远志根的结构发育与远志皂苷积累关系的研究(英文)

应用植物解剖学、组织化学定位及植物化学技术,研究了远志根不同发育时期的结构特征与远志皂苷积累的关系。结果表明:皂苷分布在远志根的薄壁组织细胞中,次生韧皮部是皂苷积累的主要场所。以远志皂苷元为评价指标来分析远志皂苷的积累动态,显示在4~10月的不同发育时期,4个不同生长年份根中远志皂苷元百分含量具有相同的变化趋势,并且均表现为:1年生根2年生根3年生根4年生根,表明远志皂苷在幼嫩的植株根中含量高;从年平均增长率来看,根的长度、直径、次生韧皮部的厚度及根干重的增长均在药材种植第2~3年增加最快。兼顾药材产量和质量,应该在远志种植第三年的果后期进行采收比较适宜。     

2种远志根结构及其皂苷含量的比较研究

运用植物解剖学、组织化学和植物化学方法对细叶远志和卵叶远志根的结构、皂苷的组织化学定位以及远志皂苷元含量进行了比较研究.结果显示:(1)2种远志根的基本结构相同,都是由周皮和次生维管组织组成,韧皮薄壁细胞为次生韧皮部的主要组成细胞.2种根的主要区别是细叶远志根中次生韧皮部比卵叶远志的次生韧皮部所占比例大.(2)组织化学定位结果显示,远志皂苷主要分布在次生韧皮部薄壁细胞内.(3)植物化学分析结果显示,2种远志根内皮部(包括次生韧皮部和周皮)与木质部的皂苷元含量差异极显著(P<0.01),皮部远大于木质部,与组织化学研究结果一致;细叶远志根的直径、皮部厚度、干重以及远志皂苷元的含量都大于卵叶远志,表明其药用品质优于卵叶远志.(4)不同生长年限栽培细叶远志和不同级别野生细叶远志比较表明,二级野生细叶远志的根中远志皂苷元百分含量显著高于其他6个供试材料,但栽培三年生细叶远志根的干重和远志皂苷元总产量最高,且显著高于其野生种和卵叶远志.结果表明:人工栽培的细叶远志可以代替其野生种,故建议人工栽培时选择细叶远志并于栽培三年后采收.     

远志水煎液中远志酸在血浆以及胃肠液中的浓度测定分析

目的:探讨远志水煎液中远志酸在血浆以及胃肠液中的药物吸收路径.方法:对大鼠进行远志灌胃后,采集肝门静脉血以及胃肠液,应用高效液相色谱方法,对不同给药时间点大鼠血浆以及胃肠液中的远志酸水平进行测定.结果:给予远志酸后,大鼠胃液中随即可测得远志酸,在给药30 min时的浓度达最高峰,并在30 min时肠液中测得远志酸,其浓度逐渐上升,在120 min时达峰值,随后逐渐下降,在60 min过后各个时间点浓度均高于血浆及胃液;血浆中的远志酸是在给药后的120 min和150 min时间点才可测出,其在血液中的持续时间很短.结论:远志水煎液中含有的皂苷以及大量苷元等被胃肠吸收后发挥抑制胃肠动力的作用,使得远志酸等苷元的排除减慢,而长时间滞留在肠液中,使胃肠动力进一步被抑制;但也不排除远志酸可能通过小肠吸收而最终进入血液后对胃肠神经递质及受体起到抑制作用.     

远志根的形态发生及组织化学研究

应用植物解剖学方法对远志(Potygda tenuiflia Willd.)根的发生和发育过程,以及1 a生与2 a生根的结构进行了比较观察,还应用组织化学方法对远志根储藏物质及主要药用成分积累部位进行了研究.结果表明:远志的药用部位为其主根,发育过程包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生结构和次生结构4个发育阶段.原分生组织来源于胚根,由3群原始细胞组成,具有典型分生组织的细胞学特征;初生分生组织包括根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原;初生结构由表皮、皮层和维管柱组成,初生木质部为二原型;次生生长主要是依靠维管形成层和木栓形成层的活动来完成.木栓形成层由中柱鞘细胞恢复分裂能力而形成,并且产生多层栓内层薄壁细胞.2 a生远志根的基本结构与1 a生的基本相同,只是栓内层增加至10层以上.远志根的储藏物质主要是脂类物质及少量的多糖.远志皂苷积累在远志根的薄壁细胞中,而山酮类化合物主要分布在根的木栓形成层、栓内层薄壁细胞和次生韧皮部中.     

远志中远志酸含量影响因素初探

采用HPLC法测定远志药材、根心、远志叶中远志酸含量,考察产地、纬度、海拔、生长期、采收期以及远志不同生长部位对远志酸含量的影响,探讨远志中远志酸含量影响因素.结果表明:产地、采收期以及远志不同生长部位对远志酸含量的影响达极显著水平,纬度与海拔对远志酸含量具有一定影响.远志生产应选择适宜产区,适时采收,远志Polygala tenuifolia Willd根心与卵叶远志P.sibirical L.叶中含有一定的远志酸,具有开发价值.     

扑草净对远志幼苗根系活力及氧化胁迫的影响

以远志(Polygala tenuifolia Willd.)为材料,应用组织化学和生物化学的方法研究不同浓度扑草净(0—400 mg/L)对远志幼苗生长、根系活力、膜脂过氧化、活性氧含量及抗氧化酶活性等的影响。10 mg/L扑草净对远志幼苗根系活力、细胞膜完整性及活性氧的积累几乎无显著影响,而25—400 mg/L扑草净处理则显著增加活性氧的积累,明显抑制根系活力且破坏细胞膜完整性;上述结果进一步被膜脂过氧化、质膜完整性、活性氧产生(O.2-和H2O2)的非损伤组织化学染色所证明。远志幼苗可通过多种抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX等)和非酶抗氧化剂(如脯氨酸)的相互协调作用,清除低浓度扑草净胁迫诱发产生的活性氧,减轻对细胞的伤害。研究结果表明,发芽期是远志对扑草净处理的敏感时期,较为安全的扑草净临界浓度为10 mg/L;25mg/L扑草净处理即引起远志幼苗氧化胁迫和膜脂过氧化,使细胞膜的完整性受到破坏,根系活力下降,抑制了远志幼苗的生长发育。该研究为远志抗除草剂胁迫机制及其栽培过程中除草剂的安全合理使用提供理论依据。     

UV-B辐射对远志生长和生产力的影响

以药用植物细叶远志Polygala tenuifolia Willd.为实验材料,研究了在大田种植实验条件下,长期调节中波紫外辐射(UV-B,280~320 nm)对细叶远志植株生长发育、植株形态、生物量分配的影响。结果表明,增加UV-B辐射远志叶面积下降37.4%,植株生长缓慢,叶片形态和生物量分配改变,而滤除紫外辐射,远志主根比显著下降,不利于药用部位的形成。该研究为远志栽培提供参考。     

卵叶远志营养器官的结构及远志皂苷的组织化学定位和含量测定

应用植物解剖学、组织化学定位和高效液相色谱法,研究了卵叶远志各营养器官的结构、远志皂苷积累分布状态及含量变化。结果表明．卵叶远志的根包括周皮和次生维管组织两部分．周皮发达,次生韧皮部较厚,韧皮薄壁细胞为其主要成分。次生木质部中导管和纤维发达,导管分布密度较大。茎包括表皮、皮层、维管柱三部分,在皮层与韧皮部之间具有一圈排列紧密的厚壁细胞．推测这圈厚壁细胞具有质外体屏障作用．可保护茎组织免受干旱的伤害。叶为异面叶。根茎的结构表现为旱生特点。组织化学显示远志皂苷在根中分布在次生韧皮部和栓内层：在茎中分布在表皮、皮层和次生韧皮部细胞中：在叶中则分布在叶肉组织和表皮中。根的次生韧皮部为皂苷积累储存的主要场所。高效液相测定结果显示营养器官中都有远志皂苷元的积累．根中的含量高．茎叶中含量较低．说明卵叶远志地上部分也有药用价值。根据不同发育时期根和茎叶中皂苷元的动态变化趋势．建议在5月份（花果期）进行卵叶远志的采收。     

远志皂苷对丙泊酚麻醉所致大鼠认知功能障碍的保护作用及机制

本研究旨在探讨远志皂苷对丙泊酚麻醉所致大鼠认知功能障碍的保护作用及机制。将SD大鼠分别应用远志皂苷(200 mL·kg^-1·d^-1)和/或丙泊酚(60 mL·kg^-1·d^-1)处理3周,通过Morris水迷宫实验来评价认知功能情况,通过苏木精伊红(hematoxylineosin, HE)染色评价组织病理改变。采用原位末端标记技术(TdTmediated dUTP nick and labeling, Tunel)检测大鼠海马神经细胞的凋亡情况。采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测氧化损伤指标。采用Western blotting检测Bcl-2和Caspase-3的表达。Morris水迷宫实验显示,远志皂苷显著降低了丙泊酚麻醉大鼠的逃避潜伏期,并提高了穿越平台次数(p<0.05)。苏木精伊红(HE)染色显示,远志皂苷可显著降低丙泊酚引起的大鼠海马组织病变程度。原位末端标记技术(Tunel)实验显示,远志皂苷抑制了丙泊酚引起的大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡(p<0.05)。Western blotting检测显示,远志皂苷抑制了丙泊酚对大鼠脑组织中Bcl-2蛋白的下调及Caspase-3的上调(p<0.05)。酶联免疫吸附检测显示,远志皂苷提高了大鼠脑组织中SOD和GSH的水平,并降低了MDA水平(p<0.05)。远志皂苷可显著改善丙泊酚麻醉大鼠的认知功能并降低海马组织病变程度,其机制与抑制海马神经细胞凋亡和减弱氧化损伤有关。     

中国远志属植物的分类研究

本文通过对国产远志属的分类系统和外部形态(特别是花部、种子和种阜的形态)及花粉粒形态 的研究,结合地理分布,首次确认国产远志为3亚属、4组(其中2新组),41种8变种。     

A Taxonomic Study on the Genus Polygala L. in China

The present paper deals with the history of taxonomy, groos morphology, pollen morphology, distribution, system and taxonomic treatment of the genus Polygala L. from China. Three subgenera, 4 sections, 41 species and 8 varieties are recognized in this treatment, of which 2 sections are described as new. The system of Chinese species of Polygala L. is proposed as follow: Subgen. 1. Chamaebuxus (DC.)Duchartre (Typus: Polygala chamaebuxus L.) Sect. 1. Arillus S. K. Chen, sect. nov. (Typus: Polygala arillata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don). This section consists of about 20 species, distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Asia and Africa, with 7 species found in South China. Subgen. 2. Pseudosemeiocardium (Adema) J. Chetek et B. Krisa( Typus: Polygala furcata Royle). Sect. 1. Villososperma C. Y. Wu et S. K. Chen (Typus: Polygala wattersii Hance ). There are 3 species in this section, distributed in S. China and N. Vietnam. Sect. 2. Saxicola S. K. Chen, sect.nov. (Typus: Polygala saxicola Dunn). This section consists of 8 species, among which P. tricornis Gagnep. and P. saxicola Dunn are distributed in both Vietnam and China, and the other 6 species are endemic to China. Sect. 3. Pseudosemeiocardium ( Typus: Polygala furcata Royle). This section consists of about 7 species, distributed in SW China, extending from Indo-China Peninsula, southward to Malay, the Philippines, Indonesia and New Guinea, westward to the southern slope of the Himalayas and N. India, northward to Japan. Subgen. 3. Polygala (Typus: Polygala vulgaris L. ). 400 species or more belong to this cosmopolitan subgenus. Most species are found in America and Africa, with 18 species discovered in China. Taxonomic evidence: The characters of flowers, fruits and seeds, the indumentum of seeds and presence or absence of caruncles are stable and also correlated with one another. There is a certain combination of the above-mentioned characters in a given group, which provide reliable evidence for the infrageneric division. A good example is the Polygala arillata group, grown under the tropical and subtropical forests, which has large, yellow flowers, with sepals fallen after blossom. The flower has carinas with a cristate appendix, which is of 2-9 long narrow pieces. The seeds are spherical, with a hooded caruncle. Its fruits are of annuloid stripes. (Fig. 1). The Polygala tenuifolia Willd. group, cosmopolitan in distribution, has a middle-sized, purple or yellow flower with persistent sepals. Cristate appendix of carina is usually fimbricate. The seed in the group is oblong or subovoid, with a trilobate caruncle. Carpels of the fruits of this group are without annuloid stripes(Fig. 3). The third group, Polygala saxicola group, is between the two as indicated above. The group has a small, yellow or occasionally purplecolored flower, with sepals fallen after blossom or sometimes with a persistent outer sepal. The cristate appendix of carina is lamellar or cucullate. The seed of the group is sometimes with pubescences and hooded caruncles sometimes with hirtoselike villoses and no caruncle (Fig. 2) pollen morphology and systematic treatments: The pollen morphology of the domestic Polygala seems to support division of Polygala L. into three groups as follows: A. Pollen grains subspheroidal, 10-19-colpate, colpi usually rather wide, relatively psilate in the polar area; B. Pollen grains reniform, 22-26-colpate, sculptural in the polar area; C. Pollen grains long-spheroidal or subspheroidal, 9- 23-colpate, with long and deep colpi, which usually extend to the relatively psilate polar area. The pollen morphology is naturally correlated with the morphology of flowers, fruits and seeds. Based on these, three subgenera and four sections no subdivision in Subgen. Polygala)are recognized.     

远志的人工栽培技术

远志是一种常用野生中药材，近年由于需求量的增加，野生资源受到灭绝性的的采挖，药源趋于枯竭。野生远志多生于山坡或草丛中，人工驯化以无性繁殖为主。     

尾叶远志抗氧化活性研究

采自贵州兴义的尾叶远志(Polygala caudata Rehd.et Wils.)根,经乙醇提取,再用不同溶剂萃取和柱层析分离,得到了12个不同的组分.用比色法研究了各组分还原三价铁离子及清除脂性自由基DPPH能力,采用化学发光法观察各组分清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子的活性.研究发现,尾叶远志各组分均有一定的清除自由基作用,并且其活性成分可能主要集中在PC-BuOH组分.     

The identity and epitypification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Polygala monninoides</Emphasis> (Polygalaceae)

The results of this study show that Polygala communis A. St.-Hil. & Moq., P. lindenii Chodat, P. diversa S. F. Blake, and P. urbanii Chodat are synonyms of P. monninoides Kunth. The identity of Polygala monninoides Kunth is discussed. An epitype for P. monninoides is designated and an illustration and comments about its distribution are provided.     

A new species of Polygala (Polygalaceae) from Ethiopia

Polygala mooneyi from Sidamo Region, southern Ethiopia, is described as new. It is compared to P. transvaalensis var. kagerensis from Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania.     

Effects of euxanthone on neuronal differentiation

The growth inhibitory and differentiation inducing effects of euxanthone (1,7-dihydroxyxanthone) from the medicinal plant Polygala caudata on the neuroblastoma (Neural 2A, subclone BU-1) were investigated. At the concentration range of 0-100 microM, euxanthone inhibits the growth of BU-1 cells in a dose dependent manner. The 50% growth inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 41 microM. Significant induction of morphological differentiation and neurite growth was observed at the concentration of 100 microM. Frequency of proliferative neuroblastoma cells was determined after induction of differentiation. The frequency of proliferating BU-1 cells was markedly reduced from 1/1.1 to <1/99. Confocal microscopy also confirmed that the morphological differentiation of BU-1 was associated with the expression of neurite specific marker MAP-2 protein in neurites. These data suggest that euxanthone may be one of the neuropharmacological active compounds in the medicinal plant Polygala caudata.     

A newPolygala species in the Flora of Cuba

One new endemic savanna plant species from Cuba,Polygala omissa sp. nov., is described. It is known only from the locality of Yaguramas (Cienfuegos province).     

Two new species of Polygala (Polygalaceae) from Somalia

The new species Polygala praetermissa , a dwarf perennial herb growing in stony places on limestone, and P. dasanensis , a shrublet apparently confined to gypsum, are described. Both species occur in the Cal Miskaat Range in north-eastern Somalia, but P. praetermissa has a wider distribution in northern Somalia.