蝴蝶兰叶片蛋白质提取及双向电泳体系优化

通过对蛋白质提取、IPG胶条选择、上样量、水化方式、聚焦条件等方面的优化,建立蝴蝶兰叶片蛋白质的双向电泳体系。结果表明,采用酚抽提法提取蝴蝶兰叶片蛋白质的纯度较高,复溶较完全;双向电泳优化体系选用24 cm pH 3～10 NL的IPG胶条,被动水化,上样量为1.35 mg,B1程序进行等电聚焦,12%分离胶进行第二向电泳,考马斯亮蓝G-250染色。该方法获得分辨率较高、重复性较好的蝴蝶兰叶片双向电泳图谱,蛋白数点多达1163个,可以满足蝴蝶兰蛋白质组学研究和分析。     

黄瓜叶片胞间隙蛋白质双向电泳体系的建立

以黄瓜种质‘PI088’幼苗为材料,提取胞间隙液,制备蛋白样品,通过对不同IPG胶条、等电聚焦条件、分离胶浓度、上样量等条件的探索,建立适合黄瓜叶片胞间隙蛋白质组的双向电泳体系.结果显示:(1)用pH 3～10的非线性IPG胶条,等电聚焦时间为70 000 Vh,分离胶浓度为10％,上样量为800 μg时,能够得到较好的2-DE图谱.(2)利用所建立的双向电泳体系找到了对照及接种霜霉菌后2d的黄瓜叶片胞间隙差异蛋白,其中的12个上调表达点和10个下调表达点的表达量变化在1.5倍以上.并选取一个差异点成功进行了质谱分析.(3)质谱分析结果显示,所找的差异点为一种酸性的几丁质酶,等电点为4.27.可见,采用所建立的双向电泳体系可获得分辨率高、重复性好的2-DE图谱并能很好地用于质谱分析.     

适用于黄瓜叶片、根系和果实总蛋白的双向电泳体系的建立

通过对上样量、分离胶浓度、等电聚焦参数三方面条件的优化,采用三氯乙酸/丙酮法提取黄瓜叶片总蛋白,初步建立了适用于黄瓜叶片总蛋白的双向电泳体系。进一步发现此优化条件结合蛋白的酚提取法,也适用于黄瓜根系和果实总蛋白的双向电泳。具体优化条件为:选用24 cm pH 4~7线性固相化pH梯度(immobilized pH gradient,IPG)胶条,上样量为800μg,分离胶浓度为12.5%,按聚焦程序Ⅱ聚焦,采用胶体考马斯亮蓝方法染色。采用该优化的体系可以同时进行黄瓜叶片、根系和果实总蛋白的双向电泳,并获得分辨率高、重复性好的双向电泳图谱。。     

缺铁逆境胁迫下水稻叶片蛋白的双向电泳及其蛋白质组图谱分析

水稻幼苗经缺铁胁迫诱导分别处理1、3、5天后,用酚法和TCA/丙酮法提取叶片中的可溶性蛋白进行双向电泳分析,从而研究在缺铁条件下叶片中蛋白表达的动态变化规律.结果显示1.不同pH IPG胶条分离蛋白的效果不同.用pH3-10的IPG胶条进行双向电泳,经考马斯亮蓝染色后,可在胶面上检测到大约450个蛋白点,其中约有89%的蛋白是酸性蛋白.如果用pH4-7的IPG胶条进行双向电泳,则可检测到大约600个蛋白点,其中有29个蛋白是上调表达,1个蛋白是下调表达,5个蛋白是诱导特异表达.2.不同方法提取的可溶性蛋白质量不同.TCA法简单易操作,似乎对于碱性蛋白的抽提效果更好,在2-DE图像上,减性端显示的蛋白点多;但此方法所得蛋白的再溶性差.酚法提取的蛋白再溶性好,所抽提的蛋白量较大,纯度较高.     

沙漠小球藻的蛋白双向电泳分析

为建立适用于小球藻(Chlorellasp.TLD6B)蛋白质组分析的双向电泳体系,该研究比较了TCA/丙酮沉淀法和Trisol提取法对小球藻蛋白的提取效果,不同pH梯度IPG胶条(pH3~10和pH4~7)、不同蛋白质上样量、不同聚焦程序对小球藻蛋白的分离效果。结果表明:(1)采用Trisol提取法可获得较高纯度蛋白,当选择24cm pH 3~10的线性IPG胶条时,上样量为500μg,聚焦80 000Vh效果最佳,可分辨蛋白点达726个;当选择24cm pH 4~7的线性IPG胶条时,上样量为1 000μg,聚焦80 000Vh效果最佳,可分辨蛋白点达1 230个。(2)该实验随机挑选了10个胶内蛋白点进行MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS鉴定分析表明,其中8个蛋白点鉴定成功,进一步说明Trisol提取法可适用于小球藻双向电泳分析。     

茶树叶片蛋白双向电泳体系建立与应用

为开展茶树Camellia sinensis 低温和干旱胁迫下差异蛋白的分离和鉴定,以抗逆性较强的茶树品种‘迎霜’为试材,通过对提取方法、IPG 胶条pH 范围、上样量、分离胶浓度、染色方法的比较,筛选适用于茶树叶片的蛋白质双向电泳体系。结果表明,采用TCA-丙酮法或Tris-HCl 法提取叶片总蛋白,选用17 cm pH 4~7IPG 胶条用于等电聚焦,选择1.6~2.2 mg 上样量、13.5%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶进行分离,随后通过高敏考马斯亮蓝R-250 法染色;最终,叶片各分子量的蛋白充分分离,获得的双向电泳图谱分辨率高、背景清晰、重复性好,适用于‘迎霜’低温和干旱胁迫下叶片差异蛋白分析。     

四倍体刺槐枝条韧皮部总蛋白质双向电泳体系建立及应用

采用TCA/丙酮法对四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部全蛋白质进行提取,通过对IPG胶条pH梯度、分离胶浓度的选择,上样量、等电聚焦条件的优化,建立起四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部蛋白质双向电泳体系。研究结果表明:采用TCA/丙酮法提取四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部全蛋白质,选用pH4-7的17 cm IPG胶条,考马斯亮蓝染色上样量550μg,等电聚焦IEF聚焦总伏小时数从60 000 Vh提高到80 000 Vh,并采用12%的分离胶对四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部全蛋白进行双向电泳,能得到背景清晰、蛋白质点数相对较多,分离度高且重复性好的电泳图谱。利用建立的体系进行双向电泳分离蛋白质,能直接挖点送质谱分析。采用该体系分析四倍体刺槐硬枝扦插生根愈伤组织阶段蛋白质表达差异,共筛选出83个差异蛋白质点,其中上调蛋白15个,新产生蛋白22个,下调蛋白22个,缺失表达24个。     

松材线虫全蛋白的提取及其双向电泳体系优化

目的:一种适用于双向电泳体系的松材线虫全蛋白提取方法的建立及其双向电泳体系的优化.方法:以松材线虫为实验材料,比较2种不同的蛋白提取方法,并对双向电泳中的IPG胶条长度、IPG胶条最适pH范围、上样量等3个方面的条件进行优化.结果:采用TCA-丙酮法提取的蛋白质浓度较高,达到2.18μg/μl.使用pH5 ～8、24cm的IPG干胶条,上样量为120μg,经双向电泳分离可得到背景清晰、分辨率较高的2 - DE图谱,能检测到2 000个左右清晰的蛋白点,含有相对丰富的蛋白信息量.结论:该实验所建立的松材线虫提取方法和优化体系可以为今后松材线虫蛋白质组学的研究奠定技术基础.     

建立和优化双向电泳分析柱花草根系蛋白谱的方法

本研究以柱花草根系为材料,比较了不同蛋白质提取方法和蛋白上样量等因素对双向电泳方法分析根系蛋白图谱的影响。结果表明,在苯酚法提取蛋白中,加入0.7mol·L-1NaCl和20%乙醇,并在蛋白沉淀过程中加入1/10倍体积5mol·L-1NaCl,能够有效去除组织样品中的非蛋白成分,结合使用pH4～7范围的IPG胶条,1mg根系蛋白可以在双向电泳图谱上分辨出较多蛋白点,图谱背景清晰,该体系适合柱花草根系蛋白质的双向电泳分析。     

甜瓜叶片中Rubisco的去除及双向电泳体系的优化

为降低Rubisco的干扰,建立适合于甜瓜叶片蛋白质的双向电泳技术,本文比较了不同全蛋白提取方法和上样量对双向电泳的影响。结果表明,Mg/NP-40/PEG3350/TCA/丙酮提取法可去除样品中绝大多数的Rubisco,使低丰度蛋白得以检测,适合后续分析。以该法提取的蛋白,采用600、800、1000和l200μg四种上样量进行双向电泳,上样量为l000μg的样品用pH3～10的IPG胶条,在2-DE胶上分辨出质量好、数量多的蛋白质点（562个）。因此,Mg/NP-40/PEG3350/TCA/丙酮法是适合甜瓜叶片蛋白质提取的方法,l000μg是最适上样量。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。