地表连年覆盖雷竹林叶片养分利用特征

对连续覆盖雷竹林换叶期林地土壤和叶片养分利用效率、养分再吸收效率进行了研究,旨在阐明地表连年覆盖栽培对雷竹林养分利用特征的影响.结果表明:连续覆盖3年雷竹林土壤N养分有效性、N素利用效率以及再吸收效率均显著性提高,雷竹林表现出较高的保存N养分的能力;土壤P元素有效性水平显著升高,而叶片P养分的利用效率显著降低,反映出叶片对土壤高P含量的适应策略,N、P养分利用效率之间存在显著的负相关关系(P＜0.05);土壤K元素的有效性水平显著降低,竹林通过提高自身的K再吸收效率来维持养分的正常循环,再吸收效率高达95.8％;不同覆盖年限雷竹林Nm/Pm均＜14,连续覆盖3年雷竹林Nm/Pm比值极显著下降,经推断是此时雷竹林对土壤有效P高吸收的结果.成熟叶片的Nm/Pm与N、P的再吸收效率均无显著相关性,Nm/Pm并不能很好地反映叶片在凋落前的养分再分配格局.     

雷竹林土壤和叶片N、P化学计量特征对林地覆盖的响应

为摸清林地覆盖集约经营对雷竹林土壤和叶片氮(Nitrogen,N)、磷(Phosphorus,P)化学计量特征的影响,揭示雷竹林退化机理,为退化雷竹林恢复提供理论依据,对不同林地覆盖年限(CK,3 a和6 a)雷竹林土壤和立竹叶片的N、P含量和N∶P变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:不同林地覆盖年限雷竹林土壤N、P含量均随土层深度的增大而降低,随着林地覆盖年限的增加,各土层土壤N、P含量均提高。林地覆盖雷竹林0—20 cm土层土壤N、P累积现象明显,N∶P显著提高;林地覆盖雷竹林不同年龄立竹叶片N、P含量均较不覆盖雷竹林有显著或极显著降低,叶片N∶P随林地覆盖年限的增加总体上呈显著升高趋势;立竹叶片N∶P与土壤P含量极显著正相关,与立竹叶片P含量和土壤N∶P极显著负相关,而与土壤和立竹叶片N含量相关性不显著。随林地覆盖年限的增加,雷竹林土壤和立竹叶片N、P间相关性均减弱;研究表明林地覆盖会明显改变雷竹林土壤和立竹叶片的N、P化学计量特征,引起N、P养分失衡,P素对雷竹林生长的限制性作用增强,会导致雷竹林退化。     

林地覆盖对雷竹林土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响

林地覆盖措施可明显促进雷竹笋芽提早萌发,显著提高竹林经济效益,但长期连年覆盖会导致雷竹林退化为雷竹林。对不同覆盖年限(1、3、6 a)雷竹林和不覆盖雷竹林土壤C、N、P含量和化学计量比及相关性进行了研究。结果表明:不同覆盖年限雷竹林和不覆盖雷竹林土壤C、N、P含量均随土壤深度的增加而极显著降低。不同土层土壤C、N、P含量不同覆盖年限雷竹林极显著地高于不覆盖雷竹林。随覆盖年限的延长,雷竹林0～20 cm土壤C、N含量极显著提高。覆盖1 、3 a雷竹林和不覆盖雷竹林0～50 cm土壤P含量和20～50 cm土壤C、N含量差异均不显著,均显著地低于覆盖6 a雷竹林土壤。不同覆盖年限雷竹林各土层土壤C:N差异不显著,而C:P、N:P随覆盖年限的延长呈升高趋势。随覆盖年限的延长,土壤C、N、P间正相关关系减弱,C与N、P协同变化速率降低。研究表明:雷竹鞭根系统主要分布区0～20 cm土壤养分过量积累及引起的土壤养分失衡是林地覆盖雷竹林退化的主要原因。应实行轮闲覆盖和测土配方平衡施肥,并在雷竹自然出笋开始时(3月上旬)及时撤除有机覆盖物。为雷竹林可持续经营提供理论依据。     

林地覆盖经营雷竹林叶片养分特征及其与土壤养分的关系

探讨了短期覆盖经营(覆盖1 a)、休养式覆盖经营(覆盖3 a 后休养3 a)、长期覆盖经营(覆盖6 a)和不覆盖雷竹林(CK)2年生立竹叶片养分含量、化学计量比和再吸收率及其与土壤养分的关系。结果表明：(1)短期和休养式覆盖经营促使雷竹叶片养分含量和再吸收率总体上提高,而长期覆盖经营对雷竹叶片 P 含量和N、K 再吸收率会产生较为明显的影响,叶片 P 含量、N 再吸收率显著升高,K 再吸收率降低;(2)短期和休养式覆盖经营对雷竹林土壤、叶片养分化学计量比影响不明显,但长期覆盖经营使雷竹林土壤、叶片 N∶P、K∶P 显著降低;(3)短期覆盖经营能增强雷竹林土壤养分与叶片的养分含量、化学计量比和养分再吸收率的相关性,但随覆盖经营年限的延长,相关性总体上呈减弱趋势;(4)土壤养分含量及其平衡关系对林地覆盖经营雷竹林叶片养分特征影响明显;(5)长期覆盖经营雷竹林土壤、叶片养分间相关性明显减弱,竹子吸收利用养分的能力下降,生产中应实行雷竹林休养式覆盖经营方式。研究结果为林地覆盖经营雷竹林的可持续发展提供了理论参考。     

神农架常绿落叶阔叶混交林凋落物养分特征

凋落物是联结陆地生态系统植物与土壤养分的重要媒介,了解凋落物养分特征有助于理解陆地生态系统物质循环的机理。该研究于2015年收集了神农架地区常绿落叶阔叶混交林的新鲜凋落物及现存凋落物,测定其不同器官中大量元素(C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg)的含量,据此分析其养分含量、养分归还量、养分储量及化学计量比的特征。结果发现:该常绿落叶阔叶混交林新鲜凋落物的C、K养分含量显著高于现存凋落物,N、P、Ca、Mg养分含量显著低于现存凋落物;其凋落物大量元素的养分归还量及养分储量大小顺序均为C Ca N Mg K P,分别为1569.84、52.44、34.82、6.24、5.24、1.30 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1)及1835.29、87.87、51.17、12.12、3.90、1.95 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1);其新鲜凋落物及现存凋落物的C∶N∶P分别为1307.33∶27.73∶1及976.48∶26.77∶1,新鲜凋落物的C∶N、C∶P显著高于现存凋落物,N∶P无显著区别。研究表明,新鲜凋落物与现存凋落物养分含量之间的差异与不同元素在分解过程中的可淋溶性及生物固持等因素有关。该地区常绿落叶阔叶混交林凋落物养分归还量及养分储量相对于亚热带阔叶林平均水平较低;且显著低于喀斯特地区同类型森林,主要与其凋落物产量、降水量及植被类型有关。该森林生态系统新鲜凋落叶与中国及全球范围内阔叶树种凋落叶相比C∶N较低,C∶P、N∶P较高,这可能是由于该地区N沉降及P限制现象较为严重所致。     

林地覆盖对雷竹林土壤微生物特征及其与土壤养分制约性关系的影响

为了探讨林地覆盖雷竹林退化机理,给退化雷竹林恢复提供理论参考,对不同覆盖年限(CK、1、3 a 和6 a) 雷竹林土壤微生物区系组成和生物量碳(C_mic)、氮(N_mic)、磷(P_mic)等特征因子进行了测定,并分析了其与土壤养分的制约性关系。结果表明:(1) 雷竹林土壤微生物以细菌为主,真菌次之,放线菌最少,分别占土壤微生物总量的90.11%-98.03%、1.04%-9.22%和0.67%-1.37%。随覆盖年限增加,细菌、放线菌比率呈下降趋势,真菌比率呈上升趋势;土壤微生物总数、细菌和放线菌数量及C_mic、N_mic、P_mic均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,试验雷竹林间差异极显著,真菌数量总体呈极显著升高趋势。(2)雷竹林土壤微生物特征因子与土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、碱解氮(Available nitrogen, AN)和pH均呈显著或极显著相关,其中,CK和覆盖1 a、3 a雷竹林土壤微生物特征因子与土壤养分主要呈正相关,与pH呈负相关,而覆盖6 a雷竹林则相反。(3)不同覆盖年限雷竹林土壤养分与土壤微生物的制约性关系存在一定的差异,CK雷竹林土壤SOM、TN、AN、速效钾(AK)和pH主要影响土壤C_mic、N_mic和细菌,覆盖1 a雷竹林土壤SOM、TN、TP和AK主要影响土壤P_mic、放线菌和细菌,覆盖3 a雷竹林土壤SOM、TN、速效磷(AP)和AN主要影响土壤N_mic、放线菌和真菌,覆盖6 a雷竹林土壤SOM、TN和pH主要影响土壤N_mic、真菌。研究表明:长期覆盖雷竹林土壤细菌、放线菌数量与比例明显降低,真菌数量与比例明显提高,土壤养分与土壤微生物的制约性作用关系会发生较为明显变化,产生土壤障害,这是覆盖雷竹林退化的主要原因之一。     

林地覆盖经营对雷竹鞭根主要养分内循环的影响

为了给林地覆盖经营雷竹(Phyllostachys violascens)林可持续经营提供理论参考,探讨了休养式覆盖经营(覆盖3a后休养3a)、长期覆盖经营(覆盖6a)和不覆盖雷竹林(CK)2年生壮龄竹鞭及其1级、2级根N、P、K、Mg、Ca、Fe浓度和养分迁移、内循环率的差异。结果表明:不同覆盖经营年限雷竹林N、P、K、Mg、Ca和Fe浓度总体上1级根显著高于2级根。1级根和2级根中均存在N、P、K、Mg的养分内循环,且1级根养分内循环率大于2级根,Fe、Ca内循环不明显。N、P、K、Mg养分浓度与养分迁移速率随时间的推延,1级根为持续降低,2级根为先升高后降低。与不覆盖雷竹林相比,休养式林地覆盖经营总体上提高了1级、2级根的N、P、K、Ca的浓度和P、K、Mg的迁移速率、N、P、K的迁移量、P、K的养分内循环率以及1级根Mg的浓度和迁移量、2级根N的迁移速率和Mg的内循环率;长期林地覆盖经营虽提高了雷竹1级根N、K的浓度和N的迁移量及2级根N的浓度和内循环率,但总体上降低了1级根P、K、Mg和2级根N、P、Mg的迁移量与1级、2级根P、Mg的迁移速率及P、K、Mg的养分内循环率。研究表明:雷竹林鞭根中存在明显的养分内循环,且1级根对养分内循环的贡献较大。休养式林地覆盖经营利于雷竹林对养分的循环利用,而长期覆盖经营阻碍了根系对养分的平衡吸收,减弱了根系养分的内循环,不利于雷竹林的生长更新。     

神农架巴山冷杉天然林凋落量及养分特征

研究了湖北神农架巴山冷杉 (Abies fargesii) 天然林凋落物量、凋落物N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量及其归还量。结果表明:巴山冷杉天然林的年凋落量为5702.99kg·hm-2;巴山冷杉林的凋落 物组成比较丰富, 主要有落叶、落枝、球花、球果和其他5部分, 其中以落叶为多, 占总凋落量的46.00%;凋落量的月变化模式呈双峰型, 分别在2006年10~11月和2007年4~5月达到峰值;凋落物养分含量的大小顺序为:N>K>Ca>P>Mg;N、P、 K、Ca、Mg的年归还量分别为:39.1063、4.5346、13.4367、5.4965和0.0911kg·hm-2;就凋落物各组分的养分年归 还量而言, 落叶的养分归还量远远大于其余组分的养分归还量, 占总归还量的52.65%。因此, 不论凋落量还是养分归还量, 巴山冷杉林凋落物中的落叶都占绝对优势。     

亚热带樟树-马尾松混交林凋落物量及养分动态特征

选取亚热带典型的针阔混交林作为研究对象,从2009年至2011年每月进行凋落物的测定。结果表明：混交林年凋落物总量为（4634.723±337.1427） kg/hm²,且凋落叶（71.78%） > 凋落枝（26.24%） > 凋落碎屑（8.46%） > 凋落果（3.23%）。凋落总量的月变化趋势明显,在11月份达到了最大值1025.6 kg/hm²,而最小值出现在2月份138.606 kg/hm²。混交林凋落物中大量元素、微量元素含量差异显著。大量元素含量大小顺序：C > N > Ca > K > S > Mg > P,微量元素的含量大小顺序：Mn > Fe > Zn > Pb > Cd > Cu > Ni > Co。C/N的特征是：枝（66.96） > 果（63.48） > 叶（40.62）。森林凋落物养分的含量直接决定了其养分的归还量。樟树-马尾松混交林凋落物养分归还总量为80.936 kg/hm²。混交林凋落物各元素养分归还量大小顺序特征是：N > Ca > K > S > Mg > P > Mn > Fe > Zn > Pb > Cd > Cu > Ni > Co。各组分养分归还特征是：叶（67.469 kg/hm²） > 枝（14.928 kg/hm²） > 果（2.361 kg/hm²）。混交林中N的年归还量为40.964 kg/hm²,其中凋落叶的N归还量较大为34.877 kg/hm²。     

杨树人工林凋落物养分归还功能研究

对杨树中龄林、成熟林凋落物量、组成特征、季节动态及凋落物中N、P、K、Fe、Ca、Mg含量进行了定位观测和实验测定。结果表明:杨树成熟林的年凋落物量为4.45t·hm^-2·a^-1,是中龄林的1.42倍,两者存在显著差异(p<0.05);叶是凋落物的主要形式,分别占中龄林、成熟林总凋落物量的70.1%和81.5%;凋落物量具有明显的季节动态,表现为"双峰"型;成熟林养分归还量是68.4kg·hm^-2·a^-1,是中龄林48.96kg·hm^-2·a^-1的1.4倍;两林分各养分年归还量的大小顺序为N>Ca>K>Mg>Fe>P;杨树成熟林的N、P、Fe、Mg4种元素的利用率大于中龄林的,而K和Ca元素的利用率却相反。     

Vertebrate evolution reflected in the evolution of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2

In eukaryotes, mature rRNA sequences are produced from single large (45S) precursor (pre-rRNA) as the result of successive removal of spacers through a series of rapid and intricate actions of endo- and exonucleases. The excision of internal transcribed spacer (ITS2), a eukaryotic-specific insertion, remains the most elusive processing step. ITS2 is the element mandatory for all eukaryotic pre-rRNAs that contain at least three processing cleavage sites for precise 5.8S and 28S formation. Conserved core sequences (cis-elements) binding to trans-factors provide for precise rRNA processing, whereas rapidly diverging regions between the core sequences preserve internal complementarity, which guarantees the spatial integrity of ITS2. Characteristic differences in the formation of such insertions during evolution should reflect the relationships between taxa. The phylogeny of the reptiles and the relationships between taxa proposed by scientists are controversial. To delineate the structural and functional features preserved among reptilian ITS2s, we cloned and sequenced 58 ITS2s belonging to four reptile orders: Squamata, Crocodilians, Aves, and Testudines. We studied the subsequent alignment and folding of variable regions. The sizes and packing of the loop–stems between conserved consensus segments in reptiles vary considerably between taxa. Our phylogenetic trees constructed on the basis of the reptile ITS2s primary structural alignments revealed a split between Iguania clade and all other taxa. True lizards (suborder Scleroglossa) and snakes (suborder Serpentes) show sister relationships, as well as the two other reptilian orders, Crocodilia + Aves and Testudines. In summary, our phylogenetic trees exhibit a mix of specific features deduced or, to the contrary, rejected earlier by other authors.     

Taxonomic Notes on Four Species of Panagrellus Thorne (Nematoda: Cephalobidae)

Four populations of Panagrellus redivivus (Linnaeus, 1767) Goodey, 1945, and syntypes of P. dubius Sanwal, 1960, P. redivivoides (Goodey, 1943) Goodey, 1945, P. pycnus Thorne, 1938, P. zymosiphilus (Brunold, 1950) Brunold, 1954, and P. leucocephalus Steiner, 1936 were examined. Additional information on the morphology of spicules and stoma is presented. P. zymosiphilus is synonymized with P. redivivoides and Rühm''s synonymization of P. silusiae and P. leucocephalus with P. redivivus is supported. Lectolypes for P. pycnus and P. redivivoides are designated.     

Improvement of yield of Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii by substrate supplementation and use of a casing overlay

Improved yield and biological efficiency (BE) of Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii were achieved by supplementation of substrate with a commercial delayed-release nutrient and use of a casing overlay. Yield increases of 14% were achieved from cased substrates that were supplemented at time of casing with delayed-release nutrient (Remo’s). Use of a casing layer enhanced yield by 141% over non-cased substrates. When casing and substrate supplementation were combined, yield increased 179% over non-cased/non-supplemented substrates. Mushrooms harvested from cased substrates were darker in color and solids contents were lower compared to non-cased substrates. An additional break of mushrooms was harvested from non-cased “spent” substrate by fragmenting and re-supplementing the substrate prior to the application of a casing overlay. Three production methods were compared for their effect on mushroom yield: “standard”, “casing” and “casing after first break”. Casing of the substrate before first break (“casing” production method) resulted in the highest yield and biological efficiency.     

蒙古栎、白桦根系分解及养分动态

采用埋袋法对蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、白桦(Betula platyphylla)两个树种粗根(>10 mm)、中粗根(5—10 mm)、中根(2—5 mm)和细根(<2 mm)的分解速率和养分动态进行研究。结果表明,根系的重量保持率随时间增加呈下降趋势,这种趋势可用Olson指数衰减模型来拟合,即:Xt/X0=e-kt(t为分解时间,X0为根系初始干重,Xt为分解t时间的残留干重,k为年分解系数),通过拟合计算出年分解系数k。在本研究中,蒙古栎粗根、中粗根、中根、细根的年分解系数分别为:0.2928、0.2562、0.2928、0.3660;白桦依次分别为:0.2196、0.3294、0.3660、0.4392,基本呈现随直径增加分解速率减小的趋势。根系分解过程中,两树种各径级均是N浓度增加,可溶性糖浓度减小。在根系分解的不同时期两树种各径级N表现出不同程度的释放或富集,没有明显的规律性;可溶性糖却一直处于释放状态。分解1a时间,蒙古栎各径级根系表现为释放N元素;白桦表现为细根和中根释放N元素,中粗根和粗根富集N元素。蒙古栎、白桦细根和中根可溶性糖的释放率达90%以上,中粗根和粗根的释放率达80%以上。     

Nematodes Attacking Cultivars of Peach in North Carolina

Criconemoides xenoplax and Meloidogyne incognita were the nematode species most frequently associated with peach in North Carolina. Other nematodes often found in high numbers on that crop were Pratylenehus vulnus, Helicotylenchus spp., Trichodorus christiei, Xiphinema amerieanum and Tylenchorhynchus claytoni. P. vulnus and P. penetrans reproduced well on rootstocks of 21 peach cultivars tested in the greenhouse. P. zeae, P. brachyurus, P. coffeae and P. scribneri decreased or increased only slightly in most instances. C. xenoplax increased as much as 330-fold and reproduced on all cultivars tested. In a field experiment with six peach cultivars and moderate numbers of P. brachyurus, P. vulnus, C. xenoplax, and M. incognita, only M. incognita caused significant stunting in 30 months. This nematode increased only on root-knot susceptible cultivars, whereas the other nematodes followed the same patterns observed in the greenhouse. In a second field experiment, seedlings were stunted significantly by high numbers of C. xenoplax during an 18-month period.     

Species distribution of staphylococci from small wild mammals

A total of 197 isolates of Staphylococcus from small wild animals (insectivores and rodents) were identified by partial sequencing of the rpoB and dnaJ genes. Among the identified isolates the predominant species was S. succinus (28%), followed by S. xylosus (20.8%) and S. stepanovicii (18.3%). The other 14 Staphylococcus species were occasionally isolated. PCR-RFLP of the rpoB gene digested by Hpy8I was a fast and simple method to distinguish the two subspecies of S. succinus. More than 90% of the 55 S. succinus strains isolated belonged to S. succinus subsp. casei and only 9% to S. succinus subsp. succinus. Moreover, the present study describes the first ever isolation of S. fleurettii from healthy animals.     

Morphological Comparison of Second-Stage Juveniles of Six Populations of Meloidogyne hapla by SEM

External morphology of second-stage juveniles of six populations of Meloidogyne hapla, hclonging to two cytological races (A and B), and one population each of M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica was compared by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Race A of M. hapla included three facultatively parthenogenetic populations with haploid chromosome numbers of 15. 16, and 17; race B consisted of three mitotically parthenogenetic populations with somalic chromosome numhers of 45, 45, and 48. The mitotically parthenogenetic populations of M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica had 54, 41-43, and 44 chromosomes, respectively. Observations were made on head structures, lateral field, excretory pore, anal opening, and tail. Head morphology, including shape and proportion of labial disc and lips, expression of labial and cephalic sensilla, and markings on head region, was distinctly different for each species. M. hapla populations of race A were distinct from each other but showed much intrapopulatiou variation in head morphology. Populations of race B were different from those of race A and were very stable and quite similar in head morphology. Considerable inter- and intrapopulatiou variation made the structure of the lateral field, excretory pore, anal opening, and tail of little value in distinguishing species or populations. The results are discussed in relation to earlier SEM observations on the genus Helerodera.     

Comparative aspects of the effects of radiation during oogenesis

Primordial germ cells, which are relatively resistant to radiation administered prior or during migration, become sensitive during sex differentiation of the gonad. Sensitivity increases to a maximum during the peak “wave” of mitosis in oogonia, and especially during the final premeiotic division. The oocyte subsequently becomes increasingly resistant to radiation as it progresses from leptotene to pachytene, after which sensitivity increases with the onset of the period of arrested development (diplotene or dictyate stage).     

Morphological Variation in Xiphinema spp. from New York Orchards

Xiphinema specimens were collected from orchards in southeastern, northeastern, and western New York. Total length, distance of vulva from anterior end, spear length (odontostyle plus odontophore), body diameter at vulva, tail length, anal body diameter, and length and diameter of hyaline tail tip were measured on fixed, glycerol-infiltrated adult females. Most specimens were identified as X. americanum or X. rivesi, but one western New York population was identified as X. californicum (a new record for New York). Multivariate analyses indicated that, with one exception, western New York populations of both X. americanum and X. rivesi were smaller and slimmer than their eastern counterparts. Regional differences were generally larger than differences attributed to host species.     

Japanese Hollies: Intolerant Hosts of Meloidogyne arenaria in Microplots

Japanese hollies were itttolerant of Meloidogyne arenaria in field microplot experiments. Ilex crenata var. rotundifolia was relatively more tolerant than I. crenata var. convexa or I. crenata var. helleri. When M. arenaria was added at various itfitial population densities to soil containing plants of "Helleri," "Convexa," and "Rotundifolia," respectively, 91, 75, and 25% were killed by the end of the third growing season. No control plants died during the same period. Initial numbers of M. arenaria larvae and eggs were the only population densities that were correlated (negatively), regardless of cultivar, with plant growth over the three growing seasons. A linear relation was found for initial density of M. arenaria and growth of I. crenata rotundifolia. Increasing nematode density by 10-fold suppressed the growth of this cultivar by 23%.