水淹对铺地黍部分生理指标的影响

研究了水淹对铺地黍幼苗的丙二醛、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量,3种抗氧化保护酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性等生理指标的影响.结果显示:水淹胁迫下,铺地黍幼苗的丙二醛含量缓慢升高,可溶性糖含量先升高后下降,蛋白质含量逐渐下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先上升后下降,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性则持续...     

盐和温度胁迫对外来种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)生理生态特性的影响

盐浓度和环境温度是影响外来种互花米草自然分布的两大重要生态因子。在不同NaCl浓度和温度胁迫条件下,对互花米草幼苗根部和叶片中膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的动态变化进行了测定。结果表明:当NaCl浓度低于100mmol·L-1时,可以促进互花米草的生长;而NaCl浓度超过100mmol·L-1时,互花米草可以通过提高体内保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,增加可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量来适应外界盐浓度变化;温度胁迫后,互花米草地上和地下器官对胁迫的响应程度不同,叶片中可溶性糖含量、CAT活性明显比根部高,而根部SOD、POD活性比叶片中高。     

长效油菜素内酯TS303和二氢茉莉酸丙酯增强花生抗寒能力

长效油菜素内酯TS303和二氢茉莉酸丙酯(PDJ)浸种能增强花生对低温的忍耐能力,二者显著降低低温诱导的丙二醛含量和电解质渗漏率。低温降低超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及相对含水量,但增加过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量。TS303和PDJ以及它们的混合物TNZ都能延缓低温伤害引起的SOD和CAT活性下降,并能通过增加可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量来提高相对含水量。TS303在延缓SOD和CAT活性降低方面效果比PDJ好,但PDJ在增加可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量方面效果比TS303强,由于TS303和PDJ作用机理不同,二者混合使用表现出加成或协同效应。     

外源NO对酸雨胁迫下龙眼幼苗生理特性的影响

研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对pH3.0酸雨胁迫下龙眼幼苗叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明:酸雨胁迫下,龙眼幼苗叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低,叶绿素、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量下降,丙二醛含量升高,呈现出一定的毒害效应.外源NO对酸雨胁迫下龙眼幼苗的生理代谢的作用具有双重性,0.1 ～0.5.mmol·L-1SNP显著提高叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量,增强SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低丙二醛含量;其中0.5 mmol·L-1 SNP处理效果最好,叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量分别比单独酸雨胁迫处理增加了76.0％、107.0％和216.1％,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高150.0％、350.9％和97.1％,丙二醛含量降低了46.4％.低浓度外源NO能通过刺激抗氧化酶活性来清除活性氧,减轻氧化胁迫,缓解酸雨胁迫对龙眼幼苗的毒害作用;而高浓度外源NO对酸雨胁迫的缓解作用减弱.     

绿木霉(Trichoderma virens)T43对四种重要林木病原菌的抑制效果及抑菌机理

通过对峙培养和非挥发性代谢产物对病原菌生长的抑制作用,开展了木霉菌株T43及其抑菌活性物质抑制樟子松枯梢病、杨树烂皮病和苗木立枯病3种病害的4种病原菌效果的研究。从菌株T43发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物对各病原菌的3种保护酶(CAT、POD和SOD)活力影响和对细胞渗透调节物质(可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和丙二醛)的含量影响,探讨了提取物对病原菌的抑菌机理。结果表明:木霉菌株T43及其代谢产物对供试林木病原菌均有明显的抑制作用,菌株T43发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物对病原菌3种保护酶活性均有不同程度的影响,可导致病原菌3种保护酶活性降低,尤其是SOD活性下降的最为显著。该提取物可以显著降低菌丝体可溶性糖和蛋白含量,提高丙二醛含量,破坏细胞的完整性,这可能是绿木霉T43发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物抑制病原菌生长的机理之一。     

小麦白粉病菌对小麦幼苗光合生理特性的影响

为探讨小麦白粉病菌对不同抗性小麦品种幼苗光合生理特性的影响,本研究采用白粉病强致病力生理小种E09感染高抗小麦白粉病品种青春38、高感小麦白粉病品种龙麦33幼苗,研究接菌后0 d、1 d、2 d、4 d、6 d、8 d、10 d小麦叶片总叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)、叶片可溶性蛋白、叶片细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化。研究数据表明,接种小麦白粉病菌后,两小麦品种青春38和龙麦33的体内相对叶绿素含量、光合速率及可溶性蛋白含量均不同程度的降低,且感病品种龙麦33降低幅度较抗病品种青春38高。接菌后,两个品种的相对SOD、POD及CAT活性均表现为先升高后降低的变化趋势,相对SOD活性表现为感病品种龙麦33的峰值高于抗病品种青春38的峰值;相对POD活性则是抗病品种青春38的增加幅度极显著高于感病品种龙麦33的增加幅度;相对CAT活性则表现为两品种出现峰值的时间不同,但峰值幅度差异不显著。     

腐皮镰刀菌对不同品种核桃抗性生理指标的影响

为分析腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)引起的核桃根腐病对寄主抗性生理指标的影响,该研究以铁核桃、绵阳早熟、新疆2号3个核桃品种为材料,研究各品种受腐皮镰刀菌侵染后,不同时期的发病情况以及丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖含量以及过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的动态变化。结果表明：接种病原菌50 d 后,铁核桃100％发病,属高感品种,绵阳早熟和新疆2号发病率分别为23.33％和16.67％,属抗病品种;在50 d 监测范围内,各品种对照组各项叶部生理指标仅出现上下波动且差异不显著;然而,各品种核桃接入腐皮镰刀菌后,可溶性糖含量随时间迅速下降,MDA 含量和 POD 活性总体表现为先上升趋势,SOD、PPO 活性总体则表现为先上升后下降的变化趋势,并且5个指标品种间差异显著,而 CAT 活性变化无规律。相关性分析表明,可溶性糖、MDA 含量、SOD、POD、PPO 活性可以作为核桃品种抗性评价指标。该研究结果为深入研究由腐皮镰刀菌引起的核桃根腐病发病机制以及通过诱导等措施提高其抗性的研究提供了理论基础。     

外源GSH对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及抗逆生理指标的影响

采用营养液栽培法,研究外源谷胱甘肽(GSH)对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、根系活力、电解质渗透率和丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,为利用外源物质减轻盐胁迫伤害提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)NaCl胁迫显著抑制了番茄幼苗的生长、根系活力和SOD、POD、CAT活性,提高了电解质渗透率及MDA、Pro、可溶性糖含量;(2)外源喷施GSH能够诱导NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性上调,电解质渗透率及MDA含量下降,Pro和可溶性糖含量恢复至对照水平;(3)外源喷施还原型谷胱甘肽抑制剂(BSO)使NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗的根系活力以及抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性下降,脯氨酸含量提高;(4)喷施GSH可诱导BSO和NaCl共处理番茄植株的根系活力、SOD、POD、CAT活性提高,MDA和Pro含量降低。研究表明,外源GSH可通过提高促进盐胁迫下番茄幼苗植株渗透调节能力及清除活性氧的酶促系统的防御能力、降低细胞膜脂过氧化程度、保护膜结构的完整性,从而有效缓解NaCl胁迫对番茄幼苗生长的抑制,提高其耐盐性。     

外源水杨酸对酸雨胁迫后龙眼幼苗生理特性恢复的影响

以龙眼幼苗为材料,研究酸雨胁迫(pH 3.0)后不同浓度外源水杨酸(0、0.1、0.5、1.0和2.0 mmol·L-1)对龙眼幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明:酸雨胁迫后龙眼幼苗叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低,叶绿素、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量下降,丙二醛含量升高,龙眼幼苗显示出毒害效应.0.1 ～1.0mmol·L-1外源水杨酸显著提高龙眼幼苗叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白质的含量,增强SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低丙二醛含量,减少幼苗所受氧化伤害的程度;其中0.5 mmol· L-1水杨酸处理效果最好,叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白质的含量分别比单独酸雨胁迫处理植株增加了62％、105％和177％,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高144％、440％和132％,丙二醛含量降低了35％;而2.0 mmol·L-1水杨酸却起到相反的作用.可见,低浓度水杨酸(0.1～1.0 mmol·L-1)能通过刺激龙眼抗氧化酶活性,减轻氧化胁迫,缓解酸雨胁迫后的毒害作用,而高浓度水杨酸(2.0 mmol·L-1)对龙眼幼苗的缓解作用下降.     

NaCl胁迫对大果白刺幼苗生长和抗逆生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度(0、50、100、200和400 mmol·L^-1)NaCl处理对1年生大果白刺生长状况及叶片过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、水势、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,低浓度NaCl处理(≤50 mmol·L^-1)对大果白刺生长没有显著的抑制作用,叶片的SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均有所提高;高浓度(＞50 mmol·L^-1)NaCl处理抑制了大果白刺的冠幅面积、分枝数和叶、枝、侧根干质量,叶片的SOD、CAT、POD活性和可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量显著下降. 随NaCl处理浓度升高,H₂O₂和MDA含量增加,叶片水势降低.
     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.