北京近郊深土层动物群落结构特征

为了解城市近郊深层土壤中动物群落结构组成, 2012年在北京市北四环和北五环之间的中国科学院奥运村科技园区埋设陷阱收集器, 对地下30 cm和55 cm土层活动的动物进行采样。2013-2017年8次调查共捕获动物3门10纲20目10,163头, 优势类群分别是膜翅目(61.0%)、蜱螨目(12.1%)和弹尾目(11.2%)。30 cm土层动物类群数和个体数均高于55 cm, 30 cm土层优势类群为膜翅目(69.4%), 55 cm土层优势类群除膜翅目(45.7%)外还有蜱螨目(21.8%)和弹尾目(16.4%)。夏秋季动物个体数和类群数高于冬春季, 环节动物门仅出现于冬春季, 而缨翅目、啮虫目和革翅目仅出现于夏秋季。不同绿化带类型间动物群落Jaccard相似性指数均高于0.75, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均不存在显著性差异(P > 0.05)。结果表明: 深层土壤中存在着大量的动物类群, 动物个体数和类群数均随土层加深而减少。不同季节人工绿地土壤中动物结构存在差异, 而不同植被类型下动物群落组成高度相似。     

鼎湖山不同自然植被土壤动物群落结构时空变化

2001年10月~2002年8月采用大型改良干漏斗和手拣法对鼎湖山鼎湖山南亚热带典型常绿阔叶林、河岸常绿阔叶林、山地常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、沟谷常绿阔叶林和灌木草丛6种自然植被类型土壤动物群落结构时空变化进行初步调查。结果表明,蜱螨目(A carina)和弹尾目(Co llem bo la)为6种自然植被常年优势类群,缨翅目(T hysanoptera)、鞘翅目(Co leoptera)、膜翅目(Hym enoptera)和双翅目(D iptera)幼虫则为常年常见类群。土壤动物群落类群和个体数量的消长规律分别是:10月=6月=8月>4月>2月=12月和4月>10月>6月>8月>2月>12月。土壤动物个体数量总数依次为南亚热带典型常绿阔叶林>河岸常绿阔叶林>山地常绿阔叶林>沟谷常绿阔叶林>针阔混交林>灌木草丛;不同月份、不同植被类型以及不同月份和不同植被类型之间土壤动物群落的组成具有较大变化,组成差异极显著(F=5.63,α=0.0001;F=11.08,α=0.0001;F=2.97,α=0.0001),不同类群之间个体数量差异极显著(F=102.38,α=0.0001),但月份间类群数差异不显著(F=0.50,α>0.05)。多样性分析表明,类群多样性和均匀性指数除南亚热带典型常绿阔叶林、山地常绿阔叶林12月最高外,其它则2月最高,优势度指数则相反;山地常绿阔叶林土壤动物群落多样性指数和均匀性指数最大,针阔混交林则最小。     

高黎贡山自然保护区大型土壤动物群落特征

系统调查了高黎贡山国家自然保护区土壤性质与土壤动物的种类与分布.海拔高度决定土壤的性质,土壤温度、湿度、有机质含量和磷的含量与海拔有明显的相关.在不同海拔11个样地共采集到大型土壤动物标本1万余号,分属于2个门,5纲,18目,47科,13亚科.等翅目Isoptera、膜翅目Hymenoptera和弹尾目Collembola昆虫是主要类群,随着海拔高度的增加,土壤动物数量和种类,以及Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数都是先增加然后减少.在海拔1500～2500 m左右数量最多,然后递减,土壤动物的分布以中山部最多而山顶部和底部较少的变化趋势.土壤动物的分布受海拔和土壤性质的影响.     

东营盐生植物园土壤动物群落多样性研究

【背景】生物多样性是生物安全的重要内容之一,其包括基因多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性3个方面。环境污染、农药污染、重金属污染、海水倒灌、人类活动等诸多因素导致了物种多样性的降低。保护生物多样性是黄河三角洲大规模开发建设必须考虑的关键问题之一。【方法】用Tullgren干漏法分离、采集山东省黄河三角洲地区东营盐生植物园的土壤动物标本,对其多样性进行研究。【结果】蜱螨目是该地区的主要优势类群,占捕获土壤动物总数量的78．95％;另一优势类群为弹尾目,占捕获土壤动物总数量的14．03％;膜翅目和鞘翅目是常见类群,分别占捕获土壤动物总数量的3．57％和1．43％;其他均为稀有类群。在调查的10块样地中,优势类群弹尾目个体数量变化明显,在不同样地问的分布数量存在明显差异。东营盐生植物园土壤动物多样性与均匀度变化规律一致。【结论与意义】蜱螨目、弹尾目、膜翅目和鞘翅目构成了东营盐生植物园土壤动物的主体,对该区土壤动物群落多样性特征起着决定性作用。该区稀有类群多,但稀有物种数量较少,如不采取有效措施,该区的稀有物种随时有灭绝的危险。同时,盐胁迫作用的增强,能够影响土壤动物的数量与分布。因此,我们应在关注盐碱地改造进程的同时,更加关注该区土壤动物多样性的变化。     

乌鲁木齐雅玛里克山土壤动物群落结构及其多样性研究

为了查明不同海拔高度对土壤动物群落多样性及其时空动态的影响,对乌鲁木齐雅玛里克山6种不同海拔高度样带土壤动物群落进行了调查分析,以探讨雅玛里克山土壤动物群落结构与不同海拔高度之间的关系.结果表明,共获得大、中小型土壤动物7 375只,隶属于6门16纲35目,其中真螨目(52.28%)和弹尾目(15.61%)为优势类群,共占总捕获量的67.89%,而寄螨目(8.37%)、三肠目(7.78%)、膜翅目(2.74%)、茅线目(1.53%)、双翅目幼虫(1.48%)、垫刃目(1.27%)、鞘翅目(1.11%)及半翅目(1.07%)等8类为常见类群,占总捕获量的25.35%,其余的25类为稀有类群,占总捕获量的6.76%.在6种不同海拔样带土壤动物个体数和类群数之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),个体数顺序为:样带A>样带B>样带C>样带E>样带D>样带F,而类群数顺序为:样带A>样带B>样带C>样带D>样带E>样带F.3个不同季节有明显的差异(P<0.01),其个体数依次为秋>春>夏.在6种不同高度样带和不同生境土壤动物群落多样性指标之间存在差异(P<0.05).组间聚类和排序结果表明,将6种不同海拔高度生境分为山底生境型、山中生境型及山顶生境型等三大类型.     

拉萨半干旱河谷植被对地表节肢动物多样性的影响

调查不同植被恢复措施下拉萨半干旱河谷地表节肢动物类群多样性以及群落结构,为揭示地表节肢动物多样性对植被恢复措施的响应具有重要意义。采用陷阱法对青藏高原半干旱河谷砂生槐灌丛、人工杨树林和藏沙蒿灌丛样地地表节肢动物群落组成、类群多样性以及功能群结构进行调查,计算各处理地表节肢动物类群相对多度、类群丰富度、多样性指数、Cody指数和S9rensen指数。共采集半干旱河谷地表节肢动物个体数738,隶属5纲15目51科。砂生槐灌丛样地收集节肢动物40科,占所有类群78.4%,杨树人工林和藏沙蒿灌丛样地调查到土壤节肢动物类群为30和23科,分别占总科数的58.8%和45.1%。各植被恢复类型在目的分类单元下,双翅目、膜翅目和弹尾目类群相对多度较高,而在科的分类单元下,驼跳科、蚁科和漏斗网蛛科为拉萨半干旱河谷优势地表节肢动物类群。砂生槐灌丛节肢动物类群丰富度和多样性指数最高,人工杨树林最低。砂生槐灌丛和藏沙蒿灌丛地表节肢动物营养功能群均以捕食性为主。不同植被群落间群落相似性也有差异,砂生槐与藏沙蒿灌丛间相似性较高,而人工杨树林与藏沙蒿之间较低。不同植物群落组成和结构影响土壤理化特性、地表凋落物数量、质量和微生境条件,进而影响地表节肢动物群落组成、数量和营养功能群。砂生槐灌丛样地具有较高节肢动物类群丰富度和捕食性动物类群,有利于拉萨半干旱河谷地区地表节肢动物多样性维护。     

陕西延安万花山枣园土壤动物群落结构与组成

2006年3月和11月分别选取陕西延安万花山不同林龄枣园,对枣园土壤动物群落进行调查。两次共采集40个土壤样品,通过手拣方法、干漏斗法和湿漏斗法获得463只土壤动物,隶属于3门7纲18目,其中鞘翅目9科。结果表明,弹尾目、蜱螨目和蜘蛛目为优势类群;膜翅目蚁科、鞘翅目幼虫、鞘翅目成虫、鳞翅目幼虫、双翅目幼虫、石蜈蚣科、正蚓目、柄眼目为常见类群。通过群落多样性指数分析,2号样地(树龄7年)的优势度指数较小,而多样性和均匀性指数较高,其个体数和类群数都多于1号样地(树龄5年)。     

黑土区免耕秸秆不同覆盖频率下大型土壤动物群落结构特征

为探讨免耕玉米秸秆不同覆盖频率下大型土壤动物群落组成、结构和季节变化,于2015年4、7和10月,在中国科学院吉林省梨树县保护性耕作试验基地,对免耕玉米秸秆不同覆盖频率各样地进行大型土壤动物群落调查。结果获得大型土壤动物26类,隶属2门5纲13目,线蚓为优势类群,不同类群在各处理样地所占数量比例存在差异。免耕秸秆不同覆盖频率样地大型土壤动物个体密度、类群丰富度和多样性指数均高于常规耕作样地。各处理样地大型土壤动物群落个体密度的最高值均出现在10月,类群数量和多样性则以7月最高。不同土壤动物类群对免耕秸秆覆盖频率增加的响应存在差异。相对常规耕作,免耕秸秆覆盖频率的增加可显著提高腐食性类群密度。     

瑞昌石灰岩红壤区退耕还林土壤动物群落特征

以江西瑞昌石灰岩红壤区采取多树种混交、竹阔混交和林苗一体化3种模式退耕还林6年后的林地为研究对象,分析退耕还林对土壤动物群落及其数量变化的影响.退耕还林地土壤动物隶属于6门17纲34目,优势类群为线虫纲,占总类群数的86.7％;常见类群为蜱螨目、线蚓科以及弹尾目.对照农耕地土壤动物隶属于5门10纲21目,优势类群为线虫纲,占总密度的86.7％;常见类群为蜱螨目和线蚓科.退耕还林地土壤稀有类群数(30类)明显大于农耕地(18类).除冬季外退耕还林地土壤动物类群数和平均密度显著高于农耕地.土壤动物的垂直分布具有明显的表聚性,表层(0～5 cm)土壤动物数量与5～10、10～15 cm土层存在极显著差异,且退耕还林地表聚性较农耕地更明显.退耕还林地土壤动物类群数均为夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季,且夏、秋季与春、冬季差异显著;平均密度为秋季＞夏季＞春季＞冬季,季节间差异显著.退耕还林地土壤动物生物多样性指数显著高于农耕地,3种退耕还林模式中,多树种混交模式的生物多样性最高,林苗一体化模式最低.     

上海大金山岛不同植被类型下土壤动物群落多样性

大金山岛属上海市金山三岛海洋生态保护区,岛上土壤未受到人为活动的污染。为了解不同自然植被类型下土壤动物群落结构组成及其生态分布,于2015年秋季在大金山岛竹林、乔木林和灌木林的南、北坡中分别进行土壤动物采样。结果显示:6个样地共捕获土壤动物12,769只,隶属于28个类群,优势类群为蜱螨亚纲和弹尾纲,分别占总捕获量的70.15%和19.27%;常见类群有原尾纲、半翅目、膜翅目和线蚓科,占总捕获量的7.06%。北坡和南坡优势类群均为蜱螨亚纲(74.26%、65.32%)和弹尾纲(16.52%、22.49%),但常见类群和稀有类群存在一定差异。不同植被类型土壤动物的群落结构组成存在一定差异,但无论是北坡还是南坡密度均为灌木林乔木林竹林,类群数变化为灌木林竹林乔木林。无论北坡还是南坡,不同植被类型下土壤动物群落生态指数各不相同,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数均为灌木林乔木林竹林。大金山岛灌木林中土壤动物群落多样性高于乔木林和竹林,很可能与灌木林中较为适宜的微环境有关。     

天山云杉森林土壤有机碳沿海拔的分布规律及其影响因素

对森林土壤有机碳库含量的估测及其影响因素的研究一直是学术界关注的热点。在水热梯度上可能会存在森林土壤有机碳的分布规律,但多数在混交林内开展的工作因无法区分群落类型变化的影响而无法准确反映出森林土壤有机碳在水热梯度上的变化规律。天山云杉森林为纯林类型,在天山山脉巨大山体上呈带状分布(平均海拔下限1750 m至平均海拔上限2760m),存在水热梯度,能够排除混交林中群落类型变化对土壤有机碳的影响。因此,在天山云杉森林带按海拔梯度设置系列样地并采样,用重铬酸钾-氧化外加热法测定土壤有机碳含量并研究土壤有机碳密度沿海拔的分布规律,分析水热配比关系与植物群落(生物量)对该规律的影响。结果表明:①1 m深度的标准土壤剖面上,各海拔梯度的土壤有机碳密度随着剖面深度的增加呈减少的趋势;②各海拔梯度的有机碳主要集中在土壤表面0—40 cm范围内,所占的比例约占全剖面的60%—70%,具有明显的表聚现象;③在天山北坡中段云杉森林带的海拔下限到海拔上限标准剖面总土壤有机碳密度出现不显著的先下降后上升再下降的双峰变化,峰值出现在海拔1800—2000 m与海拔2400—2600 m,海拔2600—2800 m的有机碳密度最小;④云杉纯林在不同海拔的平均胸径呈先减少后增加再减少的趋势,与土壤总有机碳密度变化规律较吻合;⑤天山云杉森林土壤有机碳密度沿海拔的变化是水热梯度变化及受其影响的森林长势二者共同作用的结果。     

A latitudinal gradient in seed nutrients of the forest herb Anemone nemorosa

The nutrient concentration in seeds determines many aspects of potential success of the sexual reproductive phase of plants, including the seed predation probability, efficiency of seed dispersal and seedling performance. Despite considerable research interest in latitudinal gradients of foliar nutrients, a similar gradient for seeds remains unexplored. We investigated a potential latitudinal gradient in seed nutrient concentrations within the widespread European understorey forest herb Anemone nemorosa L. We sampled seeds of A. nemorosa in 15 populations along a 1900-km long latitudinal gradient at three to seven seed collection dates post-anthesis and investigated the relative effects of growing degree-hours >5 °C, soil characteristics and latitude on seed nutrient concentrations. Seed nitrogen, nitrogen:phosphorus ratio and calcium concentration decreased towards northern latitudes, while carbon:nitrogen ratios increased. When taking differences in growing degree-hours and measured soil characteristics into account and only considering the most mature seeds, the latitudinal decline remained particularly significant for seed nitrogen concentration. We argue that the decline in seed nitrogen concentration can be attributed to northward decreasing seed provisioning due to lower soil nitrogen availability or greater investment in clonal reproduction. This pattern may have large implications for the reproductive performance of this forest herb as the degree of seed provisioning ultimately co-determines seedling survival and reproductive success.     

贺兰山不同海拔典型植被带土壤微生物多样性

土壤微生物多样性在海拔梯度的分布格局研究近年来受到和植物动物一样的重视程度,但是干旱风沙区微生物多样性在海拔梯度上的多样性分布规律尚未揭示。本研究以处于干旱风沙区的贺兰山不同海拔的六个典型植被带（荒漠草原带、山地旱生灌丛带、温性针叶林带、针阔混交林带、寒温性针叶林带和亚高山草甸带）土壤为研究对象,利用Biolog微平板法和磷脂脂肪酸甲酯法(FAMEs)系统研究微生物多样性群落特征以及在不同植被带分布规律。结果表明：土壤微生物功能多样性随海拔增加发生变化,且微生物群落结构存在显著差异。Biolog分析显示土壤微生物群落代谢活性依次是：亚高山草甸>寒温性针叶林>针阔混交林>温性针叶林>山地旱生灌丛>荒漠草原,随海拔的升高土壤微生物群落物种丰富度指数（H）和均匀度指数（E）总体上均表现出增大的趋势,差异显著（P＜0.05）;FAMEs分析表明不同海拔的微生物区系发生了一定程度的变化,寒温性针叶林土壤微生物磷酸脂肪酸生物标记的数量和种类均最高,且细菌、真菌特征脂肪酸相对含量也最高;土壤微生物群落结构多样性次序是：寒温性针叶林带>针阔混交林带>温性针叶林带>亚高山草甸>山地旱生灌丛>荒漠草原。本研究结果表明贺兰山海拔梯度的微生物多样性分布规律不同于已有的植物多样性“中部膨胀”研究结果,这说明在高海拔地区有更多的适合该生境的微生物存在,这对维持干旱风沙区的生态系统功能稳定性具有重要意义。     

Soil Microbial Community Response to Drought and Precipitation Variability in the Chihuahuan Desert

Increases in the magnitude and variability of precipitation events have been predicted for the Chihuahuan Desert region of West Texas. As patterns of moisture inputs and amounts change, soil microbial communities will respond to these alterations in soil moisture windows. In this study, we examined the soil microbial community structure within three vegetation zones along the Pine Canyon Watershed, an elevation and vegetation gradient in Big Bend National Park, Chihuahuan Desert. Soil samples at each site were obtained in mid-winter (January) and in mid-summer (August) for 2 years to capture a component of the variability in soil temperature and moisture that can occur seasonally and between years along this watershed. Precipitation patterns and amounts differed substantially between years with a drought characterizing most of the second year. Soils were collected during the drought period and following a large rainfall event and compared to soil samples collected during a relatively average season. Structural changes within microbial community in response to site, season, and precipitation patterns were evaluated using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analyses. Fungal FAME amounts differed significantly across seasons and sites and greatly outweighed the quantity of bacterial and actinomycete FAME levels for all sites and seasons. The highest fungal FAME levels were obtained in the low desert scrub site and not from the high elevation oak–pine forests. Total bacterial and actinomycete FAME levels did not differ significantly across season and year within any of the three locations along the watershed. Total bacterial and actinomycete FAME levels in the low elevation desert-shrub and grassland sites were slightly higher in the winter than in the summer. Microbial community structure at the high elevation oak–pine forest site was strongly correlated with levels of NH₄ ⁺–N, % soil moisture, and amounts of soil organic matter irrespective of season. Microbial community structure at the low elevation desert scrub and sotol grasslands sites was most strongly related to soil pH with bacterial and actinobacterial FAME levels accounting for site differences along the gradient. DGGE band counts of amplified soil bacterial DNA were found to differ significantly across sites and season with the highest band counts found in the mid-elevation grassland site. The least number of bands was observed in the high elevation oak–pine forest following the large summer-rain event that occurred after a prolonged drought. Microbial responses to changes in precipitation frequency and amount due to climate change will differ among vegetation zones along this Chihuahuan Desert watershed gradient. Soil bacterial communities at the mid-elevation grasslands site are the most vulnerable to changes in precipitation frequency and timing, while fungal community structure is most vulnerable in the low desert scrub site. The differential susceptibility of the microbial communities to changes in precipitation amounts along the elevation gradient reflects the interactive effects of the soil moisture window duration following a precipitation event and differences in soil heat loads. Amounts and types of carbon inputs may not be as important in regulating microbial structure among vegetation zones within in an arid environment as is the seasonal pattern of soil moisture and the soil heat load profile that characterizes the location.     

Forest carbon storage along the north-south transect of eastern China: Spatial patterns,allocation, and influencing factors

Forests play an important role in sequestrating atmospheric CO₂; therefore, understanding the spatial variations and controlling mechanisms of forest carbon (C) storage is important. In this study, we collected data on forest C storage along a north-south transect of eastern China from literature published between 2004 and 2014. The collected data, which were from over 2000 plots, allowed us to explore the latitudinal patterns in forest C storage. The results showed that vegetation C storage decreased with increasing latitude, while soil C storage increased. This spatial pattern of vegetation C storage was more apparent for mature forests (forest age > 80 years). Furthermore, latitudinal patterns in forest C storage, both in vegetation and in soil, became stronger with increasing statistical scale, increasing from plot scale to latitudinal scale (2–5°). However, total forest C storage (vegetation + soil) had no apparent latitudinal pattern. Interestingly, the allocation ratios of forest C storage between vegetation and soil had a negative logarithmic relationship with latitude. These results suggest that in eastern China, climatic factors control latitudinal patterns in the forest C storage of vegetation and soil, albeit in different ways (positive for vegetation and negative for soil), and also control the allocation ratios of forest C storage between vegetation and soil. Furthermore, the latitudinal patterns of forest C storage were opposite for vegetation and soil, resulting from the different climatic controlling mechanism.     

Responses of bacterial and fungal communities to an elevation gradient in a subtropical montane forest of China

Bacteria and fungi are ecologically important contributors to various functioning of forest ecosystems. In this study, we examined simultaneously the bacterial and fungal distributions in response to elevation changes of a forest. By using clone library analysis from genomic DNA extracted from forest humic clay soils, the composition and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities were determined across an elevation gradient from low via medium to high, in a subtropical forest in the Mountain Lushan, China. Our results showed that soil water content and nutrient availability, specifically total carbon, differed significantly with elevation changes. Although the soil acidity did not differ significantly among the three sites, low pH (around 4) could be an important selection factor selecting for acidophilic Acidobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, which were the most abundant bacterial clones. As the majority of the fungi recovered, both Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, and their relative abundance were most closely associated with the total carbon. Based on the Shannon–Weaver diversity index and ∫-libshuff analysis, the soil at medium elevation contained the highest diversity of bacteria compared with those at high and low elevations. However, it is difficult to predict overall fungal diversity along elevation. The extreme high soil moisture content which may lead to the formation of anaerobic microhabitats in the forest soils potentially reduces the overall bacterial and fungal diversity.     

Microbial community structure along an altitude gradient in three different localities

The microbial community structure along an altitude gradient was investigated in different localities, in Kalasi lake, Urumqi river and Sangong river, Xingjiang (China). The mean numbers of DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)-stained cells were lower in Kalasi lake than that in Urumqi river and Sangong river; these differences were attributed to increasing environmental harshness including lower soil organic carbon and nitrogen content, more acidic pH and lower annual temperature. In each locality, the numbers of bacteria and archaea measured with two fluorescence-labeled 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probes (EUB338 and ARCH915) were higher in a coniferous forest and lower in desert vegetation. A significant and positive relationship was found between microbial and soil organic carbon and total nitrogen along the altitudinal gradient, indicating that plant communities and soil nutrients influence the soil microbial structure. The results show that the microbial population in higher latitudinal site was fewer than lower latitudinal one, soil microorganisms were positively correlated to soil organic carbon and total nitrogen, and plant communities had an obviously impact on soil microbes.     

秦岭南坡红桦林土壤有机碳密度影响因素

以秦岭南坡红桦林为研究对象,利用标准地调查法获得林分、地形、土壤相关数据,分析红桦林土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)分异特征及其与林分因子和地形因子间的关系。结果表明:秦岭南坡红桦林土壤有机碳密度总体均值为(69.02±12.90)t/hm2,原始红桦林土壤有机碳密度均值为(76.21±10.83)t/hm2,次生红桦林为(65.24±12.32)t/hm2,原始红桦林土壤有机碳密度比次生红桦林高16.81%,t-检验结果显示两者存在显著差异;在不同林区间,红桦林土壤有机碳密度亦存在显著差异(P0.05)。从地形因子看,红桦林土壤有机碳密度在不同坡位和坡向间未表现出显著差异,而海拔和坡度对红桦林土壤有机碳密度有较为显著的影响。土壤有机碳密度与海拔、林龄、乔木生物量和草本生物量呈显著正相关,与坡度和林分密度呈显著负相关;主成分分析表明:特征值大于1的四个主成分对土壤有机碳密度的方差累积贡献率为85.62%,海拔、坡度、林分密度和郁闭度是影响秦岭南坡红桦林土壤有机碳密度的主要因子;通过逐步回归分析得到利用海拔、坡度、林龄、林分密度、乔木生物量和草本生物量估算红桦林土壤有机碳密度的模型:SOCD=0.015E-0.332G-0.026FD+0.304SA+0.105BA+21.673BH+36.358。     

戴云山黄山松林土壤碳组分的海拔变化特征及影响因素

海拔梯度可能通过多种环境因子影响土壤有机质,土壤有机碳库是土壤有机质的重要组成部分,其微小变化将会产生极其重要的影响。因此海拔差异可能导致海拔间土壤碳库差异。土壤有机碳是反映土壤肥力的重要指标,可能受土壤理化性质和微生物等多种因素的影响。黄山松是高山地绿化和用材的优良树种,近年来戴云山自然保护区内高海拔地区的黄山松群落呈现衰退趋势。研究戴云山黄山松林土壤有机碳组分沿海拔梯度的变化情况,不仅可以为该区域碳库估算提供科学依据,而且有助于揭示影响黄山松生长变化的机理。因此,选取戴云山不同海拔[1300 m (L)、1450 m (M)和1600 m (H)]梯度的黄山松林,对其土壤基本理化性质、有机碳组分及微生物特征进行测定和分析。研究发现,海拔梯度下土壤养分含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,土壤碳组分含量与其变化一致,且微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮均在M海拔处最高,海拔梯度对碳水解酶没有显著影响。冗余分析表明,总氮是影响土壤有机碳变化的最主要因素,其次是碳氮比。因此在海拔跨度不大的情况下,土壤有机碳动态可能主要受氮素而非温度的影响。高海拔地区土壤惰性碳占比高,未来可能会持续加剧该地区黄山松的生长困境,使该区域碳库受到影响。     

美洲森林群落beta多样性的纬度梯度性

Beta多样性度量不同时空尺度物种组成的变化,是生物多样性的重要组成部分;理解其地理格局和形成机制已成为当前生物多样性研究的热点问题。基于Alwyn H. Gentry在美洲收集的131个森林样方数据,采用倍性和加性分配方法度量群落beta多样性,检验beta多样性随纬度的变化趋势,并分析其形成机制。研究表明:(1) 美洲森林群落beta多样性随纬度增加显著下降,热带和亚热带地区beta多样性高于温带地区;此格局可由物种分布范围的纬度梯度性和不同粒度(grain)下物种丰富度与纬度回归斜率的差异推论得出;(2) 加性分配方法表明beta多样性对各个温度带森林群落gamma多样性的相对贡献率平均为78.2%,并且随纬度升高而降低;(3) 美洲南半球森林群落beta多样性高于其北半球,这可能反映了区域间物种进化和环境变迁历史的差异。此外,还探讨了不同beta多样性计算方法的适用情景,首次证实了森林生态系统群落水平beta多样性的纬度梯度性,这对研究生物多样性的形成机制和生物多样性保护都具有重要的意义。