中国晚中新世陆相哺乳动物群序列:陕西蓝田的新证据(英文)

自 2 0世纪 60年代 ,陕西蓝田地区就以连续的晚新生代地层及丰富的哺乳动物化石而成为研究中国晚新生代哺乳动物与地层划分对比的经典地区之一。李传夔等 ( 1 984)根据灞河组发现的哺乳动物化石建立了灞河期 ,并与欧洲的Vallesian期对比。邱占祥等( 1 990 ,1 995)认为化石证据不充分 ,而将其与保德期合并。近年来 ,黄土高原三趾马红粘土大量的年代学资料表明 ,红粘土沉积最早可能开始于约 8Ma前。因此 ,狭义的保德期可能只代表了晚中新世晚期 ,晚中新世哺乳动物分期的再划分问题又重新被提出。自 1 997年以来 ,我们课题组在蓝田地区共发现 52个化石地点 ,其中的 2 6个含有哺乳动物化石 ,大哺乳动物化石标本共计 1 666件。经过详细野外地层测量 ,绘制了综合地层剖面 ,并将主要含哺乳动物化石的地点对比标定到综合地层剖面上。经过对各门类化石的初步研究 ,以及对已有化石材料的初步修订 ,到目前为止 ,陕西蓝田灞河组共计发现哺乳动物化石 45种 ,蓝田组 2 0种。新的化石证据表明 ,灞河组发现的哺乳动物化石组合完全不同于典型意义上的保德三趾马动物群。大哺乳动物化石以灞河三趾马与贾氏三趾马为代表 ,牛科化石组合在种级甚至属级上有明显的区别。大量的陕西转角羚羊 ,小型的Protoryx、Dorcadoryx以及Ga     

内蒙古哈拉津胡舒晚中新世动物群（英文）

过去40年,在内蒙古中部地区的陆相新近纪化石地点中应用了筛选技术,采集到大量标本,这些发现迅速填补着晚新生代动物群演替和生物年代学认识的空白。在把孤立的化石组合按时代先后进行排序和建立动物群序列框架中,小哺乳动物的发现和研究发挥了至关重要的作用。报道了另一个产自哈拉津胡舒地点的晚中新世动物群,这个动物群再次展示了蒙古高原上令人"叹为观止"的化石种类和丰度。新地点位于该地区的最北部,并为玄武岩所覆盖,产出的标本计有7000余件,代表大、小哺乳动物达63种。虽然这一动物群混杂了少量下部层位的属种,但它不失为内蒙古中部地区一个较为真实地反映晚中新世小哺乳动物组成和生态环境的动物群。初步分析表明,哈拉津胡舒动物群属中国陆生哺乳动物年代的晚中新世早期的灞河期,可能比阿木乌苏动物群稍晚,但比沙拉动物群略早。     

陕西蓝田晚中新世灞河组的仓鼠化石(英文)

陕西蓝田是我国晚中新世地层发育最完整的地区之一。新近纪哺乳动物分期中的灞河期即根据该地区灞河组发现的化石而命名。1997至2001年度的中芬合作在灞河组发现大量的新层位与化石标本。连续的地层剖面与大量的化石资料为进一步认识晚中新世哺乳动物的演化历史提供了很好的基础。灞河组发现的仓鼠可以归入两个属:微仓鼠Nannocricetus和科氏仓鼠Kowalskia。微仓鼠的分布时限较长,从灞河组的底部到中上部层位,古地磁研究指示其年代为10.2～8 Ma。根据形态特征与测量数据,发现的微仓鼠标本被归入同一种Nannocricetus primitivus。其主要特征有:个体很小;m1的下前边尖在中度或重度磨蚀的标本上呈单尖,metalophulidⅠ存在,但metalophulidⅡ缺如;M1前边尖与原尖单连接;M3很退化。与Nannocricetus mongolicus相比,m1的下前边尖更少分开,且在唇侧有向后延伸的弱脊,下前小脊很弱或缺失,m2的舌侧前边尖较发育,M1前边尖与原尖单连接,M3次尖较发育且缺失后尖。推测Nannocricetus primitivus是N.mongolicus的直接祖先类型,向后者转换的时间大约发生在7～8 Ma。根据新的化石材料重新修订了微仓鼠的属征:个体很小的仓鼠;上臼齿的中脊与下臼齿的下中脊完全缺失或极不发育;m1下前边尖呈单尖或较少分开;m2的下次尖靠舌侧,使得m2的后部较窄,m2中原谷向前延伸不太远;M3很退化。科氏仓鼠的标本很少,仅发现在剖面的上部,其时代稍早于8 Ma,与云南禄丰的年代大致相当,是目前中国发现的最早纪录之一。推测科氏仓鼠在8 Ma前从欧洲迁移至中国。     

临夏故事

临夏盆地位于青藏高原东北缘 ,晚新生代地层发育 ,蕴藏着丰富的哺乳动物化石。自上个世纪 5 0年代以来这里就盛产作为中药材的“龙骨” ,实际上就是大型的哺乳动物化石 ,可惜的是很少被作为科学研究的材料。最近 ,我们已在从晚渐新世至早更新世的各个层位中发现了大量的哺乳动物化石 ,包括晚渐新世的巨犀动物群、中中新世的铲齿象动物群、晚中新世的三趾马动物群和早更新世的真马动物群 ,尤其以三趾马动物群最为丰富 ,以鼬、剑齿虎、鬣狗、四棱齿象、三趾马、犀牛、弓颌猪、长颈鹿、麝牛和羚羊等为代表。临夏盆地的三趾马动物群化石在数量和…     

山西保德第30地点的跳鼠化石及其环境意义(英文)

山西保德第30地点发现了两种跳鼠化石,主要是三趾跳鼠Dipus fraudator,还有少量的五趾跳鼠Paralactaga cf.P.suni。这个跳鼠组合虽然种类不如内蒙古二登图动物群中的丰富,但其优势类群和组成比例都与后者非常相似。而与陕西蓝田灞河组发现的跳鼠组合相比,两者相差很大,后者以Protalactaga为主,虽然可能有一颗颊齿属于Paralactaga,但其明显比所有已知的种类原始。保德的跳鼠虽然只是该地区首批详细研究的小哺乳动物化石,但已经表明保德动物群和灞河动物群在小哺乳动物组成上也差异显著,进一步证实了灞河期和保德期动物群的截然不同,支持了灞河期的有效性。分析表明,跳鼠从10 Ma以后都是与高冠食草动物伴生,显示出其耐旱性。因此,保德第30地点和相关层位应该是开阔草原环境,这与之前根据大哺乳动物组合及牙齿稳定同位素分析所恢复的生态环境一致。由于缺乏有效的地理隔离,保德地区第30地点和第49地点的生态差异显然不是空间上的,而是时间上的。     

哺乳动物化石群落线指示的甘肃临夏盆地晚新生代环境演变(英文)

哺乳动物群的演替过程在重建古环境和古气候中具有重要的作用。群落线(cenogram)是将陆生哺乳动物群中非肉食性种类按体重分布顺序排列的一种曲线,并可在图中将肉食性种类单独排序,以便显示动物群的整体组成。通过与现生哺乳动物群的比较,化石动物群的群落线已经被用来推断古环境及其在地质历史时期的变化。基于甘肃临夏盆地晚新生代哺乳动物群的群落线进行古环境重建,时代从晚渐新世直到早更新世。大多数化石种类的体重通过下第一臼齿面积与体重的回归公式来估计,少数种类用其他牙齿或肢骨来估计。大多数体重估计的测量数据来自临夏盆地的化石,少数取自文献。对7个化石动物群分别计算群落线的统计结果,在此基础上进行古环境解释。这些分析揭示了临夏盆地在晚中新世、早上新世和早更新世具有开阔的环境,晚渐新世是半开阔的林地,而中中新世为比较紧密的森林;在晚渐新世和晚中新世早期气候干燥,晚中新世的其他时段以及早上新世和早更新世为半干旱环境,而中中新世时期相当湿润。     

青海柴达木盆地晚中新世深沟小哺乳动物群(英文)

描述了2002-2005年间在青海德令哈深沟上油砂山组采集的小哺乳动物化石。化石共有16种,隶属食虫目、啮齿目和兔形目的12科,代表了迄今青藏高原发现种类最多、材料最丰富的小哺乳动物群。深沟动物群的组成与陕西蓝田灞河组下部层位发现的小哺乳动物组合最为接近,两者有相似的群体结构,共有Sciurotamias,Lophocricetus,Protalactaga,Myocricetodon,Nannocricetua,Pararhizomys和Ochotona 7属。但由于深沟动物群含有略进步的属、种,其时代似乎稍晚,很可能属晚中新世早期,或者中国陆生哺乳动物时代的保德期早期,与欧洲MN10上部或MN11下部的时代相当。深沟动物群指示了一个温带开阔干旱草原为主体的景观。晚中新世柴达木盆地的气候似乎没有现在这样干燥,在草原中尚有一些灌丛甚至林地。动物群的组成及所指示的生态环境都表明,青藏高原在中新世以后有过较大幅度的上升。深沟动物群中含有一鼠科新种——细弱许氏鼠(Huerzelerimys extguus sp.nov.)。Huerzele—rimys属过去只发现于欧洲,新种为该属在亚洲的首次发现。其特征为:与现知最小种H.minor相比,其臼齿更小,M1中t1的位置相对靠后,c6和t9间有超过50%的标本具一弱脊连接,m1和m2的唇侧齿带狭窄、附尖弱小。Ochotonoma primitiva(Zheng & Li,1982)是动物群中较为多见的一种鼠兔。该种最先发现于甘肃天祝,并作为Ochotona属描述。正型地点的标本不多,但尺寸和形态完全落入深沟标本的变异范围,因此认为同属一种。该种的特征增订为:中等大小的鼠兔。P2冠面长三角形,舌侧长度明显大。p3的下前边尖宽大,一般具有两个前褶或凹槽,而且至少有一褶具水泥质充填物;连接前边尖和后边尖间的齿桥(dentine isthmus)宽;前褶(paraflexis)比O.anatolica的短而狭窄,向后延伸没有O.csarnotana的那样明显。     

陕西蓝田晚中新世灞河组鼠科化石

详细描述了陕西蓝田晚中新世灞河组发现的两种鼠科化石 :中华原裔鼠Progonomyssinensissp .nov .和Muridaegen .etsp .indet.。新种的特征是 :个体通常比ProgonomyscathalaiSchaub ,1 938大 ;下臼齿的唇侧齿带和附属尖很弱 ;三分之二的m1具有一很小的中间前边尖(tma) ;M1的t1和t3偶见后刺 ,在个别的m1中有一短的中间脊 ;臼齿的尺寸落入P .woelferi的变异范围 ,但t6～t9间的连接没有该种那样常见 ,而t1 2较为明显。新种产于灞河组下部层位 ,其牙齿的大小和形态特征介于ProgonomyscathalaiSchaub ,1 938与P .woelferiBachmayeretWilson ,1 970之间。据此可证实 ,把灞河组下部层位的时代置于晚中新世早期 ,相当欧洲瓦里士期晚期或MN1 0的时代比较恰当。新种的重要意义不仅在于它具有狭义Progonomys属的特征 ,而且是我国现知鼠科动物最古老的一种。未定种产于灞河组较上部层位 ,牙齿形态与Progonomyssinensis的相似 ,很可能与其有较接近的亲缘关系。     

内蒙古韩家营玄武岩夹层中三趾马动物群化石（英文）

内蒙古乌兰察布市集宁区韩家营村附近发现了一处夹在两层玄武岩之间的三趾马动物群化石地点。通过K-Ar同位素测年,确定了上、下两层玄武岩的年代分别为6.8和7.2Ma。与中国北方其他三趾马动物群相比,韩家营三趾马动物群与山西保德、内蒙古四子王旗以及甘肃临夏盆地的三趾马动物群非常相似。保德第43、44、49地点与韩家营的动物群组成类似,表明这几个地点的时代约为7.0 Ma而不是5.5 Ma。内蒙古四子王旗乌兰花地点与韩家营的化石类群也十分相像,证实了该动物群年龄约为7 Ma。对比甘肃临夏盆地的动物群,柳树组上部的杨家山三趾马动物群与韩家营的更接近。韩家营动物群的组成和牙齿结构表明其属于中国晚中新世的西部生物区系Gazella dorcadoides动物群。     

陕西蓝田晚中新世食肉类

陕西省蓝田地区灞河组与蓝田组产出了大量的古哺乳动物化石。其中,晚中新世哺乳动物化石序列为认识该地区自然环境的变化提供了重要的依据。详细描述和研究了其中的食肉类化石。计有鬣狗科3种(Ictitherium viverrinum、Hyaenictitherium cf.H.wongii、Adcrocuta eximia)和猫科2种(cf.Metailurus major与cf.Metailurus parvulus)。在下部的灞河组与上部的蓝田组界线附近,食肉类动物群落组成发生了改变,但引起这种改变的原因仍有待进一步研究确定。     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Caprine blood groups. 2. The C,G, H,I, J,K, L,N, and Q systems

Nine blood group systems of goats were identified using 12 caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera. The caprine C blood group system, possibly homologous to the ovine C blood group system, was characterized by two reagents and shown to be controlled by three alleles,C ¹²,C ²⁵, andC ⁻. A more complex blood group system of goats, designated G, was identified using three reagents and shown to be controlled by six codominant alleles (G ^10.19.20,G ^10.19,G ^10.20,G ¹⁰,G ¹⁹,G ²⁰) and a recessive allele (G ⁻). A further seven one-factor two-allelic systems were identified by seven reagents. The nine genetic systems provided exclusion probabilities of 0.479, 0.492, 0.548, and 0.572 in Australian Angora, Dairy, Cashmere, and Texan Angora goat breeds, respectively. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.