卵翅蝗属云南省二新种记述(直翅目,斑腿蝗科)

记述采自云南省的卵翅蝗属Caryanda 2新种:抱须卵翅蝗Caryanda amplexicerca sp.nov.和犁须卵翅蝗Caryanda cultricerca sp.nov..模式标本保存于西南林学院.抱须卵翅蝗,新种Caryanda amplexicerca sp.nov.(图1～4,9～12)新种近似方板卵翅蝗Caryanda quadrata Bi et Xia,1984.区别是:1)前翅明显超过第1腹节背板后缘;2)后足股节橙红色,胫节蓝绿色;3)雄性尾须片状,侧扁,顶端明显向内向下弯曲,呈抱握状;4)雌性下生殖板后缘中央圆弧形突出.词源:新种命名根据雄性具有抱握状的尾须.正模(♂),云南省个旧卡房(23°22'N,103°09'E),2100m,2006-09-03,柳青采集;副模20(♂)(♂),18♀♀,同正模.犁须卵翅蝗,新种Caryanda cultricerca sp.nov.(图5～8,13～16)新种近似三齿卵翅蝗Caryanda triodonta Fu et Zheng,1994.区别是:1)前翅长雄性2.5～3.6 mm,雌性3.0～3.8 mm;2)雄性尾须犁状;3)雌性下生殖板后缘具三突,中突钝角形,两侧突顶圆,翘起.词源:新种命名根据雄性具有犁状的尾须.正模(♂),云南省临沧永德(23°53'N,100°05'E),2060m,2006-08-17,柳青采集;副模17(♂)(♂),8♀♀,同正模.     

云南卵翅蝗属一新种记述 (直翅目:斑腿蝗科)

记述采自滇西南地区德宏的卵翅蝗属Caryanda 1新种:德宏卵翅蝗Caryanda dehongensis, sp. nov., 模式标本保存于大理学院生命科学与化学系。 德宏卵翅蝗Caryanda dehongensis,新种(图1~4) 本新种近似于方板卵翅蝗Caryanda quadrata Bi et Xia 和大尾片卵翅蝗C. macrofurcula Mao et Ou,但以以下特征区别于后二种:1)体较大,♂19.5~20.0 mm,♀22.5~25.5 mm;2)前胸背板沟前区长为沟后区长的2.4(♂)或2.8(♀)倍;3)雄性次末节背板后缘具三角形小尾片;4)雄性肛上板长盾形,后缘中央三角形突出;5)雌性下生殖板后缘接近平直。 正模:♂,云南德宏(24.7°N,98.2°E),2002-Ⅷ-20,李燕珍采;副模:2♂♂4♀♀,云南德宏(24.7°N,98.2°E),2002-Ⅹ-01,李燕珍、徐吉山、杨国辉采。     

中国贵州省小翅蝗属一新种(直翅目,斑腿蝗科)

记述采自贵州省小翅蝗属1新种,黑条小翅蝗Alulacris nigristriatis sp.nov..新种近似于石林小翅蝗Alulacris shilinensis(Cheng,1977),主要区别为:1)雄性尾须近端部明显收缩变细;2)雄性腹部末节背板具细条状小尾片;3)前翅超过(♂)或到达(♀)第2腹节背板后缘;4)具黑色眼后带;5)前翅中部具宽黑色纵条纹;6)后足胫节黑褐色.新种的模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室.     

新疆雏蝗属短翅亚属一新种（直翅目：网翅蝗科）

记述采自新疆地区网翅蝗科雏蝗属 Chorthippus 短翅亚属1新种,即果子沟雏蝗 Chorthippus (Altichorthippus) guozigouensis sp. nov.。新种近似于姜氏雏蝗Ch. charpini Chang, 1939 与积石山雏蝗 Ch. jishishanensis Zheng et Xie, 2000。与后两者的主要区别为:♂头侧窝长为宽的3.00倍;♂触角短,刚不到达后足股节基部;♂前翅到达第7节腹节背板后缘,其前缘脉域宽为中脉域宽0.67倍,前后肘脉合并,肘脉域消失;♂后翅到达第7节腹节背板中部;尾须顶端到达肛上板长的一半,膝部与后足胫节端部棕色,非黑色。模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所标本室。     

西藏地区拟康蝗属一新种(直翅目：网翅蝗科）

记述采自中国西藏网翅蝗科拟康蝗属Kangacrisoides Wang et al.,2006 1新种：江达拟康蝗Kangacrisoides jiangdaensis sp. nov.。新种同霍城拟康蝗K. huochengensis Wang, Zheng & Niu, 2006近似,其区别特征为：头背面具中隆线;雄性头侧窝长为宽的2.5–3倍,而雌性为3倍;雌性前翅在背面狭分开,而雄性刚刚相连;雄性前翅顶到达第5–6腹节背板,而雌性到达第4腹节背板;雄性中脉域为肘脉域宽2倍,而雌性为3倍;后足胫节内侧之上、下距近等长;鼓膜孔宽卵形;雌性下生殖板后缘角形突出。     

青海省原金蝗属一新种(直翅目,斑腿蝗科)

记述采白青海省昂欠县原金蝗属l新种,昂欠原金蝗Eokingdonella angqianensis sp.nov.,新种近似于龙胆原金蝗Eokingdonella gentiana(Uvarov,1939),其主要区别为:1)雄性腹部末端背板小尾片极小,三角形;2)雄性肛上板狭长.顶狭圆;3)雄性尾须不到达肛上板顶端;4)后足股节下侧基2/3红色.端1/3黑色.模式标本保存于青海师范大学生命与地理科学学院动物标本窜.     

横断山地区原金蝗属一新种(直翅目,斑腿蝗科)

记述采自四川省西部横断山地区炉霍县原金蝗属1新种,即炉霍原金蝗Eokingdonella luhuoensis sp.nov.,新种近似于昌都原金蝗Eokingdonella changtunica Yin,1984及巴颜喀拉原金蝗Eokingdonella bayanharaensis Huo,1995,其区别于两者为:1)复眼纵径为眼下沟长的1.33倍;2)雄性尾片长为肛上板长的1/6;3)背面观,雄性肛上板近顶端明显收缩并延长;4)后足股节下侧内面基部2/3为红色,其余1/3暗褐色;5)后足胫节兰黑色.模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所及河北大学博物馆.     

中国鸣蝗属一新种(直翅目:蝗总科)

报道采自重庆市万盛地区鸣蝗属一新种。重庆鸣蝗Ｍｏｎｇｏｌｏｔｅｔｔｉｘ ｃｈｏｎｇｑｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,新种近似于异翅鸣蝗Ｍｏｎｇｏｌｏｔｅｔｔｉｘ ａｎｏｍｏｐｔｅｒｕｓ（Ｃａｕｄ．）。主要区别为雌性前翅顶端具凹口;雄性前翅达后足股节膝部;雄性得部末节北板具圆形尾片。     

云南卵翅蝗属二新种(直翅目,蝗总科)

记述卵翅蝗属Caryanda St(a)tl,1878 2新种,印氏卵翅蝗Caryanda yini Mao et Ren,sp.nov.和尾齿卵翅蝗Caryanda dentata Mao et Ou,sp.nov.;为便于比较补充记述了上述2种的近似种德宏卵翅蝗Caryanda dehongensis Mao,Xu et Yang,2003的雄性外生殖器.模式标本及本文使用的其它标本均保存于大理学院生命科学与化学学院.     

东北地区蝗总科两新种(直翅目)

记述采自东北黑龙江省及吉林省蝗总科2新种,即网翅蝗科的北安雏蝗Chorthippus beianensis sp.nov..新种近似于琼根河雏蝗Chorthippus genheensis Li et Yin,主要区别为触角中段一节的长度为宽度的2.5倍;前翅中脉域宽为肘脉域宽的4倍(♂);后翅仅达前翅长的1/2;雌性前翅仅到达第3腹节背板后缘;后足股节仅上膝侧片黑色.另1新种为剑角蝗科的宽肘迷蝗Confusacris amplicubitus sp.nov.,该种近似于短翅迷蝗Confusacris brachypterus Yin et LI,主要区别为触角中段一节的长度为宽度的3～4倍(♂)或2倍(♀);中胸腹板侧叶间中隔最狭处宽与长度相等(♂)或为长的1.4倍(♀);前翅超过后足股节中部;前翅肘脉域宽为中脉域宽的2.3倍;雌性前翅径脉域黑色,不具淡色纹;后足股节膝侧片及胫节基部非黑色.模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室.     

(A)GGG(A), (A)CCC(A) and other potential 3' splice signals in primate nuclear pre-mRNA sequences

Several 3' splice signals in nuclear precursor mRNAs have already been known for some time: the AG doublet on the left-hand side of the splice and a run of pyrimidines just upstream of it. More recently it has been noted that the YNYTRAY sequence (where Y is a pyrimidine, R a purine and N any base) is a branching-sequence participating in formation of a lariat structure. Keller and Noon have shown the existence of several putative consensus sequences at this site. In this work, extensive computations of the distributions of 256 quartets in all primate nuclear pre-mRNA intron sequences present in GenBank have been carried out. Several putative signals upstream and downstream of the 3' splice have been detected. These have been compared with the results obtained in analogous computations carried out on all nuclear pre-mRNA introns present in a combined eukaryotic file containing mammal, non-mammalian vertebrate, invertebrate and plant sequences. The distributions of the more interesting oligomers are shown here. Of particular interest are the putative (A)GGG(A) signal 60 nucleotides upstream of the 3' splice site and (A)CCC(A) 3-40 nucleotides downstream of it. A possible splicing model explaining these data and involving formation of alternative hairpin loop structures is proposed.     

Assembly of GABA(A) receptors (Review)

GABA(A) receptors are the major inhibitory transmitter receptors in the central nervous system. They are chloride ion channels that can be opened by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and are the targets of action of a variety of pharmacologically and clinically important drugs. GABA(A) receptors are composed of five subunits that can belong to different subunit classes. The existence of 19 different subunits gives rise to the formation of a large variety of distinct GABA(A) receptor subtypes in the brain. The majority of GABA(A) receptors seems to be composed of two alpha, two beta and one gamma subunit and the occurrence of a defined subunit stoichiometry and arrangement in alphabetagamma receptors strongly indicates that assembly of GABA(A) receptors proceeds via defined pathways. Based on the differential ability of subunits to interact with each other, a variety of studies have been performed to identify amino acid sequences or residues important for assembly. Such residues might be involved in direct protein-protein interactions, or in stabilizing direct contact sites in other regions of the subunit. Several homo-oligomeric or hetero-oligomeric assembly intermediates could be the starting point of GABA(A) receptor assembly but so far no unequivocal assembly mechanism has been identified. Possible mechanisms of assembly of GABA(A) receptors are discussed in the light of recent publications.     

Phospholipase A(2)

Considerable progress has been made in characterizing the individual participant enzymes and their relative contributions in the generation of eicosanoids, lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. However, the role of individual phospholipase (PL) A(2) enzymes in providing arachidonic acid to the downstream enzymes for eicosanoid generation in biologic processes has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we will provide an overview of the classification of the families of PLA(2) enzymes, their putative mechanisms of action, and their role(s) in eicosanoid generation and inflammation.     

Chimpanzee lipoprotein(A): Relationship between apolipoprotein(A) isoform size and the density profile of lipoprotein(A) in animals with different heterozygous apo(A) phenotypes

In a previous study [C. Doucet et al., J. Lipid Res 35:263–270, 1994], we have shown that plasma lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels were significantly elevated in a population of unrelated chimpanzees as compared to those in normolipidemic human subjects. Nonetheless, the inverse correlation between Lp(a) levels and apolipoprotein (a) [apo(a)] isoforms typical of man was maintained in the chimpanzee. In the present study, we describe the density profiles of apo B- and apo A1-containing lipoproteins and of Lp(a) in chimpanzee plasmas heterozygous for apo(a) isoforms after fractionation by single spin ultracentrifugation in an isopycnic gradient. The distribution of apo(a) isoforms in the density gradient was also examined by SDS-agarose gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting using chemiluminescence detection. In all double-band phenotypes examined, the smallest isoform was present along the entire length of the density gradient. The density distribution of the second isoform varied according to the size difference between the respective isoforms. Two isoforms close in size (difference in apparent molecular mass ? 60 kDa) were present together in every gradient subfraction. On the contrary, when the two isoforms displayed distinct molecular mass (maximal difference in apparent molecular mass = 340 kDa), then the largest was principally present in the densest fractions of the gradient (d > 1.1 mg/ml). These observations suggest that Lp(a) particles with small apo(a) isoforms are more susceptible to interact with other lipoproteins than are Lp(a) particles with large isoforms.     

Subunit specificity and interaction domain between GABA(A) receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) and GABA(A) receptors

GABARAP (GABA(A) receptor-associated protein) interacts with both microtubules and GABA(A) receptors in vitro and in vivo and is capable of modulating receptor channel kinetics. In this study, we use the intracellular loop of 15 GABA(A) receptor subunits to show that the interaction between GABARAP and GABA(A) receptor is specific for the gamma subunits. Pharmacological characterization of proteins purified by GABARAP affinity column indicates that native GABA(A) receptors interact with GABARAP. Quantitative yeast two-hybrid assays were used to identify the interaction domain in the gamma2 subunit for GABARAP binding, and to identify the interaction domain in GABARAP for GABA(A) receptor binding. A peptide corresponding to the GABARAP interaction domain in the gamma2 subunit was used to inhibit the interaction between GABARAP and the gamma2 subunit. In addition, the ability of GABARAP to promote cluster formation of recombinant receptors expressed in QT-6 fibroblasts was inhibited by a membrane-permeable form of this peptide in a time-dependent manner. The establishment of a model for GABARAP-induced clustering of GABA(A) receptors in living cells and the identification of subunit specificity and interaction domains in the interaction between GABARAP and GABA(A) receptors is a step in dissecting the function of GABARAP in GABA(A) receptor clustering and/or targeting.     

A taxonomic review of Phlebotomus (Idiophlebotomus) (Psychodidae)

Five known species (asperulus Quate & Fairchild, erebicolus Quate, pholetor Quate & Fairchild, sejunctus Quate, and stellae Quate) of the caverni-colous subgenus Phlebotomus (Idiophlebotomus) are discussed in relation to newly recognized species from West Malaysia and India. P. frondifer n.sp. and P. tubifer n.sp. are described and a key to the adults of all seven species is given. General features of the subgenus are discussed, with particular reference to the functional relationships between the specialized morphology of the mouthparts and the probable bat hosts of these species.     

Trafficking of 5-HT(3) and GABA(A) receptors (Review)

The 5-HT(3) and GABA(A) receptors are members of the Cys-loop family of neurotransmitter-gated ion channels that also include receptors for glycine and acetylcholine. The 5-HT(3) and acetylcholine receptors (cationic ion channels) and the GABA(A) and glycine receptors (anionic ion channels) generally depolarize or hyperpolarize, respectively, the neuronal membrane. Within the amino-terminal extracellular region, all members of this family exhibit a similar architecture of ligand binding domains and a number of key residues are completely conserved. The molecular characterization of their ligand binding and gating characteristics has benefited from the existence of a large repertoire of individual subunits that contribute to the pentameric ion channel. Although differences do exist, advances in our knowledge of one member offers valuable insight into the family as a whole. Each member of the Cys-loop receptors (and all other multimeric ion channels) must face the same challenges: How to assemble individual subunits into an ion channel and which subunits to use? How are assembled receptors distinguished from those that are unassembled or misassembled, then exported from the endoplasmic reticulum and delivered to the cell surface? How are they targeted to, and anchored at synaptic and extrasynaptic sites? How and when are they to be removed from these sites to provide long-term regulation of neuronal activity? In this review, we summarize our current knowledge for the 5-HT(3) and GABA(A) receptors that have provided complementary information and helped us build an overall picture of how receptor biogenesis and trafficking occurs.