黑胸茧蜂与寄主关系的研究

黑胸茧蜂除寄生根红铃虫、梨小食心虫外,豆荚螟是又一发现的新寄主。黑胸茧蜂对棉红铃虫寄生率高,豆荚螟、梨小食心虫依序次之。在湖北,黑胸茧蜂越冬代于5月上、中旬开始羽化,5月中、下旬寄生第二代梨小食心虫,6月中、下旬越冬代大量羽化集中寄生春大豆上第二代豆荚螟,7月上、中旬转移至棉田寄生第一代棉红铃虫,8月上、中旬又向棉田四周的夏大豆田转移寄生第三代豆荚螟,9月上、中旬迁回棉田寄生第三代棉红铃虫直至越冬。     

越冬西方蜜蜂4个亚种的转录组学差异分析

【目的】为进一步探讨西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera在越冬期基因表达模式的变化规律及抗寒机理,进而更好地指导蜂群越冬管理。【方法】利用转录组学鉴定和比较了西方蜜蜂4个亚种高加索蜂A.m.caucasica、欧洲黑蜂A.m.mellifera、意大利蜜蜂A.m.ligustica和卡尼鄂拉蜂A.m.carnica在越冬期的差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),并进行了GO和KEGG富集分析。利用qRT-PCR验证转录组测序结果的可靠性。【结果】西方蜜蜂4个亚种在越冬期DEGs的表达量变化各具特点,其中意大利蜜蜂在越冬初期到越冬中期DEGs表达量变化活跃,卡尼鄂拉蜂和欧洲黑蜂在越冬中期到越冬末期DEGs表达量变化活跃,高加索蜂在整个越冬期DEGs表达量相对稳定。越冬初期西方蜜蜂4个亚种的DEGs表达模式存在差异,高加索蜂和欧洲黑蜂中表皮蛋白22、卵黄原蛋白、气味结合蛋白14、热休克蛋白70和细胞色素P4509e2基因的表达量比意大利蜜蜂和卡尼鄂拉蜂的高,意大利蜜蜂中几丁质酶、防御素1、视黄醇脱氢酶和细胞色素b5基因的表达量较高,而卡尼...     

黑刺粉虱危害对黄金芽茶叶生化成分含量及抗氧化酶活力的影响

【目的】明确黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus为害对茶叶生化物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响,为精准、安全、高效、绿色防治黑刺粉虱,提高茶叶品质提供参考。【方法】测定黑刺粉虱为害不同级别下黄金芽芽下第3叶中生化成分(茶多酚、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、咖啡碱、儿茶素)含量及3种抗氧化酶(SOD, POD和CAT)活性的变化。【结果】随着黑刺粉虱为害等级的提高,黄金芽芽下第3叶中茶多酚的含量显著性降低,且以为害级别为Ⅳ级时最低,为18.82%±0.21%,而游离氨基酸、咖啡碱、可溶性糖和儿茶素的含量在不同的为害级别间均无显著性变化。黄金芽芽下第3叶中POD和CAT活力随着黑刺粉虱为害等级的增加先显著升高后很快降低,均以为害等级Ⅰ时活性最高,分别为57.14±3.98和28.05±0.40 U/mg pro。SOD活力呈显著下降趋势,且以为害等级Ⅳ时SOD活力最低,为442.73±10.54 U/mg pro。【结论】黑刺粉虱为害对黄金芽茶叶中与抗性提高相关的生化物质咖啡碱、儿茶素含量均没有显著性影响,与抗逆补偿相关的游离氨基酸和可溶性糖含量也没有显著性变化,但茶多酚含量显著降低,3种抗氧化酶活性随为害等级升高呈现先升高后显著降低的趋势,说明黄金芽对黑刺粉虱的抵抗力较弱,需要加强黄金芽上黑刺粉虱发生的科学管理。     

黑胸散白蚁工蚁与工蚁型补充生殖蚁体内抗氧化酶和解毒酶的活性及基因表达变化

【目的】社会性白蚁的工蚁可以转化成补充生殖蚁参与生殖,提高自身适合度。本研究旨在探究工蚁转变成补充生殖蚁后,与氧化应激抗衰老相关的抗氧化酶和解毒酶活性的变化,为揭示生殖蚁的繁殖和抗衰老机制提供参考。【方法】利用生化方法分别测定黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensis工蚁、工蚁型补充生殖蚁和原始生殖蚁体内的2种抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)与4种解毒酶酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase, ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)、羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase, CarE)和细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450, CYP450)的酶活性;同时利用qRT-PCR检测这些酶对应的基因RsCAT, RsSOD, RsACP, RsCYP450和RsCarE的表达量。【结果】与雌性工蚁相比,黑胸散白蚁工蚁型补充生殖蚁体内的CAT, SOD, ACP, AKP和CarE活性显著上升,分别达到雌性工蚁的5.82, 1.41, 1.39, 2.27和2.70倍,CYP450活性在两品级间没有显著差异;RsCAT, RsSOD, RsACP, RsCarE和RsCYP450的表达量也显著增加。补充生殖蚁体内CAT和ACP活性显著高于原始生殖蚁的,而SOD和AKP活性在两品级间没有显著差异;雌雄补充生殖蚁RsCAT的相对表达量分别是原始生殖蚁的5.68和3.60倍,RsACP的相对表达量分别是原始生殖蚁的81.12和46.72倍。【结论】黑胸散白蚁工蚁由非生殖品级转化为生殖品级以后,体内抗氧化酶和解毒酶的酶活力和基因表达水平显著升高,从一定程度上揭示了生殖品级的抗衰老机制。     

吡虫啉胁迫对意大利蜜蜂哺育蜂免疫解毒相关基因表达及酶活力的影响

蜜蜂作为世界上最重要的授粉性昆虫,在采集过程中易接触到杀虫剂,前人研究表明新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉（imidaclorprid）影响意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica（简称“意蜂”）的存活和舞蹈、采集等行为。本研究旨在探究亚致死剂量吡虫啉胁迫对意大利蜜蜂哺育蜂（8日龄成年工蜂）免疫解毒相关基因表达、免疫解毒酶系活力及存活率的影响。结果显示哺育蜂连续取食3 d和9 d含0.1 ng/μL吡虫啉的蔗糖液后,其存活率与对照组（饲喂含等量丙酮的蔗糖溶液）无显著差异;连续饲喂11 d含0.1 ng/μL吡虫啉的50%蔗糖溶液后,其存活率与对照组有显著差异。荧光定量PCR检测及双抗体一步夹心法酶联免疫吸附试验结果显示哺育蜂取食吡虫啉3 d后,蜜蜂体内免疫基因多酚氧化酶基因（PPOA3,GB43738）,Abaecin类抗菌肽基因（ABA,GB18323）,葡萄糖脱氢酶基因（GLD, GB43007）和解毒基因细胞色素P450基因（CYP450 6a2,GB49876）,细胞色素B561基因（CYB561 2-like,GB40148）,葡萄糖醛酸转移酶（UDP-glucuronosyltransferase,GB52179）的表达及蜂体内体内细胞色素P450酶（cytochrome P450,CYP450）含量均有上调趋势,超氧化物岐化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）和过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）均有显著下调趋势;哺育蜂取食吡虫啉9 d后,PPOA3,ABA,GLD,CYP450 6a2,CYB561 2-like,UDP-glucuronosyltransferase的表达及蜂体内体内细胞色素P450酶含量均有下调趋势,多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶酶活力均有显著下调趋势。本研究在分子水平上提供了亚致死剂量吡虫啉是通过扰乱蜜蜂正常的免疫系统进而影响蜜蜂行为的证据,以期为维护蜜蜂健康提供一定的理论依据。     

中国黑卵蜂属一新记录种——东方蝗卵蜂

记述黑卵蜂属Scelio中国1新记录种:东方蝗卵蜂Scelio orientalis Dodd,并报道该寄生蜂的新寄主:越北腹露蝗Fruhstorferiola tonkinensis Will.。     

基于微卫星标记的饶河黑蜂亲缘关系分析

为了摸清我国饶河黑蜂(亦称东北黑蜂)群体与俄罗斯蜜蜂(亦称USDA-ARS俄罗斯蜜蜂)、C形态学分支的卡尼鄂拉蜂Apis mellifera carnica、O形态学分支的高加索蜂Apis mellifera caucasica和安拉托尼亚蜂Apis mellifera anatoliaca之间的亲缘关系,本试验运用16个微卫星DNA标记,以来自饶河县7个区域(东北黑蜂国家级自然保护区所在地)的东北黑蜂为研究对象,其它5个蜜蜂群体为对照,分析了东北黑蜂与其他西方蜜蜂的亲缘关系、群体遗传结构和种质特性。结果表明东北黑蜂群体与俄罗斯蜜蜂亲缘关系最近(遗传距离(dμ)2=0.31～0.55),在遗传进化关系上处于同一进化分支,而与高加索蜂、安拉托尼亚蜂和卡尼鄂拉蜂的亲缘关系相对较远(遗传距离(dμ)2=0.52～0.86)。该实验结果进一步证明东北黑蜂起源于俄罗斯蜜蜂,其对东北黑蜂的选育、推广和保护具有重要的现实意义。     

黑胸木蜂天蛾的生物学特性及防治

黑胸木蜂大蛾SataspestagalicachinensiClark是南岭黄檀的重要食叶害虫之一。近年来,该虫在福建沙县南岭黄植林内发生较为严重,幼虫食叶量大,为害猖獗,严重影响紫胶生产,有关该虫的生物学特性,国内尚未见有报道。作者于1987～1990年对该虫的幼期形态,生物学特性进行了系统观察,现将结果整理如下。1寄生及分布黑胸木蜂天蛾的寄主有南岭黄檀、黄檀和葡萄属植物。国内已知分布于广东、福建（沙县、南平、武夷山）。国外分布于缅甸;印度;斯里兰卡;菲律宾[1]。2生物学特性2．1生活史黑胸木蜂大蛾在福建一年发生3代,以蛹在土里越冬。…     

野蚕黑卵蜂寄主识别利它素的cDNA文库构建

根据家蚕性附腺中含有的利它素能诱导野蚕黑卵蜂寄生涂有该利它素的人造卵及能用家蚕卵繁育野蚕黑卵蜂的特性 ,用化蛹 9天的家蚕雌蛹性附腺分泌部的高丰度的mRNA构建了富含利它素基因的cDNA文库。构建成的未扩增文库的滴度为 3.2 9× 10 4 pfu μL ,重组率为 90 .0 5 % ,扩增后的文库总滴度为 1.5 6× 10 7pfu μL。用PCR方法对总文库和随机挑取的噬菌斑进行扩增 ,表明λZiplox载体中已含有大小为 0 .5～ 8.0kb的cDNA插入片段 ,并在 2 .5kb、1.1kb和 0 .75kb处cDNA插入片段相对集中。所有分析结果表明 ,采用特定的发育时期和特定的组织提取的mRNA构建而成的cDNA表达文库具有较高频率的利它素基因片段和合适的滴度 ,定向插入技术并结合λZiplox噬菌体的表达功能 ,使构建的cDNA文库具有表达外源DNA的功能 ,有利于进行利它素基因的免疫筛选。     

采用微卫星DNA标记分析东北黑蜂小群保种效果

本研究利用16对荧光标记微卫星引物分析国家蜜蜂基因库(吉林)保种群体东北黑蜂的小群保种效果,为进一步保护和利用东北黑蜂遗传资源提供理论依据。分别选取国家蜜蜂基因库(吉林)保种群体和国家级东北黑蜂保护区(原产地)群体东北黑蜂各30头,利用测定优势等位基因频率(Pi)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体内近交系数(F_(is))比较基因库保种群体与原产地群体的遗传差异。两群体间东北黑蜂的Pi、He、PIC和F_(is)均没有显著差异(P0.05)。国家蜜蜂基因库(吉林)对东北黑蜂群体保种效果良好,异地小群保种的方法对东北黑蜂具有潜在可行性。     

Vitellogenin expression in queen ovaries and in larvae of both sexes of Apis mellifera

In the honeybee, Apis mellifera, vitellogenin (Vg) expression has been detected in the ovary of queens, but not in that of workers. In addition, larvae of both sexes produce Vg in significant amounts, which suggest that Vg serves for functions additional to oocyte growth and energy supply to the embryo. In vivo hormone treatment experiments suggest that the decrease of 20-hydroxyecdysone concentration occurring in previtellogenic phases allows Vg production. Southern analysis indicates that the Vg gene is present as a single copy in the honeybee genome.     

意大利工蜂不同发育时期抗氧化酶基因mRNA表达量的变化

超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）在清除工蜂体内自由基的过程中起着关键的作用, 其活性和基因表达量的高低与蜜蜂的寿命、 抗病力有直接的联系, 进而影响着蜂群的生产性能。本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR法研究意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica不同发育时期铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（copper zinc superoxide dismutase, CuZnSOD）、 锰超氧化物歧化酶（manganese superoxide dismutase, MnSOD）及过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）基因mRNA表达量的变化。实验分别在幼虫、 蛹、 成虫3个阶段5个时间点（产卵后5 d的幼虫, 产卵后14 d的蛹, 出房后1 d, 12 d, 32 d的成虫）取样。结果表明, 3个抗氧化酶基因在各个发育阶段均有表达, 其中CuZnSOD和MnSOD mRNA的表达量在幼虫到蛹期和出房后12-32 d两个阶段呈下降趋势, 而都以出房后1 d时表达量最大, 蛹期表达量最小, 且显著低于其他4个时期(P<0.05)。CuZnSOD基因 mRNA的表达量在成虫阶段的下降趋势不明显, MnSOD mRNA的表达量则显著下降(P<0.05); 而CAT基因的mRNA表达量以蛹期最低, 且其表达量随蜜蜂的生长发育稳定上升, 在出房后12 d和32 d时表达量显著高于其他3个时期。这些研究结果在分子水平上揭示了抗氧化酶基因在蜜蜂不同发育时期的作用。     

Local honeybee (Apis mellifera mellifera L.) populations in the Urals

The COI-COII intergenic region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was studied in local honeybee (Apis mellifera mellifera) L. populations from the Middle and Southern Urals. Analysis of bee colonies in these regions revealed apiaries enriched in families descending from A. m. mellifera in the maternal lineage. These results confirm the suggestion of preservation of A. m. mellifera refuges in the Urals and provide grounds for work on the preservation of the gene pool of this bee variety, valuable for all Russia.     

The antioxidant system in diapausing and active red mason bee Osmia bicornis

The red mason bee Osmia bicornis L. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) belongs to a group of insects that undergo an obligatory diapause in the imago stage. Red mason bees (O. bicornis) consume oxygen during overwintering diapause, and reactive oxygen species can be produced despite substantial inhibition of metabolism. These are first studies to investigate the antioxidant system in diapausing red mason bees and to compare the antioxidant systems of overwintering and active imagines. The present study analyzes total antioxidant status, glutathione and ascorbic acid levels, and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase in overwintering (October to March) and active (April) female and male O. bicornis. Diapause phases (prediapause, diapause and post‐diapause) cannot be distinguished based on the parameters of the antioxidant system of the bees. During overwintering, a significant decrease is noted only in ascorbic acid content. The remaining antioxidants remain fairly stable, which indicates the absence of oxidative stress in diapausing specimens. The analyzed parameters distinguish diapausing bees from active insects. Excluding total antioxidant status, the evaluated parameters are significantly higher in active individuals than in overwintering specimens. Sex‐related differences are found only for catalase, the level of which is consistently higher in males than in females.     

啶虫脒对西方蜜蜂蜂王培育质量的影响

【目的】本实验旨在研究王台中残留啶虫脒对西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂王培育质量的影响。【方法】通过融化蜂蜡并添加啶虫脒药液制作王台,使各王台中分别含4个不同剂量的啶虫脒(0, 10, 100和1 000 μg/kg蜂蜡)。同时,控制蜂王产卵6 h, 3 d后,将孵化为1日龄的幼虫分别移入各组王台中,并放入蜂群哺育。移虫后第3和6天分别统计各组王台中幼虫的接受率和封盖率,待蜂王出房时,计算其出房率,测定蜂王个体初生重、胸重和胸宽指标;采用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术测定蜂王卵巢中卵黄原蛋白基因(Vg)、储存蛋白基因(hex110和hex70b)的相对表达量。【结果】100 μg/kg蜂蜡和1 000μg/kg蜂蜡这两个啶虫脒剂量组西方蜜蜂蜂王的出房率都显著低于0 μg/kg蜂蜡和10 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组,而0 μg/kg蜂蜡与10 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组之间及100 μg/kg蜂蜡与1 000 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组之间出房率 均差异不显著;这4个剂量组的王台幼虫接受率和封盖率以及蜂王的初生重、胸重和胸宽均无显著差异。qPCR结果显示,Vg基因的相对表达量随啶虫脒浓度的增加而下降,其中,1 000 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组Vg基因的相对表达量显著低于10 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组和0 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组,其余各剂量组之间差异不显著;这4个剂量组之间hex110和hex70b基因的表达量差异不显著。【结论】西方蜜蜂王台中啶虫脒残留超过100 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量时,会对蜂王培育产生不利影响。     

Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera

The economically most important honey bee species, Apis mellifera, was formerly considered to be parasitized by one microsporidian, Nosema apis. Recently, [Higes, M., Martín, R., Meana, A., 2006. Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 92, 93-95] and [Huang, W.-F., Jiang, J.-H., Chen, Y.-W., Wang, C.-H., 2007. A Nosema ceranae isolate from the honeybee Apis mellifera. Apidologie 38, 30-37] used 16S (SSU) rRNA gene sequences to demonstrate the presence of Nosema ceranae in A. mellifera from Spain and Taiwan, respectively. We developed a rapid method to differentiate between N. apis and N. ceranae based on PCR-RFLPs of partial SSU rRNA. The reliability of the method was confirmed by sequencing 29 isolates from across the world (N =9 isolates gave N. apis RFLPs and sequences, N =20 isolates gave N. ceranae RFLPs and sequences; 100% correct classification). We then employed the method to analyze N =115 isolates from across the world. Our data, combined with N =36 additional published sequences demonstrate that (i) N. ceranae most likely jumped host to A. mellifera, probably within the last decade, (ii) that host colonies and individuals may be co-infected by both microsporidia species, and that (iii) N. ceranae is now a parasite of A. mellifera across most of the world. The rapid, long-distance dispersal of N. ceranae is likely due to transport of infected honey bees by commercial or hobbyist beekeepers. We discuss the implications of this emergent pathogen for worldwide beekeeping.     

Evolutionary history of the honey bee Apis mellifera inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis

Variability of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. has been investigated by restriction and sequence analyses on a sample of 68 colonies from ten different subspecies. The 19 mtDNA types detected are clustered in three major phylogenetic lineages. These clades correspond well to three groups of populations with distinct geographical distributions: branch A for African subspecies (intermissa, monticola, scutellata, andansonii and capensis), branch C for North Mediterranean subspecies (caucasica, carnica and ligustica) and branch M for the West European populations (mellifera subspecies). These results partially confirm previous hypotheses based on morphometrical and allozymic studies, the main difference concerning North African populations, now assigned to branch A instead of branch M. The pattern of spatial structuring suggests the Middle East as the centre of dispersion of the species, in accordance with the geographic areas of the other species of the same genus. Based on a conservative 2% divergence rate per Myr, the separation of the three branches has been dated at about 1 Myr BP.     

Influence of honey bee, Apis mellifera, hives and field size on foraging activity of native bee species in pumpkin fields

The purpose of this study was to identify bee species active in pumpkin fields in New York and to estimate their potential as pollinators by examining their foraging activity. In addition, we examined whether foraging activity was affected by either the addition of hives of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., or by field size. Thirty-five pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) fields ranging from 0.6 to 26.3 ha, 12 supplemented with A. mellifera hives and 23 not supplemented, were sampled during peak flowering over three successive weeks in 2008 and 2009. Flowers from 300 plants per field were visually sampled for bees on each sampling date. A. mellifera, Bombus impatiens Cresson, and Peponapis pruinosa (Say) accounted for 99% of all bee visits to flowers. A. mellifera and B. impatiens visited significantly more pistillate flowers than would be expected by chance, whereas P. pruinosa showed no preference for visiting pistillate flowers. There were significantly more A. mellifera visits per flower in fields supplemented with A. mellifera hives than in fields not supplemented, but there were significantly fewer P. pruinosa visits in supplemented fields. The number of B. impatiens visits was not affected by supplementation, but was affected by number of flowers per field. A. mellifera and P. pruinosa visits were not affected by field size, but B. impatiens visited fewer flowers as field size increased in fields that were not supplemented with A. mellifera hives. Declining A. mellifera populations may increase the relative importance of B. impatiens in pollinating pumpkins in New York.     

意大利蜜蜂和小峰熊蜂在温室桃园的传粉行为及其影响因素

意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica和小峰熊蜂Bombus hypocrita是我国设施农业中的两种主要授粉昆虫, 二者的传粉方式和传粉效率因不同作物而各有不同。为了选用最理想的蜂种为温室作物授粉, 提高作物的授粉效率, 我们于2008-2010年连续3年在北京的温室桃园进行了意大利蜜蜂和小峰熊蜂的传粉行为及其影响因素的研究。结果表明, 两种蜂的日活动规律不同, 和意大利蜜蜂相比, 小峰熊蜂的活动起点温度低、 日工作时间长、 单花访问时间长, 采集蜂在温室内距离蜂巢不同距离之间扩散比较均匀。而意大利蜜蜂采集蜂的数量随授粉半径的增大而明显减少。温室内环境因子对两种蜂传粉活动的影响基本一致, 温度对两种蜂的传粉活动影响最大, 其次是湿度、 单花花蜜浓度和光照强度, 而单花花蜜体积对蜂活动无明显影响。本研究认为对于温室桃授粉应优先选用授粉性能稳定的小峰熊蜂, 并且适当调节温室内环境条件, 以提高其授粉效率。     

西方蜜蜂和兰州熊蜂在设施桃园的访花偏好性比较

【目的】为了比较西方蜜蜂 Apis mellifera 和兰州熊蜂 Bombus lantschouensis 在设施桃园内对不同时期桃花的访花偏好性、以及这种偏好性与花粉活力和采集花粉花蜜之间的关系。【方法】记录2种蜂在温室桃园内访问早期花、中期花和晚期花的比例,测定桃花不同时期的花粉活力以及2种蜂携带的花粉活力,观察2种蜂采集花蜜和采集花粉的成功率,统计2种蜂访花过程中桃花所处的枝条数及植株数。【结果】桃花不同时期的花粉活力差异显著,早期花花药未开裂,花粉未释放,中期花花粉活力（58.3%）显著高于晚期花花粉活力（34.2%）（P<0.01）;西方蜜蜂更加偏好访问中期花,对中期花的访问率高达75.3%,显著高于兰州熊蜂对中期花的访问率（49.2%）（P<0.01）;西方蜜蜂携带的花粉活力（92.1%）显著高于兰州熊蜂携带的花粉活力（72.9%）,但是西方蜜蜂采集花粉和采集花蜜的成功率均低于兰州熊蜂（P<0.01）;在访问一定数量的桃花过程中,兰州熊蜂在设施桃园内访问的枝条数和植株数较多,分布范围较广（P<0.01）。【结论】和兰州熊蜂相比,西方蜜蜂对活力花粉的辨别能力更强,更加偏好访问花粉活力较高的花朵,这种偏好性导致其采集花粉花蜜的成功率降低。