拟南芥草酸不敏感突变体的筛选与分析

草酸是多种真菌的致病因子.在含 1.2 mmol/L 草酸和 10 μmol/L 雌二醇的 MS 缺钙培养基上,从大约含 6000个独立株系的拟南芥化学诱导突变体库中筛选草酸不敏感的突变体.初筛获得的可能的草酸不敏感突变体单株收种后,进一步复筛获得 5 株较抗草酸的突变体 D33、D74、D154、D282 和 D630.对它们的 TAIL-PCR 的第三步产物回收、测序、比对的结果表明:D33 的 T-DNA 插入位点位于 At2g39720(Zinc finger)and At2g39730 (Rubisco activase) 之间,D74、D154、D282 和 D630 都插在 At5g10450 (14-3-3 protein GF14 lambda) 的第一个内含子上.突变体后继的遗传分析与分子分析正在进行中.     

拟南芥H_2O_2突变体的筛选及特性分析

通过化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)获得突变体筛选群体.在5 mmol/L H2O2胁迫下,以叶片温度差异为筛选指标,利用远红外成像技术进行突变体的筛选,获得了对H2O2不敏感突变体hpi1(hydrogen peroxide-insensitive1)和敏感突变体hps1(hydrogen peroxide-sensitive1).进一步研究发现,两种突变均为单基因隐性突变,气孔密度同野生型一样,而叶片温度、气孔开度和叶片失水率则有明显的差异.种子萌发实验表明,hpi1对甘露醇(Man)和NaCl不敏感而对ABA敏感,hps1则对3种胁迫都表现出敏感特性.     

鞘糖脂内切糖苷酶的半理性设计

[目的]对鞘糖脂内切糖苷酶EGCaseⅡ进行半理性设计,获得高水解活性突变体。[方法]用半理性设计方法进行突变库设计,利用HPLC对突变库进行筛选,随后对阳性突变体进行动力学及底物谱表征,并利用结构建模对活性提高的分子机制进行解析。[结果]获得了对鞘糖脂GM1、GM3水解活性提高的突变体S63G/D311E、I276L/D311V,活性分别提高为野生型的25.3倍、11.8倍。酶动力学表征显示,S63G/D311E的K_M由0.17 mmol/L降低到0.06 mmol/L,kcat由5.5 min~(-1)增大到50.3 min~(-1)。酶-底物复合物模式结构分析表明,D311E、D311V、I276L这几种突变更有利于酶与底物结合,从而提高酶活性。[结论]通过半理性设计成功获得对GM1和GM3水解活性分别提高25.3倍和11.8倍的EGCaseⅡ突变体。     

长双歧杆菌N-乙酰氨基己糖1-位激酶的活性位点

【目的】研究长双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)JCM1217的N-乙酰氨基己糖1-位激酶(Nacetylhexosamine 1-kinase,Nah K)中对催化活性有影响的位点。【方法】利用点突变试剂盒,获得Nah K的4个位点的共10种单点突变体表达菌株。诱导表达并纯化野生型和突变体酶,用DNS法和NADH偶联的微孔板分光光度法检测野生型及突变体酶的最适p H和最适Mg~(2+)浓度,并测定酶促反应动力学参数。【结果】D208A、D208N、D208E和I24A四种突变体的催化活性几乎丧失。突变体H31A、H31V、F247A和I24V的最适p H由野生型的7.5变为7.0,突变体H31A和F247A的最适Mg~(2+)浓度由野生型的5 mmol/L变为10 mmol/L。反应动力学参数测定结果表明,突变体F247Y对底物Glc NAc/Gal NAc及ATP的催化活性均高于野生型。【结论】通过定点突变,确定了对Nah K催化活性有影响的4个位点,并且获得了一个催化效率提高的突变体(F247Y),为进一步对Nah K进行分子改造奠定了一定基础。     

木霉对草酸耐受和消除作用的初步分析

【目的】草酸(Oxalic acid,OA)是灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)等植物致病菌的致病因子,一些木霉(Trichoderma spp.)生防菌可消除草酸并降低植物发病率,但其消除草酸防治病害的途径和机制尚未研究透彻。【方法】首先从42株木霉菌株中筛选出一株在30 mmol/L草酸胁迫下耐受性最强的哈茨木霉T.harzianum LTR-2,通过形态学方法观察和原位分析了不同浓度草酸胁迫下LTR-2的发育特征变化,并测定了草酸消除水平、滤液p H和菌丝干重,分析了LTR-2在草酸为唯一碳源的生长情况。通过Real-time PCR分析了OXDC基因LTR_4445在草酸处理下的表达水平。【结果】在PDA固体培养基中,25°C半光照条件下培养5 d,在草酸浓度为50-80 mmol/L时,LTR-2可存活,但无正常菌落形态;在30-50 mmol/L浓度下,LTR-2先萌发厚垣孢子,而后再次萌发菌丝形成菌落;在30 mmol/L浓度下,LTR-2发育正常,仅生长速度减缓。25°C、160 r/min振荡培养5 d,LTR-2可消除草酸。在20 mmol/L浓度时,草酸消除率最高,为66.50%;10 mmol/L浓度中的消除率次之,为55.06%。草酸浓度50 mmol/L时,消除能力下降为6.75%-38.94%。相应地,培养液p H被不同程度地提高,在10、20 mmol/L草酸浓度下提高的幅度更大。当草酸浓度20 mmol/L时,木霉的菌丝干重有不同程度的提高。将草酸作为唯一碳源进行液体培养5 d时,在10、20 mmol/L浓度下,LTR-2可形成肉眼可见的绿色菌丝球,但高于50 mmol/L条件下无法生长。草酸处理下,LTR_4445表达水平上调。【结论】通过分析LTR-2在草酸胁迫条件下的形态特征变化及消除草酸的特性,暗示在木霉消除草酸作用中除了已知的草酸降解代谢途径,还存在响应草酸胁迫模式的转变、将草酸作为前体转化为营养物质的途径等其他消除途径。     

有机碳源和氮源对三角褐指藻生长的影响

研究了8种有机碳源和4种氮源对三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)生长的影响.结果表明,三角褐指藻具有兼养生长的能力,碳浓度为5mmol/L和50mmol/L时,葡萄糖、果糖、乙酸钠和甘油对其生长有明显的促进作用,乳酸钠和乙醇抑制藻细胞生长,半乳糖和柠檬酸钠对其生长随有机碳浓度而异.甘油、葡萄糖和乙酸钠的适宜浓度范围分别为5 -800mmol/L、100 -400mmol/L和50 -300mmol/L.培养液中分别加入50mmol/L甘油、400mmol/L葡萄糖和150mmol/L乙酸钠,培养第14天,三角褐指藻的最大生物量分别为对照的1.45倍、1.25倍和1.11倍.甘油兼养生长的最优氮源是尿素,适宜浓度范围为0.88-8.8mmol/L.当尿素浓度为4.4mmol/L时,最高生物量可达1.31g/L.     

黄瓜种子萌发对NO3-胁迫的响应及耐盐性评价

通过培养皿发芽试验,研究了0、14、98、182 mmol/L NO3-对7个黄瓜品种种子萌发的影响,并用隶属函数法对它们的耐盐性进行综合评价.结果表明:与对照相比较,14 mmol/L NO3-处理使7个黄瓜品种种子的相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、耐盐指数9、6 h后的鲜重、干重和超微弱发光(UWL)强度均增加,而98、182 mmol/L NO3-处理下这些指标均逐渐降低;各幼苗的电解质相对渗漏率在14 mmol/L NO3-处理后降低,而在98、182 mmol/LNO3-处理后其值逐渐增加;随着NO3-浓度的增加,各黄瓜品种的胚根总面积、总长度逐渐减少.各黄瓜品种半致死浓度值(LC50)以津园5号的最大(192.3 mmol/L),新秀4号的最小(105.0 mmol/L).不同黄瓜品种耐盐性的综合评价显示,津园5号、新泰密刺为耐盐品种,新秀4号、神农春五为盐敏感品种,其他为中度耐盐品种.     

人胰高血糖素样肽-1突变体融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的自诱导表达优化

考察了在大肠杆菌中自诱导表达人胰高血糖素样肽-1突变体融合蛋白的可行性,并对自诱导培养条件及培养基成分进行优化,以提高蛋白产量。实验结果表明,最优培养基成分为蛋白胨19.17g/L,酵母膏9.59g/L,Na2HPO45.72g/L,KH2PO45.48g/L,(NH4)2SO42.66g/L,NaCl3.33g/L,甘油2%(V/V),葡萄糖0.68g/L,乳糖6.33g/L,MgSO40.24g/L。在温度33°C、接种量1%、pH7、装瓶量20mL/100mL培养条件下,用该最优培养基自诱导表达人胰高血糖素样肽-1突变体融合蛋白的产量可达348.6mg/L。     

HPLC法测定积雪草总苷转化产物中积雪草酸B单葡萄糖苷、羟基积雪草酸单葡萄糖苷和积雪草酸单葡萄糖苷的含量

本文建立了积雪草总苷转化产物中积雪草酸B单葡萄糖苷、羟基积雪草酸单葡萄糖苷和积雪草酸单葡萄糖苷含量的测定方法。采用Agilent 1100 Series高效液相色谱仪,Welch Materials,XB-C18(250 mm×4.60 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-4 mmol/Lβ-CD溶液(1～15 min:26∶74;15～45 min:28∶72;45～60 min:29∶71,磷酸调节至pH 2.8)梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为204 nm的方法。积雪草酸B单葡萄糖苷、羟基积雪草酸单葡萄糖苷和积雪草酸单葡萄糖苷依次在0.6～6.0μg、1.24～12.4μg和1.34～13.4μg范围内线性关系良好,Y=335.19X-4.7855(r=0.9999)、Y=303.61X-15.208(0.9998)和Y=281.77X-16.357(0.9999);平均加样回收率(n=6)依次为97.59%、100.19%和100.33%,RSD分别为1.70%、0.91%和0.45%。方法学研究结果表明该方法准确、可靠,适用于积雪草总苷转化产物中积雪草酸B单葡萄糖苷、羟基积雪草酸单葡萄糖苷和积雪草酸单葡萄糖苷的含量测定。     

鞭毛蛋白FliC突变体/HPV 18 L2N融合蛋白的表达与纯化

目的:人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的持续性感染导致女性宫颈癌的发生。HPV的次要衣壳蛋白L2可以诱发交叉中和多种型别HPV的中和抗体,但是单独免疫L2诱发的抗体滴度较低。鼠伤寒沙门氏菌鞭毛蛋白FliC是一种有效的佐剂。删除FliC超变区域的突变体可与外源抗原融合表达并且显著增强外源抗原特异性抗体的产生。本研究旨在构建鞭毛蛋白FliC超变区删除突变体与HPV 18 L2N(aa.13-154)的融合基因,通过大肠杆菌原核表达系统表达FliC突变体与HPV 18 L2N的融合蛋白并纯化,为研究鞭毛蛋白的佐剂活性及新型HPV 18L2疫苗奠定基础。方法:以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌鞭毛蛋白编码基因fliC为模板,通过重叠PCR法构建删除fliC D3区域(fliC△D3)、D3+CD2a区域(fliC△D3CD2a)、D3+D2区域(fliC△D2D3)的突变体,同时将HPV 18 L2N基因插入置换突变体的超变区删除区域。含有重组基因的表达载体在大肠杆菌中诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE及Western blot鉴定分析。表达的融合蛋白经Ni-Sepharose亲和层析纯化及Q-Sepharose离子交换层析去除内毒素。纯化后的融合蛋白经Native-PAGE鉴定分析,通过鲎试剂凝胶法测量蛋白溶液中的内毒素含量。结果:构建了pET22b-fliC△D3/18 L2N、pET22b-fliC△D3CD2a/18L2N、pET22b-fliC△D2D3/18 L2N重组载体。重组载体在大肠杆菌以包涵体形式高效表达,且主要以单体形式存在。结论:通过原核表达及层析法纯化,成功获得了无热源、高纯度的鞭毛蛋白FliC突变体与HPV 18 L2N的融合蛋白,为增强HPV L2免疫原性提供了一种新的途径,为进一步研制HPV 18 L2疫苗奠定了基础。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.