远志根的发育解剖学研究

运用石蜡切片法对远志根的发育过程及1~3年生根的结构进行解剖学研究。结果显示:远志根的原分生组织由3群原始细胞组成,具有典型分生组织的细胞学特征。初生分生组织分化为根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原;初生结构由表皮、皮层和中柱组成,初生木质部为二原型。次生生长是依靠维管形成层和木栓形成层的活动完成,次生结构从外到内由周皮和次生维管组织组成;远志根次生结构特点为:次生韧皮部在次生维管组织中占主要部分,次生韧皮部中以韧皮薄壁细胞为主且其中储存有丰富的内含物,随着根龄的增加,韧皮薄壁细胞中的内含物也随之增加。3年生的主根中次生韧皮部薄壁细胞中的内含物最丰富;不同年份远志的主根随根龄的增加,周皮、次生韧皮部和次生木质部的面积都呈增加趋势,其中韧皮部和木质部的面积比值随根龄增长呈由小到大的变化,这是远志根的显著特点;根中的周皮发达,具有较厚的木栓层,次生木质部中导管和纤维发达,导管分布频率较高,并具有较大的口径。周皮和次生木质部的结构特征与远志的抗旱特性相适应。     

A类CLE多肽调节拟南芥根尖韧皮部的发育

CLE多肽是一类通过细胞间通讯来调节干细胞命运的多肽类激素信号分子。之前的研究结果表明CLE类多肽可以调节初生木质部发育,然而CLE类多肽是否影响韧皮部发育还不清楚。本研究发现A类CLE多肽可以控制拟南芥根部初生韧皮部的形成,用23种A类CLE多肽进行外源处理可以有效地抑制伸长区韧皮部前体细胞的形成。而且不同于控制初生木质部的形成机制,CLE多肽影响韧皮部发育并不依赖于细胞分裂素信号途径。这些结果表明原形成层细胞发育成初生木质部和初生韧皮部是通过两条不同的途径,为研究CLE类基因对根维管束的形成和发育提供了新的见解。     

银州柴胡根的发育解剖学研究

本研究采用常规石蜡切片结合荧光显微镜技术对银州柴胡根的发育解剖学进行了研究。结果表明:（1）银州柴胡根顶端分生组织由原分生组织及其衍生的初生分生组织组成。原生分生组织细胞体积小、排列紧密、细胞质浓厚、细胞核大而明显，具有典型的分生组织的特点；（2）初生分生组织由根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原组成。在根发育过程中，表皮、皮层和维管柱共同组成其初生结构。银州柴胡根初生木质部为二原型或三原型，外始式；同时在根表皮细胞的径向壁观察到径向壁的细胞壁加厚；（3）在根次生生长过程中，位于初生木质部和初生韧皮部之间的原形成层恢复分裂能力产生维管形成层，维管形成层不断地向外产生次生韧皮部，向内产生次生木质部；同时位于根内皮层内方的中柱鞘细胞恢复分裂能力产生木栓形成层，木栓形成层向外形成木栓层，向内形成栓内层。在维管形成层和木栓形成层分裂的过程中，在次生韧皮部和中柱鞘组织中产生形态大小不同的分泌道，均为次生的裂生型分泌道。研究认为，银州柴胡根的结构类似于药典收录的北柴胡和红柴胡根的结构特点，但其根表皮细胞径向壁加厚、木纤维的分布、分泌道的大小和数量等有别于柴胡属其它植物，可作为柴胡属植物重要的分类鉴定依据。     

七叶一枝花根的显微结构及其内生真菌分布研究

本文采用石蜡永久制片和光学显微摄像的方法对七叶一枝花Parispolyphylla根的显微结构及其内生真菌的分布进行了研究。结果表明,七叶一枝花的根茎由栓皮层、薄壁组织及维管组织组成,其中栓皮层由4层细胞组成;薄壁组织的细胞含有丰富的营养物质,其内有时分布有针状结晶束。不定根由表皮层、皮层、内皮层及维管束构成,表皮上有根毛,皮层所占根径的比例达80%以上;木质部为三原型。在七叶一枝花的根茎和不定根的皮层细胞中均有内生真菌的分布。真菌由表皮、外皮层侵入到皮层薄壁组织,在皮层薄壁细胞中形成菌丝结,并扩展成一定的侵染区域,部分皮层细胞中菌丝结已被消化吸收。内生真菌只侵染皮层薄壁细胞,不侵染维管柱。七叶一枝花可以通过消化细胞内的菌丝作为营养的来源之一。     

桔梗根的发育解剖学研究

以桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorum A.DC)根为材料,运用石蜡切片和半薄切片法对其根的发育过程及结构进行解剖学观察,并对不同年限根的结构进行了比较。结果表明:桔梗根的结构发育过程包括原生分生组织、初生分生组织、初生生长和次生生长4个阶段。其原生分生组织由3群原始细胞组成,表现出典型分生组织的细胞学特征;初生分生组织包括根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原;初生结构由表皮、皮层和中柱组成,其中皮层薄壁细胞占主要地位,初生木质部为二原型;次生生长主要依靠维管形成层和木栓形成层的活动来完成,其次生结构从外到内由周皮和次生维管组织组成,次生维管组织占主导地位,其中以薄壁细胞为主,维管分子少量,分散在薄壁组织中。不同年限的根的结构基本相同,但它们在主根长度和直径、周皮厚度、木质部与韧皮部面积之比等方面存在差异。     

哈密瓜疫病的病理解剖研究

以新疆厚皮甜瓜＂红心脆＂作为供试植株,甜瓜疫霉作为病原,对其在植物体内的侵染途径及对组织的危害进行了观察,结果为：（１）菌丝可穿过寄主表皮或通过表面伤口、自然孔口对茎蔓部、下胚轴进行侵染;（２）菌丝在寄主组织中蔓延时产生分枝,沿着细胞间隙或胞间层纵向或横向延伸,以纵向侵染速度快;（３）疫霉菌对寄主组织的危害是引起表皮、皮层、韧皮部和髓射线细胞变形直至收缩,在木质部导管中,菌丝及其侵染时所产生的絮状物、侵填体可单独或共同堵塞整个导管。     

麻花秦艽根内中柱裂分的发育解剖研究

通过发育解剖学研究表明,麻花秦艽根的初生结构正常,初生木质部四原型。次生生长的早期阶段也是正常的。在以后的次生生长过程中,由于木质部柱局部区域外的维管形成层向内衍生的细胞分化成木薄壁组织细胞的数量多于导管,从而在木质部内形成薄壁组织细胞区域,并且由于此区域内细胞的增殖,将木质部分成两部分。以后韧皮部也随之分开,从而中柱被分成两个独立的裂分中柱。以后,每个裂分中柱又产生各自的周皮,进而使主根分裂成两个支根。每个支根也可以同样方式分裂产生许多支根。     

甘草根和根状茎的发育解剖学研究

甘草（ＧｌｙｃｙｒｒｈｉｚａｕｒａｌｅｎｓｉｓＦｉｓｃｈ）实生苗具直根系。其根端原分生组织具三层原始细胞,外层产生表皮和根冠,中层和内层分别产生皮层和中柱。根的初生木质部四原型,由中柱鞘细胞产生第一次周皮。成长根中央的初生木质部由于导管周围薄壁细胞的增殖而被分割成几部分,使导管分子星散分布于薄壁细胞间。实生苗生长到第三年春由于叶节处的更新芽萌发形成最初的根状茎,根状茎顶端的原分生组织由两层原套细胞和一团原体细胞组成。初生结构的分化开始于皮层和髓两部分基本分生组织,而原形成层早期在根状茎横切面上呈连续的分生组织环。以后在环内逐渐分化出原形成层束,由它分化出初生锥管束,根状茎第一次周皮产生于初生韧皮部外方的第五或第六层皮层细胞。     

当归根显微结构及其根腐病真菌分布研究

利用徒手切片、石蜡切片和超薄切片及显微摄像的方法,对当归根的显微结构及根腐病致病真菌的分布进行了研究。结果表明:当归的根由周皮和次生维管组织两部分组成,周皮由外向内依次分为木栓层、木栓形成层、栓内层;次生韧皮部占根径的比例在60%以上,主要成分包括筛胞、韧皮薄壁细胞、韧皮纤维和分泌道,薄壁细胞富含淀粉粒等营养物质;次生木质部由导管、木薄壁细胞和木射线组成,木质部呈多元形,木射线和韧皮射线明显。在根的周皮细胞和中柱中均有真菌分布,说明真菌由木栓层、木栓形成层、栓内层依次向里侵入到韧皮薄壁细胞,在薄壁细胞内定殖并形成菌丝结或团块状结构,进而扩展成一定的侵染区域;真菌不仅侵染周皮和韧皮部,而且还进一步侵染木质部并破坏导管。此外,研究还发现,淀粉粒是真菌定殖的主要场所,真菌穿透或缠绕在淀粉粒上,并利用其营养不断地生长与繁殖。     

两种寄生植物营养器官结构的研究

研究了槲寄生和北桑寄生茎、叶和吸器的结构,结果表明：槲寄生三年生茎稍肉质化,无周皮,有极厚的角质层;皮层有7个纤维束,薄壁组织发达;木质部中亦含有大量薄壁组织;韧皮部发达;簇晶及大量粘稠物质在茎中广泛分布。槲寄生叶肉质化,厚1.44 mm; 角质层发达,厚度为9.06～13.4 μm;叶肉无栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化。北桑寄生茎与正常木本植物茎的结构相似,木质部为典型的环孔材;韧皮部含有石细胞;髓部细胞壁厚,单纹孔明显。北桑寄生叶较薄,叶脉发达,无栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化。两种植物的吸器结构相似,由薄壁组织和螺纹导管组成,它们的螺纹导管长度相同,但槲寄生导管的直径是北桑寄生的2.5倍。     

The Endophytic System of Arceuthobium minutissimum, the Indian Dwarf Mistletoe

The Indian dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium minutissimum Hook f.is the most diminutive dicotyledonous stem parasite on Pinusexcelsa. The endophytic system is well developed, having a largenumber of anastomosing strands in the cortex and sinkers penetratingthe medullary rays in wood. The cortical strand is protostelicwith the central tracheary elements, the vessels, surroundedby paren-chymatous cells. An earlier report of absence of vesselsseems to be erroneous. The growth of the cortical strands iseffected by an apical cell. The sinkers typically associatedwith the rays of host, are composed of parenchymatous cellsand tracheary elements including vessels. They make contactswith the cells of the ray through pits present in the trachearyelements. The sinkers cause hypertrophy and even fusion of twoor more rays to form a composite medullary ray. The tracheidsof the host tissue also become stunted and contorted in shape.These observations are in agreement with those of other investigatorson American host species for Arceuthobium.     

白鲜营养器官解剖结构及其与白鲜碱的积累关系

应用植物解剖学、组织化学及植物化学方法对白鲜营养器官根、茎、叶的结构及其生物碱的积累进行了研究。结果显示:(1)白鲜根的次生结构以及茎和叶的结构类似一般双子叶植物;白鲜多年生根主要由周皮、次生韧皮部、维管形成层以及次生木质部组成,根次生韧皮部中可见大量的淀粉、草酸钙簇晶、韧皮纤维以及油细胞;茎由表皮、皮层、维管组织和髓组成;叶由表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织和叶脉组成;在茎和叶初生韧皮部的位置均分布有韧皮纤维,在叶表皮上分布有头状腺毛和非腺毛;在茎和叶紧贴表皮处分布有分泌囊。(2)组织化学分析结果显示:在白鲜多年生根中,生物碱类物质主要分布在周皮、次生韧皮部、维管形成层和木薄壁细胞中;在茎中,生物碱主要分布在表皮、皮层、韧皮部、木薄壁细胞及髓周围薄壁细胞中;在叶中,生物碱主要分布在表皮细胞、叶肉组织和维管组织的薄壁细胞;此外在分泌囊和头状腺毛中亦含有生物碱类物质。(3)植物化学结果显示,秦岭产白鲜根皮/白鲜皮、根木质部、茎和叶中白鲜碱含量分别为0.041%、0.012%、0.004%和0.002%,其中木质部中白鲜碱含量和其他部分地区白鲜皮中白鲜碱含量类似。研究表明,在秦岭产白鲜营养器官中,除根皮/白鲜皮外,在根木质部亦含有大量的白鲜碱,且在茎和叶中亦含有一定的白鲜碱,具有潜在的开发利用价值。     

RELATION OF DWARFMISTLETOE (ARCEUTHOBIUM) TO THE XYLEM TISSUE OF CONIFERS. I. ANATOMY OF PARASITE SINKERS AND THEIR CONNECTION WITH HOST XYLEM

Srivastava , L. M., and K. Esau . (U. California, Davis.) Relation of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium) to the xylem tissue of conifers. I. Anatomy of parasite sinkers and their connection with host xylem. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(2): 159–167. Illus. 1961.—The anatomy of the sinkers of Arceuthobium infecting 7 species of conifers was studied by the use of serial cross, radial, and tangential sections of the host wood. The sinkers were found to be composed of parenchyma cells only, or of parenchyma cells and tracheary elements, including vessel elements. In all species tracheary cells of the sinkers had direct contacts with the host tracheids of axial and radial systems. Typically the sinkers were associated with rays of the host wood. In some species, the centripetal ends of sinkers were wedged in radially among the axial tracheids of the host, but centrifugally such sinkers were usually found associated with rays. In the region of the host cambium the sinker contained parenchyma cells meristematic in appearance and, in 6 out of 7 species, also mature tracheary elements. The oldest of these elements became stretched and ruptured, a circumstance indicating that growth occurred in the part of the sinker embedded in the host cambium. This growth appeared to be coordinated with that of the host cambium, so that the sinker became embedded in the host xylem and phloem. Radial centripetal penetration of sinkers among differentiating axial tracheids of the host possibly occurred to a limited extent.     

矩镰荚苜蓿地下茎次生结构异常发育的解剖学研究

矩镰荚苜蓿是中国特有植物,分布于青藏高原东缘,具有发达的地下扩展茎。为探明矩镰荚苜蓿地下茎异常发育与高原气候适应的关系,该研究采用常规石蜡切片法对地下茎初生结构与次生结构进行解剖观察。结果表明：(1)与初生结构相比,矩镰荚苜蓿地下茎次生结构发育不均衡,仅有少量维管束正常发育,木质部发达。(2)地下茎次生生长会产生内、外两种周皮,外周皮由靠近韧皮部的内皮层细胞形成,内周皮由靠近木质部的髓细胞形成,内、外周皮形成后取代了表皮和初生结构中的主要薄壁组织,形成了较复杂的新防护系统。(3)外周皮向内隘缩或内周皮向外延伸都会引起地下茎的分裂,但暂未观察到两种分裂方式同时发生。研究认为,矩镰荚苜蓿地下茎形成内、外周皮与异常分裂,可以增强对干旱和寒冷胁迫的抵御能力,是矩镰荚苜蓿对青藏高原寒旱环境的适应策略。     

白鲜根的发育解剖学研究

应用半薄切片、常规石蜡切片并结合离析法,对药用植物白鲜(Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz.)根的发生发育过程进行了研究。结果表明:白鲜根的发生发育过程包括4个阶段,即原分生组织阶段、初生分生组织阶段、初生结构阶段以及次生结构阶段。原分生组织位于根冠内侧及初生分生组织之间,衍生细胞分化为初生分生组织。初生分生组织由原表皮、基本分生组织以及中柱原组成。原表皮分化为表皮,基本分生组织分化为皮层,中柱原分化为维管柱,共同组成根的初生结构;在初生结构中,部分表皮细胞外壁向外延伸形成根毛,皮层中分布有油细胞,内皮层有凯氏带,初生木质部为二原型或偶见三原型,外始式;根初生结构有髓或无。次生结构来源于原形成层起源的维管形成层的活动以及中柱鞘起源的木栓形成层的活动;白鲜次生韧皮部宽广,其中多年生根中可占根横切面积的85%,另外除基本组成分子外,还分布有油细胞;周皮发达,木栓层厚;初生皮层、次生木质部和次生韧皮部薄壁细胞中常充满丰富的淀粉粒。     

PHLOEM OF SPHENOPHYLLUM

The phloem of most fossil plants, including that of Sphenophyllum, is very poorly known. Sphenophyllum was a relatively small type of fossil arthrophyte with jointed stems bearing whorls of leaves ranging in form from wedge or fan-shaped to bifid, to linear. The aerial stem systems of the plant exhibited determinate growth involving progressive reduction in the dimensions of the stem primary bodies, fewer leaves per whorl, and smaller and simpler leaves distally. The primary phloem occurs in three areas alternating in position with the arms of the triarch centrally placed primary xylem. Cells of the primary phloem, presumably sieve elements, are axially elongate with horizontal to slightly tapered end walls. In larger stems with abundant secondary xylem and secondary cortex or periderm, a zone of secondary phloem occurs whose structure varies in the three areas opposite the arms of the primary xylem, as opposed to the three areas lying opposite the concave sides of the primary xylem. The axial system of the secondary phloem consists of vertical series of sieve elements with horizontal end walls. In the areas opposite the protoxylem the parenchyma is present as a prominent ray system showing dilation peripherally. Sieve elements in the areas opposite the protoxylem arms have relatively small diameters. In the areas between the protoxylem poles the secondary phloem sieve elements have large diameters and are less obviously in radial files, while the parenchyma resembles that of the secondary xylem in these areas in that it consists of strands of cells extending both radially and tangentially. An actively meristematic vascular cambium has not been found, indicating that this layer changed histologically after the cessation of growth in the determinate aerial stem systems and was replaced by a post-meristematic parenchyma sheath made up of axially elongate parenchyma lacking cells indicative of being either fusiform or ray initials. A phellogen arose early in development in a tissue believed to represent pericycle and produced tissue comparable to phellem externally. Normally, derivatives of the phellogen underwent one division prior to the maturation of the cells. Concentric bands of cells with dark contents apparently represent secretory tissue in the periderm and cell arrangements indicate that a single persistent phellogen was present. Sphenophyllum is compared with other arthrophytes as to phloem structure and is at present the best documented example of a plant with a functionally bifacial vascular cambium in any exclusively non-seed group of vascular plants.     

Transfer cells and flange cells in sinkers of the mistletoePhoradendron macrophyllum (Viscaceae), and their novel combination

Summary The unusual thick-walled cells in contact with host and parasite vessels, first noted by Calvin 1967 in sinkers (structures composed of tracheary elements and parenchyma that originate from parasite bark strands that grow centripetally to the host vascular cambium and become embedded by successive development of xylem) of the mistletoePhoradendron macrophyllum (Englem.) Cockerell, have been investigated by modern methods of microscopy. The wall is thickest in cells abutting large-diameter host vessels, less so against smaller host vessels and those abutting sinker vessels. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the wall to be complex, consisting of a basement primary wall, upon which two developments of secondary-wall material occur. These are represented by lignified thickenings, in the form of flanges, and a labyrinth of wall ingrowths characteristic of a transfer cell. The wall ingrowths occur mostly in the primary-wall regions between the flanges, but when in contact with a large host vessel the ingrowths also differentiate on top of the flanges. Cells with such a transfer cell labyrinth have not been previously reported in the endophytic system of a mistletoe. The cells are confined to the xylary portion of the primary haustorium and sinkers. InP. macrophyllum, however, the cells differ from ordinary transfer cells in that they have differentiated as part of a flange parenchyma cell. This arrangement represents a novel anatomical situation. The name flange-walled transfer cell is used for these cells. The xylem of primary haustorium and sinkers also contain numerous ordinary flange cells. In both flange-walled transfer cells and ordinary flange cells the flanges are lignified and form a reticulate pattern of thickenings, separated by rounded areas of primary pit fields. The extent of development of the flange wall can vary in different parts of a sinker. At the host interface, the existence of a flange-walled transfer cell in direct contact with a vessel reflects a site associated with high loading into the parasite. Similarly, a labyrinth against a sinker vessel indicates a site of unloading from surrounding sinker tissue into the vessel for subsequent longdistance transport within the parasite.Dedicated to the memory of Dr. Katherine Esau (1898–1997)     

酸枣根系结构可塑性对自然梯度干旱生境的适应机制

根系是植物吸收水分和养分的主要器官,是直接接触土壤最先感受土壤逆境胁迫的部位。在干旱环境中,植物根系的结构特征必定发生改变以维持正常的生物机能而生存。目前,关于根系解剖结构的研究大多集中于根系的某一特定结构对单一逆境因子的响应。以生长在烟台-石家庄-银川-吐鲁番不同地域气候条件形成的自然梯度干旱环境中的酸枣为试验材料,应用植物显微技术研究酸根系结构的可塑性对不同自然梯度干旱环境的适应机制,结果表明:酸枣根的初生结构包括表皮、皮层和维管柱,表皮位于幼根的最外层,由单层体积较小、紧密排列的表皮细胞组成。皮层占根初生结构的大部分比例,由体积较大的多层薄壁细胞组成,薄壁细胞近似圆球形,数目众多,呈环形分布。维管柱位于最内层,细胞小而密集,由中柱鞘、初生木质部、初生韧皮部及薄壁细胞组成。随生境干旱加剧,酸枣根初生结构表皮细胞的厚度和宽度逐渐增加,皮层薄壁细胞的厚度和宽度、皮层薄壁细胞层数和皮层厚度均以宁夏银川样地的最大。酸枣根的次生结构包括周皮(木栓层、木栓形成层、栓内层)和次生维管组织(次生韧皮部、维管形成层和次生木质部)。从烟台至新疆吐鲁番随生境干旱加剧,酸枣植株根系周皮逐渐加厚、致密度提高。次生木质部中,导管的数量增加,管径增大。干旱环境中,酸枣植株根系结构上的变化一方面提高了吸水能力和输水效率,另一方面增强了保水能力,减少水分散失,这可能是其适应干旱逆境的机制之一。