来源于糖丝菌双(2-羟乙基)对苯二甲酸酯水解酶的酶学性质表征及降解特性分析

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯[poly(ethylene terephthalate),PET]降解酶的发掘是国内外研究的热点。双(2-羟乙基)对苯二甲酸酯[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalic acid,BHET]是PET降解过程的一种中间化合物,会与PET竞争酶的底物结合位点,从而抑制PET进一步降解。因此,探寻新型BHET降解酶,对进一步提高PET的降解效率具有促进作用。本研究通过基因挖掘发现了一种来源于浅黄糖丝菌(Saccharothrix luteola)参与PET降解过程的水解酶基因sle(ID:CP064192.1,5085270–5086049),其编码的蛋白质可以将BHET水解为单(2-羟乙基)对苯二甲酸酯[mono-(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate,MHET]和对苯二甲酸(terephthalic acid,TPA)。将BHET水解酶(Sle)通过重组质粒在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中异源表达,结果表明,在异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside,IPTG)诱导终浓度为0.4 mmol/L,诱导时长为12 h,诱导温度为20℃时蛋白的表达量最高。通过镍亲和层析、阴离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析3步分离纯化,获得了高纯度的Sle重组蛋白;同时对其酶学性质进行了表征,Sle最适温度和pH分别为35℃和8.0,在25–35℃和pH 7.0–9.0区间内能保持80%以上的残余酶活,且金属离子Co^(2+)能提高酶活力;进一步通过同源序列及Sle复合物结构分析得知,该酶属于二烯酸内酯水解酶(dienelactone hydrolase,DLH)家族,具备该家族典型的催化三联体,预测其催化位点分别为S129、D175和H207,并初步分析了其催化机理。最后,利用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)鉴定了该酶能够特异性降解BHET生成MHET和TPA,属于BHET降解酶。本研究为生物酶法高效降解PET塑料提供了新的酶资源。     

来源于海洋宏基因组塑料降解酶Ple629的耐热性提升改造

石化来源的聚酯类塑料如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate,PET)以及聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(polybutylene adipate terephthalate,PBAT)等已被广泛使用,但由于它们在自然界中难以降解或生物降解周期较长导致了严重的环境污染,因此对这些塑料废弃物的处理是亟待解决的问题之一。从循环经济的角度考虑,利用生物酶法对聚酯类塑料如PET或PBAT等的废弃物进行解聚,再将解聚产物进行循环利用,是一个很有潜力的研究方向。探究近年来关于聚酯塑料降解酶的报道发现,高活性且耐高温的降解酶会有更大的潜在优势。来自海洋微生物宏基因组的中温塑料降解酶Ple629,在常温下对聚酯类塑料PET和PBAT均有较好的降解活力,但由于不耐受高温,限制了其潜在应用。在前期获得Ple629三维结构的基础上,本研究基于结构比对及能量设计,找到了一些潜在提升其热稳定性的位点进行改造设计,并对突变体进行了表达纯化和热稳定性测定。突变体V80C和D226C/S281C的熔点温度(Tm)值分别提升了5.2℃和6.9℃,突变体D226C/S281C的活性也比野生型酶提高了1.5倍,为后续对Ple629的进一步改造提供了思路和依据。     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯水解酶研究进展

塑料自20世纪首次合成以来给人类生活带来了极大的便利。然而,塑料稳定的高分子结构导致了塑料废弃物的持续堆积,对生态环境和人类健康均造成严重威胁。聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯[poly(ethylene terephthalate),PET]是产量最高的一种聚酯类塑料,近年来PET水解酶的相关研究展现出生物酶法对塑料进行降解、回收的巨大潜力,也为塑料生物降解机制研究建立了参考范例。本文综述了不同微生物来源的PET水解酶及其PET降解能力,阐述了最具代表性的PET水解酶—IsPETase降解PET的催化机理,并总结了近年来通过酶工程改造而获得的高效降解酶,为未来的PET降解机制研究、PET高效降解酶的进一步挖掘和改造提供参考。     

PET水解酶传统与智能分子设计研究进展

塑料由于其耐久性和耐降解性造成的环境污染日趋严重,而塑料废弃物的处理回收方法存在着缺陷。聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（polyethylene terephthalate,PET）是应用最广泛的塑料类型之一,但在自然条件下很难被降解。近年来,虽然多种具有PET降解活性的酶被发现,但这些酶的催化活性和热稳定性难以支撑实际工业所需,因此提高PET水解酶的降解能力已成为研究热点而备受关注。脂肪酶、角质酶、IsPETase和IsMHETase是目前研究最为广泛的PET水解酶,就这几种酶的结构、活性特征进行了总结,重点阐述了传统蛋白质工程和人工智能分子设计在增强PET水解酶应用性能方面的研究进展。期望塑料降解酶可以进一步发展优化,为循环塑料经济做出有价值的贡献。     

一株PET降解菌株的筛选鉴定及降解特性

本研究进行了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethyleneterephthalate,PET)降解菌株的分离、筛选和鉴定,以及降解机制的探究.用"分级筛选"策略,先利用塑料类似物对苯二酸二甲酯(diethyl terephthalate,DET)进行富集培养,在以PET颗粒为唯一营养源的无机盐固体培养基上进行涂布,从垃圾填埋场PET塑料样品中筛选获得具有降解PET颗粒能力的菌株JWG-G2.通过菌株形态观察、生理生化特性及16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株属于微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.).菌株JWG-G2在pH 7.0、30℃时生长状态最佳.经菌株JWG-G2处理后,PET颗粒表面酯键特征官能团明显减少;PET颗粒失重率达到1％.菌株JWG-G2能够显著降解PET中间体对苯二酸单羟乙酯钠盐(monohydroxyethyl terephthalate,MHET)和对苯二甲酸双羟乙酯(bishydro-xyethyl terephthalate,BHET)多聚体,其降解率分别为4.5％和11.2％.菌株JWG-G2具有较好的PET颗粒及其中间体降解作用,为降解机制的深入研究提供一定理论基础.     

一株嗜热聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯降解菌的分离及其降解特性解析北大核心

【目的】大量聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate,PET)塑料作为废弃物被丢弃,严重危害生态健康。针对嗜热PET降解菌缺乏这一情况,本研究旨在获得能够降解PET的嗜热菌,并阐述其降解机制。【方法】采集云南腾冲热泉中的废弃PET瓶,分析其表面生物膜的微生物群落多样性,从中筛选能够以PET为营养源生长的嗜热菌,并基于16S rRNA基因序列加以鉴定;以菌株的定殖能力与生长曲线为指标,优选出降解能力较强的降解菌,并测定其最适pH、温度和NaCl浓度;降解能力较强的降解菌分别作用于PET及PET中间体双(羟乙基)对苯二甲酸酯[bis(hydroxyethyl)terephthalate,BHET]和对苯二甲酸单(2-羟乙基)酯[mono(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate,MHET],测定产物生成量与降解率;通过观察PET膜表面微观结构、活菌数、酯酶活性等探究降解菌与PET的互作过程。【结果】废弃PET瓶表面生物膜中的微生物群落多样性低;从生物膜中筛选出5株能够以PET为营养源生长的嗜热菌;其中,菌株JQ3以PET为唯一碳源生长最佳,作为降解能力较强的降解菌,被鉴定为嗜热淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thermoamylovorans),其最适生长pH为7.0、最适生长温度为50℃、最适生长NaCl浓度为0.5%;菌株JQ3以0.043 mg PET/d的速率降解PET,对苯二甲酸(terephthalic acid,TPA)产量在第7天达到峰值45.2 mmol/L;菌株JQ3对PET中间体降解效率显著,6 h可降解85.9%的BHET,60 h可降解50.1%的MHET。菌株JQ3能够定殖于PET表面并形成生物膜,侵蚀PET并造成开裂和剥落。【结论】B.thermoamylovorans JQ3作为一株嗜热PET降解菌,能够高温(60℃)降解PET及其中间体,为实现PET的有效降解提供了新策略。     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯生物降解的研究进展

塑料广泛存在于人类的日常生活中，在给人们生活带来便利的同时，大量塑料废物也给环境带来很大压力。聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate, PET)是一种以石油为原料的高分子热塑性材料，因其具有耐用、透明度高、重量轻等特性，已成为世界上使用最广泛的塑料之一。由于PET具有结构复杂以及难降解的特性，可在自然界中长期存在，不仅对全球生态环境造成严重的污染，而且已经威胁到人类健康。如何对PET废弃物进行降解已成为全球的难题之一，相较于物理法和化学法，生物降解法是目前处理PET废弃物最为绿色环保的方法。本文分别介绍了微生物和生物酶对PET生物降解的研究现状、PET的生物降解途径、PET生物降解机制以及PET降解酶的分子改造等方面的研究，并对如何实现PET的高效降解、寻找和改造可降解高结晶度PET的微生物或酶进行展望，为PET的生物降解微生物或酶的有效开发应用提供理论依据。     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯水解酶IsPETase及其应用展望

随着生物技术的迅速发展,酶解法作为一种绿色可持续的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate, PET)回收处理方案,有望解决全球范围内废弃PET带来的环境污染问题。众多PET水解酶中,来自Ideonella sakaiensis的PETase因其对PET底物的高特异性成为当下研究的热点。基于对酶的结构和功能的深刻理解,本文总结了近年来PETase的工程改造进展,以提高酶的降解活性、热稳定性和对底物的吸附性;介绍了PETase的分泌表达策略、细胞表面展示技术,以及PETase与MHETase双酶系统的应用;最后,我们对塑料生物降解领域存在的挑战及可能的解决途径进行了展望,这些工作将为促进聚合物生物降解的实际应用提供参考。     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯降解酶的研究进展

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(Polyethylene terephthalate,PET)因其良好的耐用性和可塑性,已在世界范围内的工业领域和日常生活中得到广泛应用。目前自然环境中大量PET使用废弃物的积累和迁移给全球生态系统带来了严重负担,因此PET的降解问题已成为全球性的热点问题。微生物酶降解法目前被认为是一种理想绿色PET降解方法,有希望应用于大规模降解PET废弃物降解处理。传统的PET降解酶主要包括脂肪酶、酯酶和角质酶等,但这些酶的PET降解活性相对不高。近期科学家从Ideonella sakaiensis细菌中分离了一种新型水解酶PETase,能够特异性高效降解PET。本文从结构生物学角度对多种PET降解酶进行梳理,重点总结了新近发现的PETase催化机制,为发展改造更有效的PET降解酶提供理论依据。     

评论：塑料结合模块促进聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的酶法降解

塑料的大量生产和无节制的使用已造成严重的环境污染。为了减少塑料废物对环境的影响,近年来塑料酶法降解已成为国内外研究者关注的热点。例如,通过蛋白质工程策略提高塑料降解酶催化活性和热稳定性,进一步提高酶法降解的效率。另外,通过融合酶策略将塑料结合模块与塑料降解酶融合,也可以促进塑料降解。近期发表在期刊Chem Catalysis的一项研究表明,采用碳水化合物结合模块融合策略可以在低浓度(<10 wt%)的底物聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯[poly(ethylene terephthalate),PET]中提高塑料降解酶的活性。但是在高浓度底物(10 wt%−20 wt%)中,该策略无法提高PET的酶法降解。该项研究对于采用塑料结合模块促进酶法降解塑料具有重要的指导意义。     

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) degradation by Yarrowia lipolytica: Investigations on cell growth,enzyme production and monomers consumption

The development of technologies for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) depolymerization, such as biocatalysis, has been pointed as a very promising alternative to chemical hydrolysis processes. This work aims to understand the behavior of Yarrowia lipolytica, a robust yeast for diverse applications, in the presence of molecules from the PET production chain such as monoethylene glycol (MEG), terephthalic acid (TPA), bis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), PET oligomers, amorphous PET and post-consumer PET. The yeast was cultivated in rich media with and without glucose addition, in order to compare monomers release or consumption. TPA and MEG were consumed more intensely in the absence of glucose. The addition of the diester BHET yielded a 3-fold increased lipase production both at 160 rpm (118 U/L) and 250 rpm (385 U/L). In addition, 250 rpm agitation also provided a higher consumption of TPA (26% increase). The mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET) was the main intermediate released during polymer hydrolysis, followed by TPA and BHET. Thus, the use of Yarrowia lipolytica, which is capable of catalyzing the PET hydrolysis is of great potential to reduce the environmental impacts caused by unappropriated disposal of packages.     

A dual enzyme system composed of a polyester hydrolase and a carboxylesterase enhances the biocatalytic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate films

TfCut2 from Thermobifida fusca KW3 and the metagenome‐derived LC‐cutinase are bacterial polyester hydrolases capable of efficiently degrading polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films. Since the enzymatic PET hydrolysis is inhibited by the degradation intermediate mono‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET), a dual enzyme system consisting of a polyester hydrolase and the immobilized carboxylesterase TfCa from Thermobifida fusca KW3 was employed for the hydrolysis of PET films at 60°C. HPLC analysis of the reaction products obtained after 24 h of hydrolysis showed an increased amount of soluble products with a lower proportion of MHET in the presence of the immobilized TfCa. The results indicated a continuous hydrolysis of the inhibitory MHET by the immobilized TfCa and demonstrated its advantage as a second biocatalyst in combination with a polyester hydrolase for an efficient degradation oft PET films. The dual enzyme system with LC‐cutinase produced a 2.4‐fold higher amount of degradation products compared to TfCut2 after a reaction time of 24 h confirming the superior activity of his polyester hydrolase against PET films.     

Hydrolysis of polyethyleneterephthalate by p‐nitrobenzylesterase from Bacillus subtilis

From a screening on agar plates with bis(benzoyloxyethyl) terephthalate (3PET), a Bacillus subtilis p‐nitrobenzylesterase (BsEstB) was isolated and demonstrated to hydrolyze polyethyleneterephthalate (PET). PET‐hydrolase active strains produced clearing zones and led to the release of the 3PET hydrolysis products terephthalic acid (TA), benzoic acid (BA), 2‐hydroxyethyl benzoate (HEB), and mono‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET) in 3PET supplemented liquid cultures. The 3PET‐hydrolase was isolated from non‐denaturating polyacrylamide gels using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and identified as BsEstB by LC‐MS/MS analysis. BsEstB was expressed in Escherichia coli with C‐terminally fused StrepTag II for purification. The tagged enzyme had a molecular mass of 55.2 kDa and a specific activity of 77 U/mg on p‐nitrophenyl acetate and 108 U/mg on p‐nitrophenyl butyrate. BsEstB was most active at 40°C and pH 7.0 and stable for several days at pH 7.0 and 37°C while the half‐life times decreased to 3 days at 40°C and only 6 h at 45°C. From 3PET, BsEstB released TA, MHET, and BA, but neither bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) nor hydroxyethylbenzoate (HEB). The k_cat values decreased with increasing complexity of the substrate from 6 and 8 (s?1) for p‐nitrophenyl‐acetate (4NPA) and p‐nitrophenyl‐butyrate (4NPB), respectively, to 0.14 (s?1) for bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). The enzyme hydrolyzed PET films releasing TA and MHET with a concomitant decrease of the water‐contact angle (WCA) from 68.2° ± 1.7° to 62.6° ± 1.1° due to formation of novel hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. These data correlated with a fluorescence emission intensity increase seen for the enzyme treated sample after derivatization with 2‐(bromomethyl)naphthalene. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011     

Thermostability enhancement of polyethylene terephthalate degrading PETase using self- and nonself-ligating protein scaffolding approaches

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) hydrolase enzymes show promise for enzymatic PET degradation and green recycling of single-use PET vessels representing a major source of global pollution. Their full potential can be unlocked with enzyme engineering to render activities on recalcitrant PET substrates commensurate with cost-effective recycling at scale. Thermostability is a highly desirable property in industrial enzymes, often imparting increased robustness and significantly reducing quantities required. To date, most engineered PET hydrolases show improved thermostability over their parental enzymes. Here, we report engineered thermostable variants of Ideonella sakaiensis PET hydrolase enzyme (IsPETase) developed using two scaffolding strategies. The first employed SpyCatcher-SpyTag technology to covalently cyclize IsPETase, resulting in increased thermostability that was concomitant with reduced turnover of PET substrates compared to native IsPETase. The second approach using a GFP-nanobody fusion protein (vGFP) as a scaffold yielded a construct with a melting temperature of 80°C. This was further increased to 85°C when a thermostable PETase variant (FAST PETase) was scaffolded into vGFP, the highest reported so far for an engineered PET hydrolase derived from IsPETase. Thermostability enhancement using the vGFP scaffold did not compromise activity on PET compared to IsPETase. These contrasting results highlight potential topological and dynamic constraints imposed by scaffold choice as determinants of enzyme activity.     

Tandem chemical deconstruction and biological upcycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) to β-ketoadipic acid by Pseudomonas putida KT2440

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is the most abundantly consumed synthetic polyester and accordingly a major source of plastic waste. The development of chemocatalytic approaches for PET depolymerization to monomers offers new options for open-loop upcycling of PET, which can leverage biological transformations to higher-value products. To that end, here we perform four sequential metabolic engineering efforts in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 to enable the conversion of PET glycolysis products via: (i) ethylene glycol utilization by constitutive expression of native genes, (ii) terephthalate (TPA) catabolism by expression of tphA2_IIA3_IIB_IIA1_II from Comamonas and tpaK from Rhodococcus jostii, (iii) bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) hydrolysis to TPA by expression of PETase and MHETase from Ideonella sakaiensis, and (iv) BHET conversion to a performance-advantaged bioproduct, β-ketoadipic acid (βKA) by deletion of pcaIJ. Using this strain, we demonstrate production of 15.1 g/L βKA from BHET at 76% molar yield in bioreactors and conversion of catalytically depolymerized PET to βKA. Overall, this work highlights the potential of tandem catalytic deconstruction and biological conversion as a means to upcycle waste PET.     

Rational mutagenesis of Thermobifida fusca cutinase to modulate the enzymatic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate

Thermobifida fusca cutinase (TfCut2) is a carboxylesterase (CE) which degrades polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as well as its degradation intermediates [such as oligoethylene terephthalate (OET), or bis-/mono-hydroxyethyl terephthalate (BHET/MHET)] into terephthalic acid (TPA). Comparisons of the surfaces of certain CEs (including TfCut2) were combined with docking and molecular dynamics simulations involving 2HE-(MHET)_3, a three-terephthalate OET, to support the rational design of 22 variants with potential for improved generation of TPA from PET, comprising 15 single mutants (D12L, E47F, G62A, L90A, L90F, H129W, W155F, ΔV164, A173C, H184A, H184S, F209S, F209I, F249A, and F249R), 6 double mutants [H129W/T136S, A173C/A206C, A173C/A210C, G62A/L90F, G62A/F209I, and G62A/F249R], and 1 triple mutant [G62A/F209I/F249R]. Of these, nine displayed no activity, three displayed decreased activity, three displayed comparable activity, and seven displayed increased (~1.3- to ~7.2-fold) activity against solid PET, while all variants displayed activity against BHET. Of the variants that displayed increased activity against PET, four displayed more activity than G62A, the most-active mutant of TfCut2 known till date. Of these four, three displayed even more activity than LCC (G62A/F209I, G62A/F249R, and G62A/F209I/F249R), a CE known to be ~5-fold more active than wild-type TfCut2. These improvements derived from changes in PET binding and not changes in catalytic efficiency.