拟南芥干旱突变体远红外成像技术的筛选和特性鉴定

利用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)进行化学诱变获得突变体筛选群体。在干旱胁迫下,以叶片的温度差异为筛选指标,利用远红外成像技术进行突变体的筛选,获得了对干旱不敏感突变体dri1(drought-insensitive 1)和敏感突变体drs1(drought-sensitive 1)。实验结果表明dri1和drs1为单基因隐性突变,气孔密度同野生型无差异,而叶片温度、气孔开度和叶片失水率则有明显改变。在MS培养基上的种子萌发实验表明在ABA、甘露醇和NaCl胁迫下dri1萌发率要比野生型高,而drs1则比野生型低。对突变基因的研究有待进一步进行。     

ECS1参与调节CO2诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭和H2O2积累

CO2浓度升高可以诱导植物叶片气孔关闭,提高植物对高浓度CO2的适应性.但植物如何感知CO2浓度变化并启动气孔关闭反应的分子机制至今仍不十分清楚.利用高通量、非侵入的远红外成像技术,建立了拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)气孔对CO2浓度变化反应相关的突变体筛选技术,筛选出对环境CO2浓度敏感的拟南芥突变体ecs1.遗传学分析表明,ecs1 为单基因隐性突变体,突变基因ECS1编码一个跨膜钙离子转运蛋白.与野生型拟南芥相比,360 μL·L-1CO2可引起ecs1突变体叶片温度上升和气孔关闭,ecs1突变体对900 μL·L-1CO2长时间处理具有较强的适应性.进一步的实验表明,360 μL·L-1CO2即可诱导ecs1突变体叶片积累较高浓度的H2O2,而900 μL·L-1CO2才能够诱导野生型拟南芥叶片积累H2O2.因此,ECS1可能参与调节高浓度CO2诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭和H2O2产生,H2O2可能作为第二信号分子介导CO2诱导拟南芥气孔关闭的反应.     

H2O2介导的H2S产生参与干旱诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭

以野生型拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)及其突变体(atrbohD、atrbohF、atrbohD/F、atl-cdes、atd-cdes)和过表达株系(OEL-CDes、OED-CDes)为材料,利用药理学实验,结合分光光度法和激光共聚焦显微技术,探讨硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide,H2S)在干旱诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭中的作用及其与过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)的关系.结果表明,H2S清除剂次牛磺酸(hypotaurine,HT)及合成抑制剂氨氧基乙酸(aminooxy acetic acid,AOA)、羟胺(hydroxylamine,NH2OH)和丙酮酸钾(potasium pyruvate,C3H3KO3)+氨水(ammonia,NH3)均可不同程度抑制干旱诱导的气孔关闭;干旱对OEL-CDes和OED-CDes植株气孔关闭的诱导作用明显,而atl-cdes和atd-cdes叶片气孔对干旱胁迫反应的敏感性下降;干旱胁迫能明显增加拟南芥保卫细胞中H2O2水平及叶片中H2S含量,提高D-/L-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶活性及基因表达量,而对突变体atrbohD、atrbohF和atrbohD/F没有显著影响.清除H2O2可减弱干旱胁迫对H2S含量和D-/L-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶活性的诱导效应.研究结果表明H2S位于H2O2下游参与干旱诱导拟南芥气孔关闭的信号转导过程.     

活性氧不敏感型拟南芥的突变体对H2O2的响应

检测拟南芥ros突变株对H2O2响应的结果表明,此种突变体对H2O2有较强的耐受性,表现为气孔开度对H2O2不敏感和H2O2胁迫时的膜脂过氧化水平较低。采用激光扫描共聚焦显微术(LSCM)并结合H2O2荧光探针H2DCFDA检测外源ABA诱导保卫细胞的结果显示,突变体内荧光强度比野生型拟南芥低,暗示此种突变体消除H2O2的能力可能有提高,从而可增强植株抗氧化胁迫的能力。     

拟南芥活性氧不敏感型突变体的筛选与特性分析

采用 EMS化学诱变方法与 H2 O2 氧化胁迫选择 ,以根在重力作用下的弯曲生长为指标 ,筛选得到拟南芥活性氧不敏感型突变体。对突变体杂交后代遗传分析表明 ,突变株对活性氧不敏感性状为隐性单基因突变所致 ;生理生化分析表明突变体对 H2 O2 有很强的抗性 ,表现为气孔开度对 H2 O2 不敏感和 H2 O2 胁迫时较低的膜脂过氧化水平。运用 L SCM技术并结合 H2 O2 荧光探针 H2 DCFDA检测外源 ABA诱导保卫细胞内产生 H2 O2 的情况 ,结果显示突变体体内荧光强度比对照低 ,暗示了突变体体内消除 H2 O2 的能力可能有所提高 ,增强了植株对氧化胁迫的抗性。拟南芥活性氧不敏感突变体的筛选 ,不仅为人们深入研究活性氧在细胞内的作用提供良好的实验材料 ,而且还将大大加深人们对信号转导途径的再认识     

拟南芥活性氧不敏感型突变体筛选与特性分析

采用EMS化学诱变方法与H2O2氧化胁迫选择,以根在重力作用下的弯曲生长为指标,筛选得到拟南芥活性氧不敏感型突变体。对突变体杂交后代遗传分析表明,突变株对活性氧不敏感性状为隐性单基因突变所致;生理生化分析表明突变体对H2O2有很强的抗性,表现为气孔开度对H2O2不敏感和H2O2胁迫时较低的膜脂过氧化水平。运用LSCM技术并结合H2O2荧光探针H2DCFDA检测外源ABA诱导保卫细胞内产生H2O2的情况,结果显示突变体体内荧光强度比对照低,暗示了突变体体内消除H2O2的能力可能有所提高,增强了植株对氧化胁迫的抗性。拟南芥活性氧不敏感突变体的筛选,不仅为人们深入研究活性氧在细胞内的作用提供良好的实验材料,而且还将大大加深人们对信号转导途径的再认识。     

H2S位于SOS上游参与盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭

以拟南芥野生型、SOS突变体(Atsos1、Atsos2和Atsos3)、H2S合成相关酶L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶(L-/D-CDes)基因缺失突变体(Atl-cdes和Atd-cdes)和过表达株系(OEL-CDes和OED-CDes)为材料研究了H2S和SOS信号转导途径在盐胁迫诱导拟南芥气孔关闭中的作用及其相互关系。结果表明,盐胁迫能够引起拟南芥叶片H2S含量、L-/D-CDes活性及其基因表达量显著升高,诱导野生型拟南芥和OEL-CDes和OED-CDes叶片气孔关闭,但对Atl-cdes和Atd-cdes气孔开度无显著影响;而H2S清除剂次牛磺酸(hypotaurine,HT)可减弱盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭的作用,表明H2S参与盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程。外源H2S诱导野生型拟南芥气孔关闭,但对SOS突变体气孔开度无显著影响;同时盐胁迫下Atsos1、Atsos2和At-sos3亦表现出H2S含量及L-/D-CDes活性显著升高,且与野生型相比,盐胁迫对Atl-cdes和Atd-cdes叶片AtSOS基因表达量无显著影响。表明盐胁迫诱导气孔关闭过程中H2S位于SOS上游。     

H2S位于H2O2下游参与乙烯诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程

H2O2和H2S是植物体内重要的信号分子,二者均参与乙烯诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程。以拟南芥野生型及其突变体为材料研究了H2O2和H2S在乙烯诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程中的相互关系。结果表明,乙烯能够诱导野生型拟南芥叶片H2S含量及L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶(L-/D-CDes)活性显著增加,促进气孔关闭,但对H2O2合成突变体AtrbohD、AtrbohF、Atpao2和Atpao4植株叶片无显著作用;乙烯亦可引起H2S合成突变体Atl-cdes和Atd-cdes气孔保卫细胞H2O2水平的显著增加,但对其气孔运动没有显著作用。此外,H2O2清除剂和合成抑制剂均能抑制乙烯诱导的拟南芥叶片H2S含量和L-/D-CDes活性的增加及气孔开度的减小;而H2S清除剂和合成抑制剂虽能抑制乙烯诱导的气孔关闭,却不能改变乙烯对拟南芥叶片气孔保卫细胞H2O2的作用效应。由此表明H2S位于H2O2下游介导乙烯诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程。     

UV-B对拟南芥叶片不同来源H2O2的活化和气孔关闭的诱导

在UV-B调控植物许多生理过程中过氧化氢(H2O2)作为第二信使发挥着重要作用,但H2O2来源途径并不清楚。该研究借助气孔开度分析和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术,探讨H2O2在介导不同剂量UV-B诱导拟南芥叶片气孔关闭过程中的酶学来源途径。结果发现:0.5W.m-2 UV-B能诱导野生型拟南芥叶片保卫细胞的H2O2产生和气孔关闭,且该效应能被NADPH氧化酶抑制剂二苯基碘(DPI)抑制,而不能被细胞壁过氧化物酶抑制剂水杨基氧肟酸(SHAM)抑制,同时该剂量UV-B也不能诱导NADPH氧化酶功能缺失单突变体AtrbohD和AtrbohF以及双突变体AtrbohD/F保卫细胞的H2O2产生和气孔关闭;相反,0.65 W.m-2 UV-B既能诱导野生型也能诱导NADPH氧化酶突变体保卫细胞的H2O2产生和气孔关闭,且该效应能被SHAM抑制,却不能被DPI抑制。结果表明,不同剂量UV-B通过活化不同生成途径的H2O2来诱导拟南芥叶片气孔关闭,即低剂量UV-B主要诱导NADPH氧化酶AtrbohD和AtrbohF途径来源的H2O2生成,而高剂量UV-B主要活化细胞壁过氧化酶途径来源的H2O2。     

ECS1参与调节CO2诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭和H2O2积累

CO₂浓度升高可以诱导植物叶片气孔关闭, 提高植物对高浓度CO₂的适应性。但植物如何感知CO₂浓度变化并启动气孔关闭反应的分子机制至今仍不十分清楚。利用高通量、非侵入的远红外成像技术, 建立了拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)气孔对CO₂浓度变化反应相关的突变体筛选技术, 筛选出对环境CO₂浓度敏感的拟南芥突变体ecs1。遗传学分析表明, ecs1为单基因隐性突变体, 突变基因ECS1编码一个跨膜钙离子转运蛋白。与野生型拟南芥相比, 360 μL·L^–1CO₂可引起ecs1突变体叶片温度上升和气孔关闭, ecs1突变体对900 μL·L^–1CO₂长时间处理具有较强的适应性。进一步的实验表明, 360μL·L^–1CO₂即可诱导ecs1突变体叶片积累较高浓度的H₂O₂, 而900 μL·L^–1CO₂才能够诱导野生型拟南芥叶片积累H₂O₂。因此, ECS1可能参与调节高浓度CO₂诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭和H₂O₂产生, H₂O₂可能作为第二信号分子介导CO₂诱导拟南芥气孔关闭的反应。     

Inhibition of thymidylate synthase by 2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine (Gemcitabine) and its metabolite 2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxyuridine

2′,2′-Difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine (dFdC, gemcitabine) is a cytidine analogue active against several solid tumor types, such as ovarian, pancreatic and non-small cell lung cancer. The compound has a complex mechanism of action. Because of the structural similarity of one metabolite of dFdC, dFdUMP, with the natural substrate for thymidylate synthase (TS) dUMP, we investigated whether dFdC and its deamination product 2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (dFdU) would inhibit TS. This study was performed using two solid tumor cell lines: the human ovarian carcinoma cell line A2780 and its dFdC-resistant variant AG6000. The specific TS inhibitor Raltitrexed (RTX) was included as a positive control. Using the in situ TS activity assay measuring the intracellular conversion of [5-³H]-2′-deoxyuridine or [5-³H]-2′-deoxycytidine to dTMP and tritiated water, it was observed that dFdC and dFdU inhibited TS. In A2780 cells after a 4 h exposure to 1 μM dFdC tritium release was inhibited by 50% but did not increase after 24 h, Inhibition was also observed following dFdU at 100 μM. No effect was observed in the dFdC-resistant cell line AG6000; in this cell line only RTX had an inhibitory effect on TS activity. In the A2780 cell line RTX inhibited TS in a time dependent manner. In addition, DNA specific compounds such as 2′-C-cyano-2′-deoxy-1-beta-D-arabino-pentafuranosylcytosine and aphidicoline were utilized to exclude DNA inhibition mediated down regulation of the thymidine kinase.Inhibition of the enzyme resulted in a relative increase of mis-incorporation of [5-³H]-2′-deoxyuridine into DNA. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of in situ TS inhibition the ternary complex formation and possible inhibition in cellular extracts of A2780 cells, before and after exposure to dFdC, were determined. With the applied methods no proof for formation of a stable complex was found. In simultaneously performed experiments with 5FU such a complex formation could be demonstrated. However, using purified TS it was demonstrated that dFdUMP and not dFdCMP competitively inhibited TS with a Ki of 130 μM, without ternary complex formation. In conclusion, in this paper we reveal a new target of dFdC: thymidylate synthase.     

A concise synthesis of 4-nitrophenyl 2-azido-2-deoxy- and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranosides

4-nitrophenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-alpha- and beta-D-mannopyranosides were prepared from methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose, respectively. Chemoselective reduction of both azides with hydrogen sulfide readily afforded 4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D- and -beta-D-mannopyranosides in higher yields than reduction with triphenylphosphine or a polymer-supported triarylphosphine. Subsequent de-O-acetylation yielded 4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and 4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-mannopyranoside in 20% and 44% overall yields, respectively.     

Ca2+位于H2O2上游参与H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程

以拟南芥为材料,利用药理学实验,结合分光光度法和激光共聚焦显微技术,研究了Ca2+在硫化氢(H2S)诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程中的作用及其与过氧化氢(H2O2)的关系。结果表明： H2S诱导气孔关闭, Ca2+螯合剂EGTA和质膜Ca2+通道阻断剂硝苯地平(Nif)能不同程度抑制H2S诱导的气孔关闭,而内质网钙泵阻断剂毒胡萝卜素(Thaps)对H2S的作用无显著影响。由此推测, Ca2+参与调节H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程,且胞质中Ca2+来源于胞外Ca2+的内流。另外, H2S诱导拟南芥叶片NADPH氧化酶基因AtRBOHD和AtRBOHF以及细胞壁过氧化物酶基因AtPRX34表达增强,促进叶片和保卫细胞中H2O2积累, EGTA对此起抑制作用,而外源CaCl2处理上调AtRBOHD、AtRBOHF和AtPRX34的表达。表明Ca2+可能位于H2O2上游参与H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程。     

Smurf2 is a TRAF2 binding protein that triggers TNF-R2 ubiquitination and TNF-R2-induced JNK activation

TRAF2 plays a central role in TNF-induced signalling to NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK. To better understand the molecular mechanisms that mediate this dual function of TRAF2, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening for TRAF2 interacting proteins using the Sos recruitment system. This resulted in the identification of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 as a TRAF2 binding protein. TRAF2 overexpression was shown to trigger Smurf2 ubiquitination and the formation of a TNF-R2/Smurf2 complex. Smurf2 on its turn promoted TNF-R2 ubiquitination and the relocalization of TNF-R2 as well as TRAF2 to a detergent-insoluble cell fraction. This was associated with enhanced TNF-R2-induced JNK activation, whereas TNF-R2-induced NF-κB activation remained unaffected. These results suggest an important role for Smurf2 binding to TRAF2 in determining specific signalling outputs of TNF-R2.     

Synthesis of [2S-2-H]- and [2R-2-H]hexadecanoic acids

[2S-2-²H]- and [2R-2-²H]hexadecanoic acids were synthesized in overall yields of 59–67%. Methyl(2R)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoate, from the acid produced by Hansenula sydowiorum, was converted to the p-toluenesulphonate, reduced to trideutero alcohol with lithium aluminium deuteride and oxidized to [2S-2-²H]hexadecanoic acid. Methyl (2S)-2-chlorohexadecanoate, which was a by-product of tosylation and was also prepared by chlorinatioon of the hydroxy ester with thionyl chloride, on reduction and oxidation as before gave [2R-2-²H]-hexadecanoic acid. Intermediates were fully characterized, isotopic purity was 97% and optical purity was maintained throughout the syntheses. Attempts to reduce the tosyl or chloro groups, only, with sodium borodeuteride gave low yields probably due to preferential reduction of the ester group; 1,2-epoxyhexadecane was obtained from the tosylate and 2-chlorohexadecan-1-ol from the chloro ester.     

PPP2R2A在乳腺癌细胞中结合GFPT2并导致其去磷酸化

PPP2R2A是PP2A磷酸酶的调控亚基之一,以往的研究报道显示,PPP2R2A可促进肿瘤细胞生存和生长。本研究通过串联亲和纯化联合HPLC-Chip-ESI/MS/MS筛选PPP2R2A的相互作用蛋白质,分析结果显示,L-谷氨酰胺-D-果糖-6-磷酸转氨酶1(Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1,GFPT1)和L-谷氨酰胺-D-果糖-6-磷酸转氨酶2(Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2,GFPT2)是PPP2R2A可能的结合蛋白。通过免疫荧光共定位、GST Pull-down和免疫共沉淀等方法,进一步确认了PPP2R2A和GFPT1及GFPT2的相互结合。通过shRNA下调PPP2R2A后,GFPT2的磷酸化水平显著增加,但GFPT1的磷酸化水平改变不明显。GFPT2是O-GlcNAC糖基化修饰通路中的一个限速酶,在乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231中下调PPP2R2A后,蛋白质O-GlcNAC糖基化修饰水平增加。这些结果表明,PPP2R2A可直接结合GFPT2,并导致其去磷酸化,进而影响细胞内O-GlcNAC糖基化修饰。     

植物细胞的氧化猝发和H2O2的信号转导

概述了植物细胞氧化猝发的特性、产生机理、生理作用以及Ｈ２Ｏ２信号转导途径及其对基因表达的调控等的研究进展。     

拟南芥血红蛋白1(AtGLB1)与过氧化氢的相互作用

拟南芥的血红蛋白1(AtGLB1)属于非共生的血红蛋白。在低氧胁迫中对植物细胞中过氧化氢(H2O2)内稳态的维持起了很重要的作用。为了检测AtGLB1与H2O2能否直接相互作用,我们扩增了拟南芥的AtGLB1基因,并将其克隆到原核表达质粒pET32a中,测序鉴定正确后转化大肠杆菌BL21。IPTG诱导目的蛋白表达后,镍离子亲和层析柱(Ni2+-NTA)纯化了靶蛋白。体外表达的氧合的AtGLB1能与H2O2直接相互作用。因此,与H2O2反应可能是AtGLB1清除低氧胁迫下产生的H2O2的一种方式。