人铜锌超氧化物歧化酶在大肠杆菌中的融合表达与纯化

目的:在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化人铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(HuSOD1)。方法:合成HuSOD1编码基因,PCR扩增后连入pMAL-p5x质粒构建融合表达载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态,IPTG诱导表达,NBT法测定HuSOD1酶活,利用麦芽糖结合蛋白亲和层析柱纯化MBP-HuSOD1融合蛋白,经因子Ⅹa酶切及分子筛柱层析纯化HuSOD1蛋白。结果:构建了pMAL-p5x-HuSOD1表达载体,在大肠杆菌中实现了高表达,目的蛋白占全菌蛋白的30%,其中可溶性表达占63%,具有超氧化物歧化酶活性;通过亲和层析纯化得到纯度大于95%的融合蛋白MBP-HuSOD1,经因子Ⅹa酶切后纯化得到纯度约90%的HuSOD1蛋白。结论:在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化获得有活性的MBP-HuSOD1,经进一步酶切、纯化后得到HuSOD1。     

SUMO蛋白酶Ulp1的高效表达纯化并通过His-SUMO标签制备scFv

SUMO蛋白酶(Ulp1)是切割小分子泛素修饰(SUMO)融合蛋白获得天然N端靶蛋白的一种工具酶,具有酶切效率高、特异性好等优点。但现有市售SUMO蛋白酶Ulp1价格昂贵、操作复杂,限制了SUMO融合体系的运用。利用基因工程技术,合成基因ulp1(Leu403-Lys621),并在N端和C端加入多聚组氨酸标签(His_6),构建重组表达载体psv T7-ulp1,将重组质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)和BL21 trx B(DE3)中。经过高通量筛选技术快速确定最优的表达条件为采用BL21(DE3)作为表达宿主,转接后7h加入IPTG,IPTG的终浓度为0.1mmol/L,诱导时间为16h,最终蛋白质表达量占菌体总蛋白质量的34.5%,重组蛋白Ulp1的表达量为190mg/L,通过Ni-NTA一步纯化即可得到纯度95%以上的Ulp1。通过酶切反应,测定酶活为5.19U/μl,比酶活为5.23×10~4U/mg,是先前报道比酶活的1.87倍,通过酶活动力学分析,Ulp1的表观米氏常数K_m=0.359g/L,V_m=5.10μg/(ml·min)。将SUMO融合表达体系用于单链抗体(single-chain antibody fragment,scFv)的表达,得到可溶的SUMO-scFv融合蛋白,使用表达的Ulp1进行酶切并纯化,获得纯度高于90%且N端不含多余氨基酸的scFv,操作步骤简单,显著改善了scFv在大肠杆菌中难以高效可溶性表达纯化的现状。     

凝血酶抑制剂TTI的表达及性质研究

将来源于采采蝇的TTI基因序列改造成大肠杆菌偏爱密码子,利用重组PCR方法获得TTI目的基因片段,在大肠杆菌中得到高效表达。经纯化获得了纯度高于98%的融合蛋白,建立了酶活测定方法。实验证明融合蛋白具有抑制凝血酶的活性。当凝血酶浓度为10U/ml,纯化的融合TTI体积为10 l,底物浓度为250 mol/L,融合蛋白对凝血酶的抑制率为73%,确定反应类型为竞争性抑制,Ki为35 mol/L。     

乙醛脱氢酶在乳酸乳球菌中的表达与纯化

目的:在乳酸乳球菌中重组表达乙醛脱氢酶(ALDH)。方法:合成毕赤酵母ALDH基因,PCR扩增后通过重组构建pNZ8048-ALDH表达载体,电转至乳酸乳球菌NZ9000感受态,Nisin诱导表达后经Ni柱亲和层析纯化ALDH蛋白,比色法测定酶活。结果:构建了pNZ8048-ALDH表达载体,在乳酸乳球菌NZ9000中实现了ALDH的重组表达,目的蛋白占全菌蛋白的17.2%,其中可溶性表达比例为53%,重组菌株ALDH活力为0.638 U/mL,亲和层析纯化蛋白纯度约70%,比活为0.48 U/mg。结论:在乳酸乳球菌中表达并纯化获得了有活性的ALDH。     

重组人βNGF在大肠杆菌中的可溶表达、纯化及活性鉴定

旨在大肠杆菌中可溶表达重组人神经生长因子(Recombinant humanβnerve growth factor,rhβNGF),并对表达产物进行分离纯化和生物学活性鉴定。成功扩增h NGFβ亚基基因,将其克隆入pMAL-c2X表达载体,构建了hβNGF-MBP的大肠杆菌表达体系并进行诱导表达,表达产物经纯化后以Factor Xa酶切去除麦牙糖结合蛋白(MBP),Western blot鉴定后以TF-1细胞法检测生物学活性。结果显示,pMAL-c2X-hβNGF经酶切和测序证实构建正确,25℃、180 r/min、0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导下可溶表达hβNGF-MBP融合蛋白。hβNGF-MBP经Factor Xa酶切后可去除MBP标签,SDS-PAGE分析纯化的hβNGF位于13 k D左右,纯度可达95%。Western blot鉴定为hβNGF,结果表明,比活约为1×10~6 U/mg。在大肠杆菌中成功可溶表达hβNGF,并具有较高的生物学活性。     

热敏型核酸酶在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达及催化特性

核酸酶在生物工程领域有着重要的应用价值。本研究在优化北极虾核酸酶(Shrimp nuclease,SNU)基因序列的基础上,构建SNU的毕赤酵母分泌表达载体SNU-p PICZαA并转化酵母,以高拷贝整合转化子为基础,优化酶表达的条件,并对该酶的催化特性进行分析,结果显示SNU可在毕赤酵母SMD1168H中高效分泌表达,最佳诱导表达条件为:培养基BMMY p H 6.0,甲醇浓度为1%,诱导时间为72 h,诱导后粗酶液比活力为1.4×10~5 U/m L。经过DEAE Sephadex阴离子交换层析可纯化获得高纯度的目标蛋白,每升菌液可纯化15 mg目标蛋白,比活力达到6.291×10~6 U/mg,该酶表观分子量为50 k Da,PNGase F酶切证实该酶存在糖基化现象。二价金属离子Ca~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Mg~(2+)及还原剂DTT、β-ME能显著地提高其水解活性,但Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、SDS、高浓度Na Cl抑制该酶的活性,SNU为Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)依赖型核酸酶。70℃处理10 min可使该酶不可逆的失活。     

限制性内切酶NotⅠ提纯的新工艺

目前有关限制性内切酶NotⅠ的性质特征及功能机制等方面的研究日渐增多,但商品化NotⅠ及某些限制性内切酶的价格依然居高不下,其主要原因在于表达量低、提纯程序繁琐、得率低等问题的存在。为探索限制性内切酶NotⅠ提纯的新工艺,从豚鼠耳炎诺卡菌(Nocardia otitidis-caviarum)中克隆出限制性内切酶NotⅠ的基因并使之在大肠杆菌中高效表达。首先将由成团肠杆菌(Enterobacter agglomerans)中克隆所得甲基化酶EagⅠM(EagⅠ methylase gene)基因连接到pBR322载体上,转化大肠杆菌ER2566,将豚鼠耳炎诺卡菌中克隆所得的限制性内切酶NotⅠR(NotⅠrestriction endonuclease gene)基因连接到表达载体pACYC184-PT₇上,将此重组质粒转化到上述已转入甲基化重组质粒pBR322-EagⅠM的ER2566中,构建成NotⅠ蛋白表达菌ER2566 。重组工程菌经IPTG诱导可表达限制性内切酶NotⅠ,并对诱导条件进行优化使之以可溶形式高效表达。应用KTA purifier 100蛋白纯化系统,对纯化工艺进行创新,通过DEAE Sephrose FF离子交换层析、phenyl HP疏水层析和Superdex 75 10/300 GL分子筛层析对蛋白进行提纯。纯化后NotⅠ经酶活力及纯度鉴定,其比活力为1.37×10⁶U/mg,提纯35倍,得率为17.8％,产量达9.8×10⁶ Units /g wet cell,提纯时间缩减为原来的1/10,在产量和效率上较以前报道均有很大提高。该纯化工艺的新方法,为实验室制备及工业化生产Ⅱ型限制性内切酶提供了进一步的借鉴。且该酶的成功获得为后续研究提供了材料,为更多新发现内切酶的成功克隆提供了参考。     

限制性内切酶NotI提纯的新工艺

目前有关限制性内切酶Not I的性质特征及功能机制等方面的研究日渐增多,但商品化Not Ⅰ及某些限制性内切酶的价格依然居高不下,其主要原因在于表达量低、提纯程序繁琐、得率低等问题的存在.为探索限制性内切酶Not Ⅰ提纯的新工艺,从豚鼠耳炎诺卡菌(Nocardia otitidiscaviarum)中克隆出限制性内切酶Not Ⅰ的基因并使之在大肠杆菌中高效表达.首先将由成团肠杆菌(Enterobacter agglomerans)中克隆所得甲基化酶Eag I M(Eag I methylase gene)基因连接到pBR322载体上,转化大肠杆菌ER2566,将豚鼠耳炎诺卡菌中克隆所得的限制性内切酶Not IR(Not I restriction endonuclease gene)基因连接到表达载体pACYC184-PT7上,将此重组质粒转化到上述已转入甲基化重组质粒pBR322-Eag I M的ER2566中,构建成Not I蛋白表达菌ER2566[pBR322-Eag I M,pACYC184-PT7-Not I R].重组工程菌经IPTG诱导可表达限制性内切酶Not Ⅰ,并对诱导条件进行优化使之以可溶形式高效表达.应用(A)KTA purifier 100蛋白纯化系统,对纯化工艺进行创新,通过DEAE Sephrose FF离子交换层析、phenyl HP疏水层析和Superdex 75 10/300GL分子筛层析对蛋白进行提纯.纯化后Not Ⅰ经酶活力及纯度鉴定,其比活力为1.37 × 10(6)U/mg,提纯35倍,得率为17.8%,产量达9.8×10(6)Units /g wet cell,提纯时间缩减为原来的1/10,在产量和效率上较以前报道均有很大提高.该纯化工艺的新方法,为实验室制备及工业化生产Ⅱ型限制性内切酶提供了进一步的借鉴.且该酶的成功获得为后续研究提供了材料,为更多新发现内切酶的成功克隆提供了参考.     

重组人肠激酶轻链的原核表达、纯化及活性分析

【目的】在原核表达系统中实现人肠激酶轻链(Human enterokinase light chain,hEKL)的表达和纯化。【方法】通过PCR扩增得到编码hEKL的基因片段,利用基因重组技术构建原核表达质粒pMAL-s-hEKL,在Escherichia coli中进行诱导表达,菌体经超声破碎后利用Amylose亲和柱对目标蛋白进行纯化,并利用Tricine SDS-PAGE检测酶的切割活性。【结果】目的基因能够以可溶形式表达,每升发酵液可纯化得到40 mg纯度在97%以上的MBP-hEKL蛋白,活性检测表明该酶可以对含有肠激酶识别序列的蛋白进行特异性切割,酶活力达到6.0×105U/mol。     

重组融合蛋白Trx-IFN-CSP的肠激酶酶切及纯化

[目的]重组融合蛋白Trx-IFN-CSP的肠激酶酶切及纯化研究。[方法]选用国产肠激酶,在不同反应条件下酶切重组融合蛋白,15%的SDS-PAGE检测切割产物,并利用Ni2+亲和层析色谱联合肝素亲和层析色谱对酶切产物进行分离纯化。[结果]0.8 U的肠激酶在温度为10℃下酶切72 h能够完全裂解50μg融合蛋白。酶切产物经亲和层析色谱纯化,可获得电泳纯达99%的目的蛋白。[结论]重组融合蛋白Trx-IFN-CSP经肠激酶酶切及纯化后,可获得纯度达99%的肝靶向干扰素IFN-CSP单体,为进一步研究肝靶向干扰素的生物学活性及产业化开发奠定了基础,也为融合蛋白后处理工艺提供了技术借鉴。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.