混菌发酵芝麻粕制备芝麻多肽及其体外抗氧化活性研究

活性氧自由基(ROS)是细胞有氧代谢过程中产生的一类活性物,利用食源蛋白制备具有抗氧化能力的天然活性肽是当前的研究热点。本研究以机械冷榨芝麻粕为原料,比较了解淀粉芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌单菌及其混菌发酵芝麻粕制备芝麻多肽的过程,以DPPH·与·OH清除能力为评价指标,研究其体外抗氧化活性。数据表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌单菌及其混菌发酵芝麻粕36 h,芝麻多肽提取液中芝麻多肽的浓度分别达到9.841 mg/m L、11.620 mg/m L、14.412 mg/m L,DPPH·清除率分别是71.378%、77.013%、87.622%,·OH清除率分别是68.427%、82.507%、92.460%。因此,芝麻多肽具有较强的抗氧化活性,芝麻粕是制备抗氧化活性肽的良好原料;微生物发酵制备芝麻多肽时,解淀粉芽孢杆菌与植物乳杆菌混菌发酵显著优于单菌发酵,其多肽产量及DPPH·与·OH清除能力均优于相应单菌发酵。     

鲟鱼鱼肠抗氧化肽的提取及抗氧化性

探讨酶法制备具有抗氧化活性的鲟鱼鱼肠抗氧化肽的方法,并进行体外抗氧化活性的测定。结果表明,比较4种蛋白酶酶解产物的抗氧化能力,确定胃蛋白酶为制备鲟鱼鱼肠抗氧化肽的最佳水解用酶;通过单因素试验和正交实验分析得出最适酶解工艺是:胃蛋白酶加酶量3 200 U/g,酶解时间1.5 h,料液比1∶20,温度35℃。其体外抗氧化能力随肽质量浓度增大而增大,在浓度为1.5 mg/mL时,鲟鱼鱼肠抗氧化肽清除DPPH·能力达到Vc的83.64%,对·OH清除率为78.06%,还原力大小约为Vc溶液的1/3。胃蛋白酶酶解鲟鱼鱼肠制备的抗氧化肽具有较好的抗氧化活性,其作为一种潜在的商业抗氧化剂具有良好的应用前景。     

计算机模拟酶解制备驴乳清蛋白抗氧化肽的研究

本文选用驴乳清蛋白为原材料,以DPPH自由基清除率为指标,利用计算机模拟酶解驴乳清蛋白,筛选出能够产生抗氧化活性肽的最适蛋白水解酶,以pH、酶解温度、酶底比(质量比)为自变量,采用Design-Expert V8.0.6设计响应面试验,确定以α-胰凝乳蛋白酶酶解驴乳清蛋白制备抗氧化肽的最佳工艺条件。结果表明在底物浓度4%,酶解时间4 h的条件下,当温度达到39℃,pH 8,酶底比4%时得到的酶解肽抗氧化活性最强,10 mg/mL驴乳清蛋白酶解肽的DPPH自由基清除率最高可达46.23%。     

花蚬酶解物清除羟自由基作用研究

探讨了不同蛋白酶酶解花蚬蛋白所得酶解物对Fenton体系产生的羟自由基(.OH)的清除效果,然后进行Sephadex G-25凝胶柱分离酶解产物中的抗氧化活性肽,并测定活性肽相对分子质量分布。结果表明:木瓜蛋白酶在50℃、酶解30 min、pH=7.5、酶质量分数0.15%、m(底物)∶m(水)=1∶2的水解条件下,酶解物对羟自由基的清除效果最佳,清除率为86.9%;胰蛋白酶在温度55℃、酶解时间85 min、pH=8.0、酶质量分数0.30%、m(底物)∶m(水)=1∶2的水解条件下,酶解物对羟自由基清除效果最佳,清除率为89.5%。木瓜蛋白酶酶解物在最大洗脱峰时,清除率为84.73%,在最大峰处酶解物中活性肽的相对分子质量为5.68×103;胰蛋白酶酶解物有两个洗脱峰,在最大洗脱峰处分离组分对羟自由基的清除率很低,在较小洗脱峰处,其清除率为88.49%,该峰处活性肽的相对分子质量为1.165×104。     

木瓜蛋白酶水解马鹿茸血制备免疫活性肽的研究

选用木瓜蛋白酶对天山马鹿茸血进行水解制备免疫活性肽,确定了最佳水解工艺条件,并测定了三种不同水解度水解物的抗氧化活性和免疫活性。水解度(DH)为6.65%时的水解物具有最高DPPH.清除率,DH12.2%时的水解物具有最高OH.清除率。免疫活性体外检测实验显示,DH12.2%时的水解物促进细胞增值率随着浓度的增大而增大,呈现出良好的线性关系(P<0.05)。结果还显示,OH.清除率与免疫活性之间存在相关性,r=0.87(P<0.05).     

米糠蛋白抗氧化活性肽的制备

以水解度(DH％)和对DPPH自由基清除率为指标,筛选出制备米糠蛋白抗氧化活性肽的最适蛋白酶.研究最适蛋白酶的酶解条件,探讨底物浓度、蛋白酶的加入量、pH值、酶解时间等因素对水解度(DH％)和DPPH自由基清除率的影响;在单因素基础上采用Box-Behnken响应曲面中心组合设计法,对酶解米糠蛋白的工艺进行优化.试验结果表明,在加酶量13970.82 U/g,时间3.05h,底物浓度4.97％的水解条件下,米糠蛋白的水解度能够达到23.67％,活性肽对DPPH自由基清除率达到64.26％.     

黑水虻幼虫蛋白及其酶解产物的抗氧化活性研究

为了探究黑水虻Hermetia illucens幼虫蛋白及酶解产物的抗氧化活性,以鲜活黑水虻幼虫冻虫为原料,采用碱提酸沉法提取黑水虻蛋白,通过碱性蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶对其蛋白质溶液进行酶解,分别从2,2′-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（ABTS）自由基、羟自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基3个方面对黑水虻蛋白及其酶解液的抗氧化能力进行测定。结果表明：黑水虻幼虫蛋白及4种酶解后的蛋白肽具有较好的抗氧化活性,其中黑水虻幼虫蛋白对ABTS自由基、羟自由基、DPPH自由基的半抑制浓度（IC50）分别为2.91、0.232、0.764 mg/mL,而酶解过后的蛋白肽具有更强的抗氧化活性,对ABTS自由基、羟自由基、DPPH自由基的最低半抑制浓度（IC50）分别为0.295、0.082、0.354 mg/mL。本研究初步证明了酶解制备抗氧化肽的可行性,为昆虫蛋白资源的利用和无抗饲料的研制提供了新的研究思路。     

柠条锦鸡儿不同极性部位抗氧化及抗须癣毛癣菌活性初筛

本文对柠条锦鸡儿的花、叶、枝皮和根皮的乙醇提取物进行了极性部位的分离,并对各部位的提取物进行了抗氧化及抗须癣毛癣菌的活性筛选。抗氧化活性通过DPPH、ABTS、羟自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子(O_2~-·)自由基的清除能力来评价,抗须癣毛癣菌活性通过抑菌圈实验来进行初步筛选。结果表明,以Vc为对照,柠条锦鸡儿花和叶的提取物具有很好的DPPH和ABTS自由基的清除能力,尤其是它们的乙酸乙酯部位;但所有的提取物对·OH和O_2~-·自由基的清除能力均较弱(P0.001)。抑菌圈实验发现,花、叶和枝皮的乙酸乙酯部位具有一定的抗菌活性,其中枝皮的抗菌活性最好;通过测定生物量,当秋季采集枝皮乙酸乙酯部位提取物浓度为128μg/m L其抑菌率可达到50%。活性筛选结果说明柠条锦鸡儿的花、叶和枝皮具有一定的深入开发潜力。     

金银花尺蠖幼虫粪便乙醇提取物体外抗氧化活性

自由基过量累积会影响生物体正常机能,筛选具有自由基清除功能的昆虫代谢产物对于开发虫茶至关重要。为了解金银花尺蠖幼虫粪便提取物的抗氧化活性,在室内测定了金银花尺蠖幼虫粪便乙醇提取物的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,金银花尺蠖幼虫粪便乙醇提取物具有一定的体外抗氧化活性:对二苯代苦味酰自由基(DPPH)、羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(O-·2)、ABTS+·自由基均具有一定的清除能力,在0.05mg/m L时的清除率分别为37.78%、25.31%、21.41%和35.82%;随着提取物浓度的增大,对自由基的清除率逐渐增加,当浓度上升到0.65 mg/m L时的清除率分别为95.52%、69.07%、63.27%和72.46%,分别增加了57.74%、43.76%、41.86%和36.64%,差异达显著水平;对卵黄脂蛋白脂质过氧化也具有一定的抑制作用,在0.05 mg/m L时的抑制率为26.78%,随着提取物浓度的增大,对脂质过氧化的抑制率也逐渐增加,当浓度上升到0.65 mg/m L时的抑制率为50.63%,增加了23.85%,差异达显著水平。在0.05~0.65 mg/m L的浓度范围内,对自由基的清除率、对脂质过氧化的抑制率与浓度之间呈显著的线性关系。综上,金银花尺蠖幼虫粪便提取物具有开发为虫茶的潜力。     

Alcalase碱性蛋白酶对中华稻蝗蛋白水解条件的研究

本试验采用Alcalase碱性蛋白酶对中华稻蝗蛋白进行水解,研究其蛋白酶解条件和酶解物的抗氧化性(用抑制邻苯三酚自氧化率来表示).结果表明,实验室最佳酶解条件为:底物浓度1%,pH值8.0,温度55℃,水解时间4 h,加酶量(V/V,%)为10%.在此条件下其酶解物具有明显的抗氧化活性,对邻苯三酚自氧化的抑制率可达40%,水解度为51%.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.