,黑籽南瓜砧嫁接苗的耐寒性最强,丝瓜砧嫁接苗的耐热性最强,日本南瓜砧嫁接苗和‘甬砧8号’砧嫁接苗对高温和低温均具有一定的耐受性。研究发现,黑籽南瓜砧等嫁接组合可以通过维持光合性能,提高抗氧化酶活性,增加渗透调节物质含量来缓解高低温度胁迫造成的过氧化伤害,从而表现出对高低温胁迫的较强抵抗力。     

亚低温与干旱胁迫对番茄植株水分传输和形态解剖结构的影响

为探讨亚低温和干旱对植株水分传输的影响机制,以番茄幼苗为试材,利用人工气候室设置常温(昼25 ℃/夜18 ℃)和亚低温(昼15 ℃/夜8 ℃)环境,采用盆栽进行正常灌水(75%～85%田间持水量)和干旱处理(55%～65%田间持水量),分析了温度和土壤水分对番茄植株水分传输、气孔和木质部导管形态解剖结构的影响。结果表明: 与常温正常灌水处理相比,干旱处理使番茄叶水势、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水力导度、茎流速率、气孔长度和叶、茎、根导管直径显著减小,而使叶、茎、根导管细胞壁厚度和抗栓塞能力增强;亚低温处理下番茄叶水势、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水力导度和叶、茎、根导管直径显著降低,但气孔变大,叶、根导管细胞壁厚度和叶、茎、根抗栓塞能力显著升高。亚低温条件下土壤水分状况对番茄叶水势、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水力导度、气孔形态、叶、根导管结构均无显著影响。总之,干旱处理下番茄通过协同调控叶、茎、根结构使植株水分关系重新达到稳态;亚低温处理下番茄植株水分关系的调控主要通过改变叶和根导管结构实现,且受土壤水分状况的影响较小。     

荔枝新品种‘贵妃红’和‘草莓荔’嫁接亲和性试验

以荔枝新品种‘贵妃红’和‘草莓荔’与10种砧木为试材,对各砧穗组合的嫁接成活率及嫁接苗田间生长指标进行测定及比较。结果表明,不同砧穗组合间嫁接成活率以及嫁接苗田间生长势存在明显差别,‘贵妃红’以钦州红荔、黑叶、禾荔为砧木的嫁接成活率分别达80.0%、78.0%和74.0%,‘草莓荔’以禾荔为砧木的嫁接成活率最高,达82.0%。综合其成活率及嫁接苗生长状况等指标,‘贵妃红’宜以黑叶、禾荔、钦州红荔、白腊为砧木进行嫁接,而‘草莓荔’宜以黑叶、禾荔、钦州红荔、镇奉为砧木进行嫁接。     

不同砧木对西瓜嫁接苗耐寒性的影响

以西瓜(Citrullus vulgarris)郑抗1号为接穗,日本南瓜（C. moschata）、黑籽南瓜（C. ficifolia）、葫芦（Lagenaria siceraia）为砧木,研究了嫁接苗和自根苗在（7.5±0.5）℃低温胁迫下叶片相关耐寒性指标的变化。结果表明：低温处理后嫁接苗丙二醛（MDA）含量、电解质渗透率显著低于自根苗;叶绿素、脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著高于自根苗。与处理前相比,12 d时日本南瓜砧、黑籽南瓜砧和葫芦砧嫁接苗叶绿素含量分别降低了30.48%、28.48%和52.69%;葫芦砧嫁接苗MDA含量6 d时较处理前增加了313.16%;3～12 d日本南瓜砧和黑籽南瓜砧嫁接苗电解质渗透率显著低于葫芦砧嫁接苗;低温处理期间,日本南瓜砧嫁接苗可溶性糖含量分别比黑籽南瓜砧和葫芦砧嫁接苗高出24.71%和31.17%,SOD、POD、CAT酶活性高于另外2个组合。综合各项指标显示：3种砧木均能提高接穗对低温的忍耐能力,其顺序为日本南瓜砧＞黑籽南瓜砧＞葫芦砧。     

番茄高温高湿胁迫后的补偿生长

为了解高温高湿复合胁迫对番茄的影响,以番茄品种"金冠五号"(Jinguan 5)为对象,设计温度、相对湿度和处理天数三因素正交试验,温度设置4个水平(昼温/夜温),即32℃/22℃、35℃/25℃、38℃/28℃、41℃/31℃,相对湿度设置3个水平,为50%±5%、70%±5%、90%±5%,持续时间设为4个水平,为3、6、9、12 d。以28/18℃、50%～55%环境下处理的番茄幼苗为对照组(CK)。分别在高温高湿胁迫后及恢复生长的7、14、21、28 d进行取样,测定生长指标、抗氧化酶活性及叶绿素含量。结果表明:高温胁迫后,35、38、41℃处理下番茄干重显著降低,叶面积显著增加,41℃番茄干重较CK降低12.89%,高温处理后叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量低于CK,SOD、POD、CAT酶活性均高于CK,且随温度升高,酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,38℃处理SOD、POD、CAT酶活性最高,分别较CK增加121.14%、35.41%、55.13%;从湿度来看,相同高温条件下,RH70%处理番茄的生长最好,RH70%处理番茄SOD、POD、CAT酶活性、叶绿素含量显著高于RH50%和RH90%湿度处理;适当的高温能够促进番茄的生长,增加抗氧化酶活性,32℃以下番茄生长呈超补偿;38℃及其以上番茄生长严重受阻;高温条件下,增加湿度能够一定程度上缓解高温对植株的胁迫,但这种作用也是有限的,并不能够完全抵消高温胁迫的伤害。     

工厂化黄瓜穴盘育苗昼温适应性

在人工气候室内以黄瓜穴盘苗为材料,测定不同昼温处理下(昼温分别为30℃、27℃、24℃、21℃、18℃、15℃,夜温均为15℃)黄瓜幼苗下胚轴长、下胚轴粗、第一叶片和第二叶片的长和宽、地上部和地下部干物质积累量、叶片含水率及叶片的叶绿素荧光特性,并用主成分分析法和聚类分析法对不同昼温处理下的黄瓜穴盘苗质量进行分析.结果表明:不同昼温处理下黄瓜穴盘苗各生长指标存在显著性差异,幼苗质量的昼温反应表现为24℃＞21℃＞27℃＞30℃＞18℃＞15℃;通过主成分分析和系统聚类可以把各温度处理分为:最适温度处理(24℃/15℃)、适宜温度处理(21℃/15℃)和不适宜温度处理3类;不适宜温度处理又可分为高温抑制类(27C/15℃,30℃/15℃)和低温抑制类(15℃/15℃,18℃/15℃)2类.     

高温高湿胁迫下设施番茄光响应曲线的拟合

为了揭示高温高湿胁迫对设施番茄叶片光响应过程的影响,以番茄品种"金粉五号"为试材,在人工气候箱中进行人工控制试验,设置1个高温水平(41℃(昼温)/18℃(夜温)),3个湿度水平(白天空气相对湿度50%±5%、70%±5%、90%±5%)和4个持续时间(3 d、6 d、9 d、12 d),并以28℃/18℃、50%±5%为对照处理(CK),测定植株叶片的光响应曲线,分别选取CK及各湿度6 d和12 d处理采用4种光合模型进行模拟和比较,最终确定模拟效果最佳的模型来模拟光响应参数。结果表明:光响应模型对于不同高温高湿处理有不同的适应性,不同光响应参数模拟效果因不同模型而异,综合来看,直角双曲线修正模型拟合效果最佳,其次为直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、指数模型;随着湿度的增加,α、Pmax、LSP先增大后减小,LCP先减小后增大,Rd无明显规律;空气湿度增加至70%左右,可有效缓解41℃的日最高温度对设施番茄光合机制带来的损害。     

茄子嫁接苗根系对低温环境胁迫的响应

以‘济农2000’为对照,研究了低温胁迫下不同抗冷性茄子砧木嫁接苗根系的生理生化变化及其与抗冷性的关系.结果表明,在10 ℃(昼)/3 ℃(夜)低温处理初期,根系对低温最敏感,表现为MDA含量、冷害指数、POD活性、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量等迅速增加,而根系呼吸速率、SOD、CAT活性等迅速降低.随着低温胁迫时间的延长,根系呼吸速率持续降低,而冷害指数持续升高,渗透调节物质基本呈增加的趋势.常温恢复3 d后,呼吸速率、渗透调节物质、SOD活性等升高,但均以抗冷性较强的赤茄砧木嫁接苗恢复能力较强,而抗冷性较弱的台茄砧木嫁接苗与自根苗较差.利用抗冷性较强的砧木进行嫁接,可显著增强茄子根系的活性,进而提高其抗冷性.     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various