麻疯树种子发育过程中脂类物质变化的显微和超微结构观察

用石蜡切片、半薄切片和超薄切片方法研究了麻疯树种子发育过程中脂类物质的变化。结果表明:脂类物质主要储存于胚乳当中,当种子发育成熟时胚乳中迅速积累了大量的油脂;种皮在发育过程中脂类物质含量较多,成熟时外种皮硬化,内种皮含有大量的油脂;种子成熟时胚中含有少量的脂类物质。细胞内脂类物质含量比较多时,内质网、线粒体、质体和高尔基体数量也会较多。种子完全成熟时进行采收加工是最为合适的。     

甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)胚胎发育过程中子叶叶肉细胞的超微结构观察

用透射电镜观察了开花后20天、30天和50天的甘蓝型油菜子叶叶肉细胞的超微结构。鱼雷形胚时子叶细胞中富含核糖体和内质网并开始形成脂体。蛋白质的积累迟于油脂,开花后30天时液泡中出现蛋白质体。胚成熟时细胞中大量脂体相互挤压成多边形并围绕在蛋白质体周围,少有细胞器。整个观察过程中质体始终缺乏精细的片层结构,胚成熟时细胞中质体数显著减少。对质体在胚胎发育过程中的功能及其与低亚麻酸育种的关系进行了讨论。     

蔷薇种子的休眠及解除方法

分析了蔷薇(Rosa L.)种子休眠原因、解除休眠方法以及环境条件对休眠与萌发的影响.蔷薇种子休眠的主要原因有瘦果果皮和种皮的限制作用,胚生理休眠以及果肉、瘦果果皮、种皮和胚中的抑制物质.解除休眠的方法包括去除瘦果果皮限制、解除胚的生理休眠、去除抑制物质等.种子发育过程中及成熟后,环境因子,如温度、水分和光照,对种子休眠和萌发有影响.此外,微生物、果实采集时间也对种子休眠及萌发有较大影响.蔷薇种子的休眠机制复杂,且种间差异很大.     

扇脉杓兰果实生长动态及胚胎发育过程观察

对授粉后不同发育阶段扇脉杓兰(Cypripedium japonicum Thunb.)果实的生长动态进行了观察和分析,并分别采用TrC法和常规石蜡切片法研究了种子生活力及其胚胎发育过程.观察结果湿示:扇脉杓兰果实形态成熟时间约为110 d,其中,授粉后0～20 d为第1次迅速生长期,授粉后20～30 d为第1次缓慢生长期,授粉后30～50 d为第2次迅速生长期,授粉后50～110 d为第2次缓慢生长期;果实纵径和横径的生长动态变化过程相似,但横径的生长动态曲线较纵径平缓,形态成熟时果实的纵径和横径分别为48.87和13.59 mm.成熟种子由内外2层种皮和球形胚构成,不具胚乳,内外种皮间具空气腔;败育种子只具有内种皮和外种皮而无种胚.胚胎发育类型为石竹型,种胚自受精形成合子到发育为成熟球形胚约需95 d.种胚发育时合子第1次不均衡横裂形成基细胞和顶细胞;基细胞发育为胚柄细胞,胚柄细胞高度液泡化,在胚胎发育的过程中不进行分裂并逐渐退化消失;顶细胞不参与胚柄形成,并且经过有丝分裂最终形成球形胚;内珠被在种子成熟时发育成为1层致密的紧贴胚体的内种皮.种胚纵径和横径的生长动态变化相似,成熟球形胚的纵径和横径分别为208.71和106.19 μm.扇脉杓兰种子生活力较高,有生活力的种子占56％.根据研究结果推测:自然状态下扇脉杓兰种子萌发率较低,可能与致密的种皮、种子中较小的胚体以及无胚乳导致的营养成分不足有关.     

九翅豆蔻种子的解剖学和组织化学研究

九翅豆蔻种子包括假种皮、种皮、外胚乳、内胚乳和胚．由外珠被发育而来的种皮可划分为外种皮、中种皮和内种皮．外种皮由一层表皮细胞构成,其壁增厚并略木质化．中种皮包括下皮层、油细胞层和含２—５层细胞的色素层;各为一层薄壁细胞的下皮层与油细胞层非常压扁．内种皮由一层石细胞构成,极厚,占种皮厚度的１／３—２／３,是种皮主要的机械层;内种皮整体外观呈波浪形,在珠孔端和合点端的内种皮除外．种子在珠孔端分化出珠孔领和孔盖,在合点端分化出下皮细胞垫、大型薄壁细胞区、维管束和合点端色素细胞区．外胚乳细胞内充满淀粉,内胚乳细胞含有大量蛋白质和多糖,胚细胞含有蛋白质、多糖和脂类物质．脂类物质不存在于油细胞中,而存在于胚细胞、部分假种皮细胞、外种皮细胞和内胚乳最外层细胞中．建议将油细胞（层）改称为半透明细胞（层）．     

榛树种子的休眠和萌发

鉴定榛子各部分浸提液的结果显示 ,果皮、种皮及胚都存在导致休眠的抑制物质 ;榛树果实有一定的吸水性 ,据此推测种子休眠可能不是因果皮的不透水性造成 ;0 .5、2、5mg·L-16 BA可以解除种子休眠 ,促进萌发。     

四种石斛兰种胚发育进程研究

以玫瑰石斛、尖刀唇石斛、短棒石斛、兜唇石斛种子为材料,进行种胚非共生萌发研究,并对其种子形态和胚的发育进程进行了显微观察。结果表明:处于球形胚阶段的石斛兰种子,种胚吸胀后突破种皮,发育至吸收毛和芽生长点出现后,种胚形成原球体;种子萌芽后胚尚未成熟,只进入心形胚阶段。呈纺锤形种子的种皮两端形状不同,一端存在结点,呈弯曲状的尖形,另一端种皮呈收拢的圆口形。4种石斛兰种子,玫瑰石斛种子最长,为两端狭长的纺锤形;兜唇石斛种子最短,呈两端稍细的纺锤形。玫瑰石斛、短棒石斛、尖刀唇石斛种子胚培养需要5～10 d萌发;兜唇石斛种子和胚皆偏小,萌发需要30 d。石斛兰种胚和种皮吸水膨胀后,种胚向种皮的一端移动、脱出或种胚撕裂种皮中央后突破而出,形成裸胚。玫瑰石斛种子撕裂种皮后主要从种皮中央突破;短棒石斛、尖刀唇石斛、兜唇石斛部分种胚从种皮一端脱出,部分种胚则从中央撑破种皮脱出。充分膨胀、变绿后萌芽的裸胚,存在极性,顶部芽生长点萌动,下部出现成群散射状吸收毛。     

北五味子种子萌发中形态学观察及生理生化指标分析

利用体视显微镜和组织细胞分析系统软件对北五味子种子萌发过程中形态学进行动态观察,并对其部分生理生化指标进行分析。实验结果表明,层积处理（4℃,沙培）初期,种子胚部较小,富含油脂;处理后期,胚部变得细长,逐渐伸向种子尖端一侧。处理60d时,种子开始萌动;至150d时,种胚突破种皮限制,开始发芽。随着种胚的发育,种子的含水量和可溶性蛋白的含量增加,α-淀粉酶活性逐渐提高,而可溶性总糖的含量则呈现先降低而后增高的趋势。     

白扁豆荚果形态发育过程的研究

本文叙述了白扁豆荚果的形态发育和组织分化规律。果实的生长曲线略呈单顶型,前期快,中期缓慢,以后干缩变小。在此过程中,果皮的颜色、表面特征和质地也产生有规律的变化。在上述生长发育过程中,果皮的外表皮与下皮形成外果皮,内表皮与其内的4—5层纤维状细胞形成内果皮,两者之间的薄壁组织与维管束组成中果皮。在荚果迅速生长期末,种子各部分结构已基本形成。成熟的种子由外珠被形成的种皮和发育完全的胚组成。由于其果皮内缺乏交叉的厚壁组织,且两缝线处具有两排木质化细胞的封闭层,故成熟时荚果不开裂。根据其荚果的形态发育规律和结构特征对白扁豆的栽培管理提出了一些建议。     

几种兰花种子无菌萌发及胚胎发育过程的几种途径

以虎头兰(黄色素花)×大雪兰、大雪兰×虎头兰(黄色素花)、虎头兰(黄色素花)×黄蝉兰、黄蝉兰×虎头兰(黄色素花)、冬凤兰、竹叶兰、窄唇蜘蛛兰、半柱毛兰、三褶虾脊兰和多花脆兰为材料,进行了杂交和自交种子无菌培养研究,并对胚胎发育进行了显微观察,结果表明:兰花种胚的发育途径有两条,一是种胚突破种皮后再转绿;二是种胚转绿后再突破种皮,且两条途径是同时进行的。种胚突破种皮的方式有3种:一是种子发育过程中,种皮慢慢消失,变成裸露的胚;二是种胚向种子的一端移动,最终突破种皮;三是种胚从种子的一侧突破种皮,形成裸胚。幼苗的发育途径有两条:一是小球体经圆球茎发育成小苗;二是小球体伸长成根茎后发育成小苗。     

Fruit micromorphology and anatomy of Valeriana officinalis s. str. (Valerianaceae)

Fruits of two varieties of Valeriana officinalis s. str. (var. officinalis , var. nitida ) are similar in general construction, but differ in details of external and internal structure. The outer cells of the pericarp form a regularly punctuated surface in both taxa. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates variation in cuticular sculpturing of the outer epidermal cell walls and the presence of epicuticular wax. The surface of fruit hairs varies from micropapillate in var. officinalis to linear warty in var. nitida . In the mature rericarp there occur three distinct histological zones: an outer exocarp, a central mesocarp, and an inner endocarp. The seed is small, enclosed in the indehiscent fruit, with thin seed coat and a straight embryo. Endosperm is absent. The results of this carpological study, especially the SEM characters of pericarp surface, may provide criteria useful for delimitation of V officinalis varieties.     

Fruit and seed ontogeny related to the seed behaviour of two tropical species of Caesalpinia (Leguminosae)

Caesalpinia echinata and C. ferrea var. ferrea have different seed behaviours and seed and fruit types. Comparison of the seed ontogeny and anatomy partly explained the differences in seed behaviour between these two species of Brazilian legumes; some differences were also related to fruit development. The seed coat in C. ferrea consisted of two layers of osteosclereids, as well as macrosclereids and fibres, to form a typical legume seed coat, whereas C. echinata had only macrosclereids and fibres. In C. echinata , the developing seed coat had paracytic stomata, a feature rarely found in legume seeds. These seed coat features may account for the low longevity of C. echinata seeds. The embryogeny was similar in both species, with no differences in the relationship between embryo growth and seed growth. The seeds of both species behaved as typical endospermic seeds, despite their different morphological classification (exendospermic orthodox seeds were described for C. echinata and endospermic orthodox seeds for C. ferrea ). Embryo growth in C. ferrea accelerated when the sclerenchyma of the pericarp was developing, whereas embryonic growth in C. echinata was associated with the conclusion of spine and secretory reservoir development in the pericarp. Other features observed included an endothelial layer that secreted mucilage in both species, a nucellar summit, which grew up into the micropyle, and a placental obturator that connected the ovarian tissue to the ovule in C. ferrea . © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 146 , 57–70.     

Achene structure, development and lipid accumulation in sunflower cultivars differing in oil content at maturity

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Sunflower cultivars exhibit a wide range of oil content in the mature achene, but the relationship between this and the dynamics of oil deposition in the achene during grain filling is not known. Information on the progress, during the whole achene growth period, of the formation of oil bodies in the components of the achene and its relationship with variations in final oil content is also lacking. METHODS: The biomass dynamics of achene components (pericarp, embryo, oil) in three cultivars of very different final oil concentration (30-56 % oil) were studied. In parallel, anatomical sections were used to follow the formation of oil and protein bodies in the embryo, and to observe pericarp anatomy. KEY RESULTS: In all cultivars, oil bodies were first observed in the embryo 6-7 daa after anthesis (daa). The per-cell number of oil bodies increased rapidly from 10-12 daa until 25-30 daa. Oil bodies were absent from the outer cell layers of young fruit and from mature pericarps. In mature embryos, the proportion of cell cross-sectional area occupied by protein bodies increased with decreasing embryo oil concentration. The sclerenchymatic layer of the mature pericarp decreased in thickness and number of cell layers from the low-oil cultivar to the high-oil cultivar. Different patterns of oil accumulation in the embryo across cultivars were also found, leading to variations in ripe embryo oil concentration. In the high-oil cultivar, the end of oil deposition coincided with cessation of embryo growth, while in the other two cultivars oil ceased to accumulate before the embryo achieved maximum weight. CONCLUSIONS: Cultivar differences in mature achene oil concentration reflect variations in pericarp proportion and thickness and mature embryo oil concentration. Cultivar differences in protein body proportion and embryo and oil mass dynamics during achene growth underlie variations in embryo oil concentration.     

Embryology and fruit development in four species of Pistacia L. (Anacardiaceae)

Pistacia atlantica, P. palaestina, P. lentiscus and P. saportae , were found to have great similarity in their embryology and fruit development. The anatropous, pendulous and crassinucellate ovule was initially unitegmic; later, the integument split close to the micropyle, forming a partial second integument. After anthesis there was a development of a hypostase and an obturator. The development of the Polygonum-type embryo sac followed division of a megaspore mother cell, giving a tetrad or triad of megaspores. The functional megaspore was the chalazal one. The ovary developed into a mature pericarp after anthesis, even when pollination was prevented, and before the zygote divided. Therefore, the fruit can be parthenocarpic. The ovule started to grow after initiation of embryo development until it filled the cavity within the pericarp. The zygotes were dormant for 4–18 weeks after pollination. In P. saportae reproduction became arrested during the development of the embryo sac; only very few abnormal embryos were found. No fixed pattern of embryo development could be discerned. The endosperm was initially nuclear, becoming cellular when the embryo started to develop. The seed coat was derived from the integument and the remnants of the nucellus.     

Sequential Expression of Trypsin Inhibitors in Developing Fruit of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)

Trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity was followed in the pod (pericarp),seed coat, cotyledon and embryo axis during fruit developmentof cowpea. On the basis of seed fresh weight, three phases couldbe distinguished from anthesis to fruit maturity. In the podTI activity increased from the beginning of Phase I to a maximumin the middle of the phase. From then on the activity declineduntil no activity could be detected before the end of phaseII. The cotyledons did not contain any TI in Phase I. TI activitywas first detected in the cotyledon in the beginning of PhaseII at the same time that globulin synthesis started. The TIactivity in the cotyledon increased to a maximum at the endof Phase II before decreasing in Phase III. In the embryo axisa similar pattern of TI activity to that of the cotyledon wasfound. No protein TI could be detected in the seed coat at anystage. In the pod there is a TI with a mol. wt of 12500 andpI of 4.4. Mature cotyledon and embryo axis have two TI withmol. wt 10800 and 24700 with pI 4.7 and 5.0 respectively. Duringdevelopment the smaller TI (mol. wt 10800) was synthesised beforethe larger TI (mol. wt 24700). There were large differencesbetween the maximum absolute amounts of TI present in the pericarp,cotyledon and embryo axis.     

Ethylene biosynthesis in tissues of young and mature avocado fruits

Sitrit, Y., Blumenfeld, A. and Riov, J. 1987. Ethylene biosynthesis in tissues of young and mature avocado fruits.
Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit tissues differ greatly in their capability to pro duce wound ethylene. In fruitlets, the endosperm lacks the ability to produce ethylene because no 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is synthesized and no activity of the ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) is present. The cotyledons (embryo) do not produce significant amounts of ethylene at any of the developmental stages of the fruits, although in both young and mature fruits they contain a relatively high level of ACC synthase (EC 4.4.1.-) activity. Because of the very low EFE activity present in the cotyledons, most of the ACC formed in this tissue is conjugated. Of the various fruitlet tissues, the seed coat has the highest potential to produce ethylene. This is due to a high ACC synthase activity and particularly a high EFE activity. Also, the seed coat is very sensitive to the autocatalytic effect of ethylene. Fruitletpericarp possesses a lower potential to produce ethylene than the seed coat. Towardruit maturiy, the endosperm disappears and the seed coat shrivels and dies so that the pericarp and the cotyledons remain as the only active tissues in the mature fruit. At this stage, the pericarp is the only tissue producing ethylene. Mature precli macteric pericarp has a lower potential to produce ethylene than fruitlet pericarpThe role of ethylene in regulating various physiological processes at different stages of fruit maturation is discussed.     

Purine Alkaloids of the Fruits of Camellia sinensis L. and Coffea arabica L. during Fruit Development

The amounts of two purine alkaloids, caffeine and theobromine,in the fruit of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) increased markedlyduring the growing season until the fruit was full-ripened anddried. In the dry fruit, the pericarp contained the most alkaloids,but there were also considerable amounts in the seed coat and,to a lesser extent, the fruit stalk and the seed. The shed seedsalso contained significant amounts of the alkaloids, especiallyin the seed coats. In contrast with the dry fruit of tea, seedsand pericarp of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) fruit contained aconsiderable amount of caffeine and a small amount of theobromide.A small amount of theophylline was also present in the pericarpof the ripened fruit. Relationships between growth and purinealkaloid content in tea and coffee fruits and their roles duringseed formation are discussed. Camellia sinensis L., tea, Coffea arabica L., coffee, purine alkaloids, fruit development, seed, seed coat, caffeine, theobromine, theophylline     

DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL AND SEEDLESS ACHENES IN CICHORIUM INTYBUS (COMPOSITAE)

Cross- and partially cross-pollinated capitula of Cichorium intybus (Compositae, Lactuceae) were examined for a study of normal and seedless fruit development respectively. Embryos develop according to the Asterad pattern, and the free-nuclear endosperm becomes cellular 15–17 hrs after pollination. A zone of disorganized cellular material surrounds the embryo sac at anthesis, and, in normal achenes, this zone expands as the seed develops. Initially the developing seed elongates and comes into contact with the top of the ovary by 48 hrs. In contrast to this pattern, the ovule in developing seedless achenes degenerates within 72 hrs. Irregularities, such as an abnormally proliferating endothelium, embryo formation without endosperm, and endosperm formation without an embryo often accompany this degeneration. Differentiation of the pericarp in seeded achenes begins between 48 and 72 hrs, starting at the apex and proceeding basipetally; in seedless fruits the process is similar though initiated somewhat later. The normal pericarp at maturity exhibits a pigmented exocarp, a broad mesocarp of thick-walled lignified cells, and a tenuous endocarp. In seedless achenes the fruit coat is similar except that the exocarp is colorless and the cells of the mesocarp are relatively small.     

血皮槭种子休眠机制研究

利用抑制物生物测定法和酸蚀技术研究了血皮槭种子休眠的原因。血皮槭种子吸水是一个非常缓慢的过程,在140 h以后种子含水量才能达到68%左右。酸蚀处理种子3 h,虽然没有加快种子的吸水速率,但能较好得使果皮变薄,也不影响种子的生活力。种子的各部位（果皮、种皮、子叶、胚根）均含有抑制物质,对小白菜种子的发芽率及胚根生长有很强的抑制作用,子叶各种处理水浸提液的抑制作用最强,果皮和种皮次之。血皮槭种子休眠主要由种壳机械障碍和种胚生理休眠两重因素导致,因此如何克服致密果壳而使激素能接触生理休眠的种胚是打破其种子休眠的关键技术。