治疗用单抗制剂的研究进展

杂交瘤技术建立20多年来,单抗走过了漫长而又曲折的历程,从最初的完全鼠源单抗,经含不同程度鼠源成份的人鼠嵌合单抗,人源化单抗,现已发展为完全人源单抗,抗体的人源化技术和噬菌体展示技术等技术的发展,使单抗从诊断工具变为有效的治疗药物,被人们誉为“生物魔弹”,鉴于单克隆抗体（单抗）对相应的抗原决定簇具有高度特异性以及抗体的均一性等特性,近20多年来单抗作为疾病诊断剂以及生物学研究试剂已得到广泛的应用,但作为治疗剂的应用进程则十分缓慢,近两年来,单抗作为治疗制品,获得了迅速的进展。     

重组单抗药物的肽图分析

建立了重组单抗药物的肽图分析方法。在变性条件下向抗体溶液加入还原剂,打开抗体内部所有交联的二硫键,再加入烷基化试剂封闭所有的自由巯基,使抗体分子在溶液中以游离伸展肽链的形式存在。加入胰蛋白酶,将充分伸展的肽链酶解成小的肽段。用反相高效液相色谱层析分析肽图谱。对连续3批中试产品及理化测定对照品进行肽图分析,各样品均能酶解完全,批间肽图谱一致。该方法实用有效,适于进行重组单抗等结构复杂的大分子蛋白药物的肽图检查分析。     

“新一代生物技术药物:单克隆抗体、疫苗类药物”国际论坛

从 198 2年第一个基因工程药物重组人胰岛素问世以来 ,新的生物技术药物相继被开发和投入市场。自80年代末 ,利用基因工程手段构建嵌合抗体或人源化抗体为发展治疗性单抗药物带来突破。 90年代中 ,美国Ｇｅｎｅｔｅｃｈ、ＩＤＥＣ、ＯｒｔｈｏＢｉｏｔｅｃｈ、Ｃｅｎｔｏｃｏｒ公司、德国Ｒｏｃｈｅ公司的多个治疗性单抗药物获批准后仅两三年便创下几十亿美金的销售额 ,且每年增长近 5 0 % ,预计到 2 0 0 3年可达 5 0 0亿美元 ,10 0种以上的单抗正在进行临床实验 ,占整个生物药品数量的一半。显而易见 ,单抗药物已代替重组蛋白药物 ,成为生…     

中空纤维膜过滤技术在单抗生产中的应用

作为生物药物的”重磅炸弹”,大规模动物细胞培养生产治疗用单克隆抗体（以下简称单抗）已成为生物制药发展的主导。Mabselect SuRe亲和层析结合Capto Adhere复合离子交换两步层析工艺已经成为抗体生产工艺的亮点,而中空纤维膜过滤技术是一种快速高效的膜分离技术,具有容尘量高、温和低剪切力、操作灵活、成本低、易于放大等优点．因此广泛应用于重组蛋白、疫苗等生物制药领域。通过将中空纤维膜过滤技术和下游两步层析工艺相结合,可以成功的迎接几十甚至上百公斤单抗生产所面临的挑战。     

抗体医药和酶抑制剂着眼后利妥昔单抗

当前迫切需要对使用抗体医药利妥昔单抗（rituximab）无效的患者也能有效的药剂。 全世界正在开发能够识别两种抗原的抗体和叶酸合成抑制剂等分子靶向药物。     

抗体生产纯化技术进展

自1997年FDA批准第一个治疗淋巴癌的嵌合单抗药物Rituxan,Anti-CD-20抗体上市,并进入56个国家,至2007年,FDA已批准了20多种治疗性单抗药物,约一半用于治疗癌症（详见附录1）,多个已成为年销售额超十亿美元的“炸弹药物”（Blockbuster Drug,图1）。全球抗体药物的市场增长十分迅猛,有约200多种单抗在临床实验,占整个临床生物技术药品总数的三分之一多,     

抗体药物的发展与应用

早期抗体药物是鼠源单克隆抗体,存在免疫原性强、半衰期短等问题。历经数十年的发展,抗体药物从最初的鼠源单抗,逐步发展为人鼠嵌合抗体、人源化抗体及全人源化抗体。通过片段重组、位点修饰、药物偶联等方法,科研人员研发了包括抗体融合蛋白、抗体偶联药物、双特异性抗体、小分子抗体片段等形式多样的抗体药物。抗体药物在恶性肿瘤、自身免疫病、感染性疾病的治疗上发挥重要作用。通过对抗体药物人源化历程,不同类型的抗体结构和特点,以及抗体药物在新型冠状病毒肺炎治疗中的应用进行综述,并对抗体药物的发展前景进行展望,以期为我国抗体药物的研发提供参考。     

重组人源抗狂犬病毒单克隆抗体鸡尾酒暴露后预防效果评价

本研究对重组人源抗狂犬病毒单克隆抗体鸡尾酒暴露后预防效果进行评价,选用狂犬病毒国内代表性疫苗株、实验室固定毒株及街毒株共11株病毒,通过荧光抗体病毒中和试验(FAVN)分析针对狂犬病毒糖蛋白Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号表位的三株单抗CR57(I)、RV08(II)和RV3A5(Ⅲ)及其鸡尾酒配伍的中和谱,在此基础上选用狂犬病病毒标准攻击毒株CVS-11感染仓鼠腓肠肌,进一步研究重组人源抗狂犬病毒单抗及其鸡尾酒制剂暴露后保护效果,结果显示CR57、RV08、RV3A5及其三联配伍制剂对11株狂犬病毒均具有明确的中和作用,按中和效价1∶1∶1配伍组成的鸡尾酒组合制剂对这些毒株的中和能力没有减弱,表明三株抗体间无相互干扰,对个别毒株(JX08-45、Flury、SRV9)的中和活性表现出协同作用;三株单抗CR57、RV08和RV3A5单独应用或是三联配伍应用的暴露后保护率达100%,与HRIG单独免疫相比较具有更优秀的动物保护活性;在与疫苗联合应用方面重组人源单抗与HRIG在暴露后预防的效果相仿,均可达到100%的保护率,所以重组人源单抗具有替代HRIG应用于狂犬病暴露后预防与保护的潜力,为我国具有自主知识产权的狂犬单抗鸡尾酒制剂的研发打下基础。     

抗肿瘤药物市场概述

无论在发达国家还是在发展中国家,癌症都是死亡率最高的疾病,并且其死亡率和发病率仍不断增高,因此抗肿瘤药物市场的潜力巨大。1997年至2015年,FDA共批准128个抗肿瘤药物,全球抗肿瘤药物市场规模超过1000亿美元,靶向药物占比达到62%,已经成为抗肿瘤新药的主流。全球抗肿瘤药物市场集中度极高,罗氏是其中的领导者,各大药企都对抗肿瘤药物怀有极大的开发热情。国内抗肿瘤药物以传统药物为主,靶向药物市场份额正在迅速提升,同时自主研发型新药也在逐渐增多。2015年国内抗肿瘤药物市场规模达到957.83亿元,未来还将进一扩大。     

肺炎衣原体单克隆抗体的研制和应用

目的:以杂交瘤技术制备抗肺炎衣原体(Cpn)单克隆抗体,用于衣原体感染的诊断及相关疾病的研究。方法:以进口Cpn抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,将免疫小鼠的脾脏细胞与SP2/0细胞融合,用间接ELISA法筛选抗体阳性杂交瘤细胞。收集接种过杂交瘤细胞的小鼠腹水,分别用ELISA法检测抗体效价、用免疫琼脂扩散试验鉴定单抗的类别、用微量荧光免疫试验(MIF)检测单抗的种属特异性。用克隆表达的主要外膜蛋白(MOMP)通过Dot-ELISA法分析单抗的特异性。通过建立直接免疫荧光法(DIF)检测病人和正常人外周血单核细胞(PBMC)标本,并进行统计处理。结果:小鼠脾脏细胞与SP2/0细胞的融合率为61.46%(236/384),最终获得4株稳定分泌Cpn单抗的细胞株。用ELISA法检测小鼠腹水,效价高者可达1∶100000。免疫琼脂扩散试验鉴定为IgG类单抗,扩散效价达1∶128。自制单抗能与重组MOMP发生结合反应,表明其为抗CpnMOMP抗体。自制单抗与进口单抗类似,即与鹦鹉热衣原体(Cps)出现一定程度的交叉反应,而与沙眼衣原体(Ct)则无交叉反应。对240份PBMC标本用自制单抗和进口单抗同时检测Cpn抗原,2种单抗检测均阳性的共86份,经SPSS软件分析两者具有较好的一致性。DIF检测显示,心血管疾病和呼吸道疾病Cpn抗原阳性检出率分别为69.34%(95/137)和72.06%(49/68),与正常人标本Cpn抗原阳性率相比,均具有显著性差异。结论:获得IgG类抗CpnMOMP单抗,自制Cpn单抗的特异性和敏感性均与进口单抗具有较好的一致性。PBMCCpn抗原检测的统计分析证实,对于动脉粥样硬化等某些疾病的发生和发展,Cpn感染可能是重要的原因之一,但其中的因果关系还有待深入研究。     

Immunological approach to characterize proacrosin and various acrosin forms in boar and man by monoclonal antibodies

Three different monoclonal rat antibodies, Acr1, Acr2, and Acr3, have been established against boar proacrosin. They are shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent and immunoblot assays to react with boar proacrosin and several different acrosin molecules derived therefrom during activation. The epitopes detected by the three antibodies are different from each other, one being highly sensitive to reduction and periodate treatment. The antibodies crossreact with various proacrosin and acrosin molecules derived from human sperm extract; they also show indirect immunofluorescent staining of the acrosomal region of ejaculated sperm from normal men but fail to react with round-headed spermatozoa.     

Recognition sites of monoclonal antibodies A4 and A24 in the α-latrotoxin molecule

α-Latrotoxin (α-LTX) binding sites to functionally active monoclonal antibodies (MA) A4 and A24 were localized using three approaches: hydrolysis of the toxin followed by theN-terminal sequencing of immunoreactive peptides; the study of antibody interaction with several recombinant α-LTX fragments; Western immunoblotting of synthetic overlapping peptides (6–8 aa) whose structures correspond to that of the immunoreactive α-LTX fragment. It was shown that the MA A4 epitope is located within the F²³⁴-M²⁹⁴ protein fragment and that MA A24 interacts with the fragment³⁴⁷FDKDIT³⁵².     

Hybridomas: A new dimension in biological analyses

Summary Since the first report of hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies by Kohler and Milstein in 1975, this technique has spread to nearly all areas of biological, biochemical, and biomedical research. Watching the use of these methods spread from immunologists to cell biologists, developmental biologists, biochemists and to other biological disciplines and observing the nearly logarithmic increase in publications using these reagents has been in itself fascinating and informative. An overview of the development of this technology and its applications is presented including the use of monoclonal antibodies to study cell surface molecules, differentiation antigens, receptors, and histocompatibility antigens. The use of these antibodies to analyze microorganisms and parasitic antigens as well as their use in the genetic analysis of human cell surface antigens and the detection of polymorphic variation in enzymes and other proteins is discussed. Examples of the application of monoclonal reagents to the study of tumor cell biology including the labeling of metastatic tumor cells and the detection of cell surface molecules implicated in the regulation of growth control and cell division are provided. Presented in the symposium on The Biology of Hybridomas at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Tissue Culture Association. Washington, D.C., June 7–11. 1981. This symposium was supported in part by the following organizations: Bethesda Research Laboratories, Cetus Corporation, Hybritech Incorporated, MAB-Monoclonal Antibodies, Inc., National Capital Area Branch of the Tissue Culture Association, New England Nuclear Corporation, and Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation.     

Human Hsp40 proteins, DNAJA1 and DNAJA2, as potential targets of the immune response triggered by bacterial DnaJ in rheumatoid arthritis

Hsp40 proteins of bacterial and human origin are suspected to be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It has been shown that sera of RA patients contain increased levels of antibodies directed to bacterial and human Hsp40s. The aim of this work was to explore immunological similarities between the bacterial (DnaJ) and human (DNAJA1 and DNAJA2) Hsp40 proteins in relation to their possible involvement in the RA. Using polyclonal antibodies directed against a full-length DnaJ or its domains, against DNAJA1 and DNAJA2, as well as monoclonal anti-DnaJ antibodies, we found immunological similarities between the bacterial and human Hsp40s. Both ELISA and Western blotting showed that these similarities were not restricted to the conserved J domains but were also present in the C-terminal variable regions. We also found a positive correlation between the levels of the anti-DnaJ and anti-DNAJA1 antibodies in the sera of RA patients. This finding supports the molecular mimicry hypothesis that human Hsp40 could be the targets of antibodies originally directed against bacterial DnaJ in RA.     

Antigenic components of human glioblastoma multiforme and rat C6 glioma using monoclonal antibodies

With whole U87MG cells used as antigenic stimulant, two clones 1A5G6 and 1D3A3 secreted monoclonal antibodies which gave intense staining in monolayer cultures of the cells as ascertained by indirect immunofluorescence. Antibodies from clone 1A5G6 stained both the cytoplasm and the processes, and that from clone 1D3A3 stained only the cytoplasm and not the processes. 1A5G6 elicited no cross-reactivity towards human fetal and adult brain and lungs, liver, kidney or spleen, mouse neuroblastoma and melanoma, rat C₆ glioma, neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid and normal rat kidney cells. It gave 58–60% cross reactivity with the human neuroblastoma and T-cell leukemia cells. The antigenic comPonent has been identified to be a membrane protein of molecular weight 25–30 kilodaltons by immunoblotting. Using C₆ glioma cells as antigenic stimulant 19 clones which were positive for C₆ glioma cells, but negative for rat liver cells as inferred by indirect immunofluorescence were selected. Antibodies secreted by all these gave positive reaction towards normal rat kidney and fetal rat kidney cells in culture. Distinct identity of these clones were ascertained by discernible staining patterns in indirect immunofluorescence on C₆ glioma cells.     

Changes in the Expression of Membrane Antigens During the Differentiation of Chicken Erythroblasts

Chicken erythroblasts can be transformed by the avian retrovirus, avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV). Earlier studies have shown that the mechanism of transformation appears to involve a “block” in differentiation, in that when erythroblasts are transformed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of ts34 AEV and incubated at the nonpermissive temperature, the cells start to differentiate and produce hemoglobin. We have decided to use this system to isolate pure populations of chicken erythroblasts and raise monoclonal antibodies against their cell surface proteins. Three monoclonal antibodies were isolated and tested for their ability to bind to various hematopoietic cell types; two were shown to be erythroid-specific, whereas the other antibody bound to proliferating cells but not to erythrocytes or granulocytes. Of the erythroid-specific antibodies, one precipitated a 94,000 molecular weight protein, whereas the other precipitated a 11,000 molecular weight protein that was tentatively identified as hemoglobin. The use of this system and approach to identify and evaluate changes that occur during the differentiation is discussed.     

Cardiac myofibrillar proteins: Biochemical markers to estimate myocardial injury

Ischaemic heart disease represents the most common of the serious health problems in the contemporary society and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and death. The accurate localization and determination of the infarct size and the volume of myocardium at risk at the time of insult is crucial and vital for the choice of treatment. Initially the ischaemic cells are reversibly injured. However, if these changes are not reverted at the earliest, it results in the death of the myocyte. This irreversible myocyte necrosis travels transmurally towards epicardium in the form of a wavefront [1]. A timely intervention during evolving infarct could reduce and delimit the infarct and preserve the left ventricular function [2].Enzyme analysis and electrocardiography (ECG) along with the clinical history of the patient is still considered to constitute a reliable triad in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) [3]. Efforts have been made to relate infarct size with the serum enzyme level changes without much success. In addition, a number of specialist techniques such as planar radioisotope imaging, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), Echocardiography, Ventriculography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging have been devised to support diagnosis in the patients who show ambiguous symptoms and ECG findings. However most of these procedures are unavailable to the patients due to economic reasons while others have suffered due to non-availability of ideal radiopharmaceuticals. Major advances have been made in the methods based on immunological techniques to improve the detection and estimation of infarct. These methods are exclusively based upon the production and availability of specific antibodies against intracellular, cardiac specific components [4].     

Efficient bispecific monoclonal antibody purification using gradient thiophilic affinity chromatography

Bispecific monoclonal antibodies (bsMAbs), due their unique design, have a wide range of potential applications in immunodiagnostics and immunotherapy. One of the major limitations for the use of bsMAbs produced by hybrid–hybridomas is the concomitant production of parental monospecific antibodies. The relative amount of bsMAb secreted may vary between different hybrid–hybridomas. Hence, the purification of the desired bispecific molecule from other forms is crucial. Current purification methods include anion-exchange, HPLC on different matrices, and dual affinity methods. Most of those methods include multiple steps and have limitations on the purity or yield of the desired species. We report here a simple single-step purification method, using inexpensive thiophilic chromatography. This new method can potentially be scaled up, for industrial proposes. Finally, based on the amino acid sequences and assembly of the two heavy chains we attempt to explain the possible mechanism by which thiophilic chromatography was able to resolve the bsMAbs from the monospecific species.     

Proteins of the acrosomal region in mouse sperm: Immunological probes reveal post-testicular modifications

Effects of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), or glutathione reductasc (GR) supply were studied on the ability of hamster oocytes to be fertilized by human sperm. Zona-free oocytes were pretreated with these compounds prior to sperm insemination. Oocyte pretreatment with high concentrations of GSH or GSSG (50 or 100 mM. 30 min) significantly increased the penetrated oocyte rate (PR). Polyspermy was not increased except when high concentrations of GSH (100 mM) were used. Incubation of oocytes with GR (1 or 10IU/ml) prior to sperm insemination induced increasing dose-dependent PR. Polyspermy increased significantly with 10 mM GR in oocyte incubation medium. Oocyte incubation for 30 min with the sulfhydryl blocking agent iodoacetamide (1 mM) led to a drastic decrease in oocyte penetration and in polyspermy. Our results demonstrate an original way to increase the efficacy of human-hamster heterospecific fertilization. Various hypotheses are discussed explaining these observations which open new investigations for heterospecific and homospecific in vitro fertilization.     

Three Antigenic Regions in p17 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Revealed by Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies and Human Antibodies in HIV-1 Carrier Sera

We investigated the murine antibody response to recombinant p17 (rp17) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the human antibody response directed to p17 in HIV-1 infection. Three large peptides covering residues 12-29, 53-87 and 87-115 of p17 were synthesized. The cysteine residues 57 and 87 of peptide 53-87 were reoxidized to form a disulfide bridge. Eighteen out of 19 murine monoclonal anti-rp17 antibodies had relatively high affinities (K_A = 1.9 × 10⁵?1.4 × 10⁸ M^?1) with one of the 3 p17 peptides in the liquid phase. Each monoclonal antibody reacted only with one particular peptide and had no reactivity with the other 2 p17 peptides. All the monoclonal antibodies reacted with rp17 in the liquid phase with a reasonable degree of affinity (K_A = 2.0 × 10⁵?1.8 × 10⁷ M^?1). Four HIV-1 carrier sera, which were positive in ELISA using rp17 as the antigen, reacted positively in an ELISA using 3 p17 peptides which were used to titrate murine monoclonal antibodies. Murine monoclonal antibodies having specificity for the 3 p17 peptides stained live HIV-1-infected cells by means of indirect membrane immunofluorescence, irrespective of their specificity. This suggests that the various portions of p17 (at least 3 regions of p17) were exposed on the surface of live infected cells, probably as short polypeptide chains.