2种远志根结构及其皂苷含量的比较研究

运用植物解剖学、组织化学和植物化学方法对细叶远志和卵叶远志根的结构、皂苷的组织化学定位以及远志皂苷元含量进行了比较研究.结果显示:(1)2种远志根的基本结构相同,都是由周皮和次生维管组织组成,韧皮薄壁细胞为次生韧皮部的主要组成细胞.2种根的主要区别是细叶远志根中次生韧皮部比卵叶远志的次生韧皮部所占比例大.(2)组织化学定位结果显示,远志皂苷主要分布在次生韧皮部薄壁细胞内.(3)植物化学分析结果显示,2种远志根内皮部(包括次生韧皮部和周皮)与木质部的皂苷元含量差异极显著(P<0.01),皮部远大于木质部,与组织化学研究结果一致;细叶远志根的直径、皮部厚度、干重以及远志皂苷元的含量都大于卵叶远志,表明其药用品质优于卵叶远志.(4)不同生长年限栽培细叶远志和不同级别野生细叶远志比较表明,二级野生细叶远志的根中远志皂苷元百分含量显著高于其他6个供试材料,但栽培三年生细叶远志根的干重和远志皂苷元总产量最高,且显著高于其野生种和卵叶远志.结果表明:人工栽培的细叶远志可以代替其野生种,故建议人工栽培时选择细叶远志并于栽培三年后采收.     

远志内生真菌抑菌活性筛选

从10月份采集的栽培和野生远志(Polygala tenuifolia Willd) 的根、茎、叶中分离内生真菌85株, 其中自栽培远志分离33株, 野生远志分离52株, 共鉴定76株, 隶属于23个属。通过对14种指示菌进行生长抑制试验, 发现远志内生真菌对枯草芽孢杆菌、宋内氏痢疾杆菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌和九州镰孢霉等5种指示菌抑制效果较好。经鉴定, 它们属于镰孢霉属, 交链孢霉属, Aphanocladium等属, 对单核细胞增生李斯特菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、普通变形杆菌、致病性大肠埃希氏菌、小孢拟盘多毛     

远志内生真菌分离鉴定及活性筛选

从两个不同生长时期野生远志中分离内生真菌菌株88株,隶属于28个属,研究了各菌株对3种指示菌的拮抗作用。结果表明,远志不同生长时期不同部位的内生真菌数量、分布、种群存在差异,其优势属为Alternaria Nees。茎中内生真菌种类较多。88株内生真菌中有73株菌至少能拮抗1种指示菌,占总菌数的83.0%。4株抗性较强的菌株分别隶属于Trichothecium Link、Cephalosporium Corda、Alternaria Nees、Dactuliophora C.L.等。     

远志中远志酸含量影响因素初探

采用HPLC法测定远志药材、根心、远志叶中远志酸含量,考察产地、纬度、海拔、生长期、采收期以及远志不同生长部位对远志酸含量的影响,探讨远志中远志酸含量影响因素.结果表明:产地、采收期以及远志不同生长部位对远志酸含量的影响达极显著水平,纬度与海拔对远志酸含量具有一定影响.远志生产应选择适宜产区,适时采收,远志Polygala tenuifolia Willd根心与卵叶远志P.sibirical L.叶中含有一定的远志酸,具有开发价值.     

紧缺中药材远志的栽培与加工

紧缺中药材远志的栽培与加工邓友平，赵力强（中国医学科学院药用植物资源开发研究所北京１０００９４）周明全（湖北农学院特种生物实验中心荆州４３４１０３）远志入药的有远志（Ｐｏｌｙｇａｌａｔｅｎｕｉｆｏｌｉａｗｉｌｌｄ）和宽叶远志（Ｐ．ｓｉｂｉｒｉｃａＬ．...     

远志内生真菌分离鉴定及活性筛选

从两个不同生长时期野生远志中分离内生真菌菌株88株,隶属于28个属,研究了各菌株对3种指示菌的拮抗作用。结果表明,远志不同生长时期不同部位的内生真菌数量、分布、种群存在差异,其优势属为Alternaria Nees。茎中内生真菌种类较多。88株内生真菌中有73株菌至少能拮抗1种指示菌,占总菌数的83.0%。4株抗性较强的菌株分别隶属于Trichothecium Link、Cephalosporium Corda、Alternaria Nees、Dactuliophora C.L.等。     

UV-B辐射对远志生长和生产力的影响

以药用植物细叶远志Polygala tenuifolia Willd.为实验材料,研究了在大田种植实验条件下,长期调节中波紫外辐射(UV-B,280~320 nm)对细叶远志植株生长发育、植株形态、生物量分配的影响。结果表明,增加UV-B辐射远志叶面积下降37.4%,植株生长缓慢,叶片形态和生物量分配改变,而滤除紫外辐射,远志主根比显著下降,不利于药用部位的形成。该研究为远志栽培提供参考。     

黄花远志的新齐墩果烷型三萜皂甙

从云南产远志科药用植物黄花远志(PolygalaarillataBuchHamexDDon)茎皮的乙醇提取物中分离得到4个新的齐墩果烷型三萜皂甙,命名为黄花远志皂甙(arillatanoside)A～D。同时还分离得到1个已知的三萜皂甙远志甙(polygalasaponin)XXXV。它们的结构通过波谱方法推定。     

远志根的结构发育与远志皂苷积累关系的研究(英文)

应用植物解剖学、组织化学定位及植物化学技术,研究了远志根不同发育时期的结构特征与远志皂苷积累的关系。结果表明:皂苷分布在远志根的薄壁组织细胞中,次生韧皮部是皂苷积累的主要场所。以远志皂苷元为评价指标来分析远志皂苷的积累动态,显示在4~10月的不同发育时期,4个不同生长年份根中远志皂苷元百分含量具有相同的变化趋势,并且均表现为:1年生根2年生根3年生根4年生根,表明远志皂苷在幼嫩的植株根中含量高;从年平均增长率来看,根的长度、直径、次生韧皮部的厚度及根干重的增长均在药材种植第2~3年增加最快。兼顾药材产量和质量,应该在远志种植第三年的果后期进行采收比较适宜。     

远志水煎液中远志酸在血浆以及胃肠液中的浓度测定分析

目的:探讨远志水煎液中远志酸在血浆以及胃肠液中的药物吸收路径.方法:对大鼠进行远志灌胃后,采集肝门静脉血以及胃肠液,应用高效液相色谱方法,对不同给药时间点大鼠血浆以及胃肠液中的远志酸水平进行测定.结果:给予远志酸后,大鼠胃液中随即可测得远志酸,在给药30 min时的浓度达最高峰,并在30 min时肠液中测得远志酸,其浓度逐渐上升,在120 min时达峰值,随后逐渐下降,在60 min过后各个时间点浓度均高于血浆及胃液;血浆中的远志酸是在给药后的120 min和150 min时间点才可测出,其在血液中的持续时间很短.结论:远志水煎液中含有的皂苷以及大量苷元等被胃肠吸收后发挥抑制胃肠动力的作用,使得远志酸等苷元的排除减慢,而长时间滞留在肠液中,使胃肠动力进一步被抑制;但也不排除远志酸可能通过小肠吸收而最终进入血液后对胃肠神经递质及受体起到抑制作用.     

远志根的形态发生及组织化学研究

应用植物解剖学方法对远志(Potygda tenuiflia Willd.)根的发生和发育过程,以及1 a生与2 a生根的结构进行了比较观察,还应用组织化学方法对远志根储藏物质及主要药用成分积累部位进行了研究.结果表明:远志的药用部位为其主根,发育过程包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生结构和次生结构4个发育阶段.原分生组织来源于胚根,由3群原始细胞组成,具有典型分生组织的细胞学特征;初生分生组织包括根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原;初生结构由表皮、皮层和维管柱组成,初生木质部为二原型;次生生长主要是依靠维管形成层和木栓形成层的活动来完成.木栓形成层由中柱鞘细胞恢复分裂能力而形成,并且产生多层栓内层薄壁细胞.2 a生远志根的基本结构与1 a生的基本相同,只是栓内层增加至10层以上.远志根的储藏物质主要是脂类物质及少量的多糖.远志皂苷积累在远志根的薄壁细胞中,而山酮类化合物主要分布在根的木栓形成层、栓内层薄壁细胞和次生韧皮部中.     

Induction of NGF synthesis in astrocytes by onjisaponins of Polygala tenuifolia, constituents of kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine, Ninjin-yoei-to.

The effect of a kampo medicine, Ninjin-yoei-to (NYT; Ren-shen-yang-rong-tang in Chinese) on nerve growth factor (NGF) secretion from the cultured rat astrocytes was examined in vitro. When rat embryo astrocytes were cultured in the presence of NYT for 24 h, the amount of NGF in the medium was significantly increased in a dose dependent manner. Among 14 kinds of component herbs in NYT, the roots of Polygala tenuifolia and roots of Panax ginseng extracts increased NGF levels from the astrocytes. Saponin fraction from the roots of P. tenuifolia enhanced the production of NGF, however phenolic glycoside fraction showed no effect. Onjisaponins A, B, E, F and G as major saponins of the root of P. tenuifolia strongly increased the NGF level, whereas ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 did not affect the NGF level. Onjisaponin F also induced ChAT mRNA level in rat basal forebrain cells. These results indicate the possibility that NYT and/or onjisaponins in P. tenuifolia may have potential therapeutic effects for the treatment of Alzheimer disease patients.     

Localization and Dynamic Change of Saponin in Vegetative Organs of Polygala tenuifolia

Anatomical, histochemical and phytochemical methods were used to investigate the structure, localization and dynamic changes of total saponin and senegenin of vegetative organs in Polygala tenuifolia Willd. Histochemical localization results showed that saponin accumulated mainly in parenchyma cells of vegetative organs. The phytochemical results also showed that the saponin accumulated in the vegetative organs of P. tenuifolia, with higher content in roots and lower content in the aerial parts that included stems and leaves. The saponin content and dry weight of the vegetative organs of P. tenuifolia had dynamic variance at the developmental stages and all reached the highest level in the post-fruit period. Hence, the roots and aerial parts should be gathered in August to make full use of the plant. As the root is the main medicinal organ of P. tenuifolia, the content of total saponin and senegenin of different aged and different parts of the root were determined. The content of total saponin and senegenin exhibited a sustained decreasing trend with increasing root age; therefore, theannual roots had high quality. The content of total saponin and senegenin in different parts of the root showed obvious variation. The content in the "skin areas" was much higher than that of xylem. The results offer a theoretical basis for determining the appropriate harvesting stage and a reasonable harvest of P. tenuifolia.     

Senegenin Attenuates Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Increasing Hippocampal NR2B Expression in Rats

Background

The root of Polygala tenuifolia, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to improve memory and intelligence, while the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of senegenin, an component of Polygala tenuifolia root extracts, on cognitive dysfunction induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Initially, we constructed a rat model of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) and found that the memory retention ability of rats in the step-down and Y maze test was impaired after HIR, paralleled by a decrease of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor NR2B subunit mRNA and protein expressions in hippocampus. Furthermore, we found that administration of senegenin by gavage attenuated HIR-induced cognitive impairment in a dose and time dependent manner, and its mechanisms might partly due to the increasing expression of NR2B in rat hippocampus.

Conclusions/Significance

Cognitive dysfunction induced by HIR is associated with reduction of NR2B expression. Senegenin plays a neuroprotective role in HIR via increasing NR2B expression in rat hippocampus. These findings suggest that senegenin might be a potential agent for prevention and treatment of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) or other neurodegenerative diseases.     

远志根的发育解剖学研究

运用石蜡切片法对远志根的发育过程及1~3年生根的结构进行解剖学研究。结果显示:远志根的原分生组织由3群原始细胞组成,具有典型分生组织的细胞学特征。初生分生组织分化为根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原;初生结构由表皮、皮层和中柱组成,初生木质部为二原型。次生生长是依靠维管形成层和木栓形成层的活动完成,次生结构从外到内由周皮和次生维管组织组成;远志根次生结构特点为:次生韧皮部在次生维管组织中占主要部分,次生韧皮部中以韧皮薄壁细胞为主且其中储存有丰富的内含物,随着根龄的增加,韧皮薄壁细胞中的内含物也随之增加。3年生的主根中次生韧皮部薄壁细胞中的内含物最丰富;不同年份远志的主根随根龄的增加,周皮、次生韧皮部和次生木质部的面积都呈增加趋势,其中韧皮部和木质部的面积比值随根龄增长呈由小到大的变化,这是远志根的显著特点;根中的周皮发达,具有较厚的木栓层,次生木质部中导管和纤维发达,导管分布频率较高,并具有较大的口径。周皮和次生木质部的结构特征与远志的抗旱特性相适应。     

缬沙坦对动脉粥样硬化兔血清IL-8和TNF-α水平的影响

目的：研究缬沙坦对动脉粥样硬化兔血清IL-8和TNF-α水平的影响。方法：将30只实验兔随机分为3组,每组10只,即正常对照组：喂以普通饲料;高脂饮食组：喂以高脂饮食（含15%蛋黄粉,0.5%胆固醇和5%猪油的饲料）6周,后给予10 ml/d生理盐水4周;药物干预组：喂以高脂饮食6周,后给予缬沙坦（10 mg/kg/d）治疗4周。饲养6周和10周时分别经兔耳缘静脉取血,通过酶联免疫法检测各组兔血清中IL-8和TNF-α的水平。结果：饲养第6周时,高脂饮食组和药物干预组兔血清TNF-α和IL-8水平均较正常对照组明显升高,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而高脂饮食组与药物干预组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。饲养第10周时,即缬沙坦干预4周后,药物干预组与建模6周时比较,血清TNF-α及IL-8水平均明显下降,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,且与高脂饮食组比较,血清TNF-α及IL-8水平亦明显下降,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：动脉粥样硬化时,血清IL-8和TNF-α升高,缬沙坦能明显降低动脉粥样硬化中IL-8和TNF-α水平,从而发挥抗动脉粥样硬化作用。     

Xanthone O-glycosides from Polygala tenuifolia

Four xanthone O-glycosides, polygalaxanthones IV-VII were isolated from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willd., together with eight known compounds. The structures of the four xanthone O-glycosides were established as 6-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone (polygalaxanthone IV), 6-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-1,3-dihydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone (polygalaxanthone V), 6-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2,3,7-tetramethoxyxanthone (polygalaxanthone VI), and 3-O-[alpha-D-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-1,6-dihydroxy-2,7-dimethoxyxanthone (polygalaxanthone VII), respectively, on the basis of analysis of spectroscopic evidence.     

A Taxonomic Study on the Genus Polygala L. in China

The present paper deals with the history of taxonomy, groos morphology, pollen morphology, distribution, system and taxonomic treatment of the genus Polygala L. from China. Three subgenera, 4 sections, 41 species and 8 varieties are recognized in this treatment, of which 2 sections are described as new. The system of Chinese species of Polygala L. is proposed as follow: Subgen. 1. Chamaebuxus (DC.)Duchartre (Typus: Polygala chamaebuxus L.) Sect. 1. Arillus S. K. Chen, sect. nov. (Typus: Polygala arillata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don). This section consists of about 20 species, distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Asia and Africa, with 7 species found in South China. Subgen. 2. Pseudosemeiocardium (Adema) J. Chetek et B. Krisa( Typus: Polygala furcata Royle). Sect. 1. Villososperma C. Y. Wu et S. K. Chen (Typus: Polygala wattersii Hance ). There are 3 species in this section, distributed in S. China and N. Vietnam. Sect. 2. Saxicola S. K. Chen, sect.nov. (Typus: Polygala saxicola Dunn). This section consists of 8 species, among which P. tricornis Gagnep. and P. saxicola Dunn are distributed in both Vietnam and China, and the other 6 species are endemic to China. Sect. 3. Pseudosemeiocardium ( Typus: Polygala furcata Royle). This section consists of about 7 species, distributed in SW China, extending from Indo-China Peninsula, southward to Malay, the Philippines, Indonesia and New Guinea, westward to the southern slope of the Himalayas and N. India, northward to Japan. Subgen. 3. Polygala (Typus: Polygala vulgaris L. ). 400 species or more belong to this cosmopolitan subgenus. Most species are found in America and Africa, with 18 species discovered in China. Taxonomic evidence: The characters of flowers, fruits and seeds, the indumentum of seeds and presence or absence of caruncles are stable and also correlated with one another. There is a certain combination of the above-mentioned characters in a given group, which provide reliable evidence for the infrageneric division. A good example is the Polygala arillata group, grown under the tropical and subtropical forests, which has large, yellow flowers, with sepals fallen after blossom. The flower has carinas with a cristate appendix, which is of 2-9 long narrow pieces. The seeds are spherical, with a hooded caruncle. Its fruits are of annuloid stripes. (Fig. 1). The Polygala tenuifolia Willd. group, cosmopolitan in distribution, has a middle-sized, purple or yellow flower with persistent sepals. Cristate appendix of carina is usually fimbricate. The seed in the group is oblong or subovoid, with a trilobate caruncle. Carpels of the fruits of this group are without annuloid stripes(Fig. 3). The third group, Polygala saxicola group, is between the two as indicated above. The group has a small, yellow or occasionally purplecolored flower, with sepals fallen after blossom or sometimes with a persistent outer sepal. The cristate appendix of carina is lamellar or cucullate. The seed of the group is sometimes with pubescences and hooded caruncles sometimes with hirtoselike villoses and no caruncle (Fig. 2) pollen morphology and systematic treatments: The pollen morphology of the domestic Polygala seems to support division of Polygala L. into three groups as follows: A. Pollen grains subspheroidal, 10-19-colpate, colpi usually rather wide, relatively psilate in the polar area; B. Pollen grains reniform, 22-26-colpate, sculptural in the polar area; C. Pollen grains long-spheroidal or subspheroidal, 9- 23-colpate, with long and deep colpi, which usually extend to the relatively psilate polar area. The pollen morphology is naturally correlated with the morphology of flowers, fruits and seeds. Based on these, three subgenera and four sections no subdivision in Subgen. Polygala)are recognized.