蝼蛄的声学通讯

通过对蝼蛄声学通讯的研究,揭示了蝼蛄鸣叫时发出的志信号对其种群所引起的行为反应,和蝼蛄声学通讯的特点,观察了发声器的结构与听器的作用。同时,记述了观察分析昆虫声信号的一般方法。声引诱的实验证明,不同参量的鸣声信号对蝼蛄的引诱作用不同。     

诱捕栗山天牛成虫的食物源引诱剂研究

为探索诱杀栗山天牛Massicus raddei(Blessig)成虫的新技术,本文研究了糖醋酒液对栗山天牛成虫的引诱效果。结果表明:糖醋酒液对栗山天牛成虫有较强的引诱作用,天牛羽化期内共诱捕到成虫6427头,平均每个引诱点引诱到107头,是林间寄主树单株虫口密度的5.15倍。诱捕到的雌雄成虫数量基本一致,且诱捕到的雌虫怀卵量只比处女虫略低,表明诱捕到的雌虫尚未产卵或者产卵较少。糖醋酒液引诱剂最佳配比为糖∶醋∶乙醇∶蒸馏水=30∶20∶10∶100,最佳引诱时间是19∶00-21∶00。添加了菊酯类杀虫剂的引诱剂对栗山天牛成虫的引诱效果明显下降,且成虫对该引诱剂的取食时间明显缩短,取食该引诱剂的成虫80%在2 h内即死亡,24 h后死亡率达100%。     

不同诱捕技术对松褐天牛的诱捕效果

通过不同引诱剂、不同诱芯、不同诱捕器和不同缓释量对松褐天牛的诱捕试验,结果表明,4种引诱剂对松褐天牛都有一定的引诱效果.其中,引诱剂MA2K 05的效果最好,引诱活性平均为26.3头/诱捕器,对其它鞘翅目和半翅目昆虫也有引诱作用;引诱剂MA2K 13活性次之,平均21.3头/诱捕器;MA2K 11最弱,平均13.8头/诱捕器.3种诱芯A、B和C的引诱效果分别为14.73、4.25和20.3头/诱捕器,其中诱芯C内引诱剂总量为诱芯A或诱芯B的2.5倍,且诱芯C内的引诱剂3～5 d需添加一次,而诱芯A和诱芯B的引诱活性能持续1个月以上,因此,诱芯B较为理想.宣州诱捕器引诱效果显著高于日式诱捕器,分别为36.4和9.7头/诱捕器.不同剂量诱捕结果表明,随着诱芯缓释量的增加,诱捕效果也相应提高,当剂量从20 ml上升至80 ml时,诱捕效果增加不显著;当诱剂达120 ml时,引诱效果显著增加.     

非洲蝼蛄(G.africana Palisot de Beauvois)的鸣声特点

本文对北京非洲蝼蛄(G.africana.)的鸣声特点进行了分析.非洲蝼蛄的鸣声类似由调幅单音节组成的哨声.单音节的频谱特性基本相一致,其载波的主峰频率(MPF)调谐度(Q_(3dB))和MPF下降20dB的带宽分别为2539Hz、17.3和479Hz.但是哨声和单音节的周期是不均一的.在由302个哨声组成的鸣声段中,哨声周期和每个哨声内单音节平均周期的主要分布区分别为115-225ms和12.90-15.75ms.这些结果可能为蝼蛄声诱捕装置的生物原型和数学模型的研究提供某些依据.     

生物学文摘

蜂胶中的抗菌物质瑞典斯德哥尔摩的一家公司已从蜂胶中分离出一种化学物质——苯并吡喃非那尔(benzopyran phenal)衍生物。据称,这种化学物质不仅对各种细菌株系均具有强烈的抗菌作用,而且通过开发,还可以进一步制成兽医免疫刺激剂。蝼蛄的生物防除美国佛罗里达大学的昆虫学家法兰克宣称,近年来在乌拉圭和巴西两地的牧场分别人工释放地下害虫蝼蛄的寄生天敌线虫和红眼蝇,以防除蝼蛄的试验,已获得了可喜的结果。根据诱捕统计,最近12年,在这两个试验地     

不同颜色粘虫板对多毛小蠹和皱小蠹的诱集效果

试验对比了红、黄、蓝、绿、黑、白六种颜色粘虫板对新疆吐鲁番地区杏树上多毛小蠹(Scolytus seulensis)和皱小蠹(Scolytus rugulosus)的引诱效果,结果表明红色和黑色粘虫板对多毛小蠹的引诱效果明显高于其他颜色;其中黑色粘虫板对皱小蠹的引诱效果最强,平均每块黑板诱捕到(11.8±5.0)头皱小蠹,红色次之,其他颜色对两种小蠹均无明显的引诱效果;红色粘虫板对多毛小蠹的引诱效果最强,平均每块红板诱捕到(16.±3.0)头多毛小蠹,黑色次之,其他颜色对两种小蠹均无明显的引诱效果.通过色板引诱虫量的变化体现出两种小蠹的不同扬飞高峰期,多毛小蠹的扬飞高峰期应在六月初,而皱小蠹的扬飞高峰出现在六月中旬.     

合成性信息素对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾田间诱捕试验

自亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis雌娥尾端抽提物中检出十四碳醇乙酸酯(14:Ac,Ⅰ),反-12-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(E12-14:Ac,Ⅱ) 及顺-12-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z12-14:Ac,Ⅲ).Ⅱ/Ⅲ为53/47,Ⅰ/(Ⅱ+Ⅲ)为180/100。田间诱捕试验表明,单组份的Ⅱ具有弱的性引诱活性,而单组份的Ⅰ或Ⅲ均不显活性。(Ⅱ+Ⅲ)混合物中,以按天然比例配制的性诱剂活性最高,其平均诱捕量均远高于3头活处女雌蛾。比例偏离天然比的性引诱活性显著下降,天然比的(Ⅱ+Ⅲ)混合物在1×10^-7-1×10^-5克/诱捕器范围内诱捕活性最高,在此剂量范围内未能发现平均诱捕量对剂量的依赖关系。偏离此剂量范围的,诱捕活性急剧下降。剂量高于1×10^-4克/诱捕器时,几乎完全诱不到雄娥。在按天然比配制的(Ⅱ+Ⅲ)混合物中加入少量(5%)的1,平均诱捕量显著下降。随着加入Ⅰ量的增加,平均诱捕量下降愈甚。此外,诱捕率和最高诱捕量均依类似的规律下降。可见Ⅰ虽共存于雌娥性信息素腺体附近的组织中,它实为一种性引诱的抑制剂。     

沟眶象食物源引诱剂开发初报

为了探索可准确监测与控制沟眶象成虫种群数量的新技术,本文开发了一种沟眶象食物源引诱剂,并研究了不同配方的引诱剂对沟眶象成虫的诱集效果,结果表明:5种配方对沟眶象成虫的引诱效果均显著高于对照,在沟眶象羽化期内共诱捕沟眶象成虫1212头,其中以B配方(苹果:绵白糖:陈醋:95%酒精:大豆油:尼泊金甲酯:山梨酸钾:蒸馏水=2.7 g、1.5 g、6.15 g、4.8 g、0.162 g、0.9 g、0.9 g、60 g)引诱效果最好,共诱捕沟眶象成虫350头;一天中最佳引诱时段是6∶00-10∶00,诱捕器最佳设置高度为0 m(即将诱捕器桶体埋于土中,使桶体上缘与地表齐平,进虫口暴露于地表);沟眶象羽化高峰期为6月13日-7月4日和8月14日-9月5日两个时间段。     

寄主植物挥发物对梨小食心虫受孕雌虫的引诱作用初探

梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck),是一种世界性的蛀果害虫。利用产卵选择试验研究了15种寄主植物挥发物对梨小食心虫受孕雌虫的产卵引诱活性。室内试验表明:受孕雌虫对不同挥发物的产卵选择趋性不同,其中对叶醇和己酸丁酯表现出明显的产卵选择趋性。为验证寄主挥发物对受孕雌虫的实际诱捕效果,进行了田间诱捕试验。结果发现,挥发物中己酸丁酯、苯甲腈、叶醇、E-2-己烯醛以及乙酸己酯诱捕到的雌虫均为受孕雌虫,显著高于空白对照及其他物质,其中己酸丁酯的平均诱捕量最多,苯甲腈次之,E-2-己烯醛、乙酸己酯这两种物质的平均诱捕量分别为第三、第四,叶醇的诱捕量低于乙酸己酯,其余物质的诱捕量均较低。综合室内及田间试验结果发现,寄主植物挥发物对受孕雌虫的引诱作用也随它们之间的作用距离表现出一定的差异性。     

蚜虫雄蚜与雌性母对性信息素及植物挥发物的田间反应

田间观察了桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)、绣线菊蚜Aphis spiraecola Patch 、山楂圆疣蚜Ovatus crataegarius (Walker)等3种蚜虫对性信息素[(4aS,7S,7aR)-荆芥内酯和 (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-荆芥醇]的反应,并且调查了性信息素与植物挥发物对桃蚜的田间引诱活性的相互作用.在有冬寄主或夏寄主植物的田中,性信息素诱捕器诱捕到桃蚜雄蚜与雌性母的数量显著多于对照诱捕器的诱捕数;但在非寄主植物的田中,却引诱不到桃蚜.苯甲醛(冬寄主植物桃树Prunus persica的主要挥发物组分之一)能够增强桃蚜雄蚜的引诱作用.绣线菊蚜雄蚜和雌性母对植物中提取的荆芥内酯有反应,而山楂圆疣蚜雄蚜和雌性母对植物中提取的和人工合成的荆芥内酯都没有反应,但对荆芥醇有反应.并且在荆芥醇中添加荆芥内酯之后对山楂圆疣蚜雄蚜引诱活性显著提高.还讨论了雌性蚜产生化合物被雄蚜作为性信息素、被雌性母作为聚集信息素以及性信息素与寄主植物挥发物的相互作用.     

Environmental and social influences on calling effort in the prairie mole cricket (Gryllotalpa major)

Sexual advertisement in the form of acoustic display is energeticallyexpensive. Calling effort, or metabolic energy expended specificallyfor advertisement, is adjusted in some species in response tocompetition from other males or to changes in climatic conditions.The prairie mole cricket (Gryllotatpa major) is a rare insectof die south-central United States that produces its callingsong, or advertisement rail, from a specially constructed burrowin taugrass prairie soil. I found that prairie mole cricketmales do not adjust their call amplitude with competition orfemale availability, nor do they vary amplitude with soil temperatureor moisture within their established range of calling conditions.Chirp rate adjustments were made with social interactions andchanges in soil temperature, but group size did not influencecalling effort Males produced more complex calls in responseto closer calling neighbors, but prairie mole cricket malesmay selectively respond to only the nearest one to two neighbors.     

SEXUAL SELECTION AND FEMALE CHOICE IN MOLE CRICKETS (SCAPTERISCUS: GRYLLOTALPIDAE): MODELLING THE EFFECTS OF INTENSITY AND MALE SPACING

ABSTRACT

Attraction of flying mole crickets to individual males calling in an outdoor arena was influenced significantly by the relative intensity of the males calling in the arena. Louder males attracted more individuals than males whose calling songs were less intense. Making simple assumptions about the acoustic output from calling males and about the flight pattern and response of flying females, the differential attraction can be explained by a mathematical model. Computer simulation of the model was used to examine the importance of a male's intensity relative to others and the effect of distance between males on the attraction of females. The model and its relation to active female choice and passive attraction are discussed. The model makes predictions about differences in spacing behaviour of males that maximize attraction relative to other males.     

Antiphonal Vocalization of a Subterranean Rodent, the Naked Mole-Rat (Heterocephalus glaber)

Acoustic signalling is one of the most common communication mediums in a broad range of social animals, and it often encodes attributes of the signaller such as sex, kin relatedness and dominance rank. Particularly, antiphonal vocalization has been regarded to have an important function in animals living in an environment where visual cues are unreliable. Antiphony enables to acknowledge that one's signal was received with certainty. We show the first evidence of such acoustic signals among rodents: the naked mole‐rat. The society of this eusocial subterranean species is organized hierarchically according to body size. Naked mole‐rats are functionally blind, and rely highly on acoustic communication. We focused on one of their vocalizations: the soft chirp (SC). SCs are the most frequent sounds, and are often emitted upon physical contact. We expected the SC to be antiphonal, and if so, SC may function to distinguish colony members from intruders, and/or identify social rank and individuality. To examine our predictions, we placed pairs of individuals of different size together, and recorded their vocal behaviour. The intervals between the SCs of two individuals were shorter than expected intervals which were based on the assumption that animals vocalized without reference of the preceding SC. The acoustic properties of SCs varied among individuals according to body weight and colony of origin. The emission rate was positively related to the relative difference in body weight. Therefore, SCs have an antiphonal nature and may function as expected. These characteristics of SC were highly similar to those of antiphonal sounds in other social species.     

THE VOCAL REPERTOIRE OF THE GREY CROWNED CRANE BALEARICA REGULORUM GIBBERICEPS. II: THE UNISON CALL

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the acoustic features and the behavioural context of the unison call of the East African Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum gibbericeps. It speculates on the different functions of the unison call according to the situations where it is given. This is tested with the appeasement-threat hypothesis, which claims that the threatening acoustic characteristics of the unison call should be enhanced if it is given as a territorial call. In comparison, the appeasing acoustic characteristics should be stronger if the unison call is performed at flock sites where it possibly serves for mate assessment.     

DISTRIBUTION OF TARTARIC ACID IN THE GERANIACEAE

Stafford , Helen A. (Reed Coll., Portland, Oregon.) Distribution of tartaric acid in the Geraniaceae. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(8): 699–701. 1961.—The leaves of 52 species in the family Geraniaceae have been analyzed quantitatively for (+) — tartaric acid. All 11 species studied in the genus Geranium and 9 in Erodium are low or non-accumulators (less than 0.1 μmole tartaric acid per mg dry wt of tissue). In the genus Pelargonium, 9 species are low or non-accumulators, while 23 are high accumulators (greater than 0.1 μmole tartaric acid per mg dry wt of tissue). There is no sharp line separating accumulators from non-accumulators, but rather a continuous gradation in the amount of tartaric acid accumulated, ranging from amounts loo low to be detected up to 1 μmole of tartaric acid per mg dry wt of tissue. The degree of accumulation in leaves cannot yet be correlated with any morphological or physiological differences, nor is it always consistent with the taxonomic sections of Knuth or the groups of Moore.     

GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE SONGS OF NEOTROPICAL SINGING MICE: TESTING THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DRIFT AND LOCAL ADAPTATION

Patterns of geographic variation in communication systems can provide insight into the processes that drive phenotypic evolution. Although work in birds, anurans, and insects demonstrates that acoustic signals are sensitive to diverse selective and stochastic forces, processes that shape variation in mammalian vocalizations are poorly understood. We quantified geographic variation in the advertisement songs of sister species of singing mice, montane rodents with a unique mode of vocal communication. We tested three hypotheses to explain spatial variation in the song of the lower altitude species, Scotinomys teguina: selection for species recognition in sympatry with congener, S. xerampelinus, acoustic adaptation to different environments, and stochastic divergence. Mice were sampled at seven sites in Costa Rica and Panamá; genetic distances were estimated from mitochondrial control region sequences, between‐site differences in acoustic environment were estimated from climatic data. Acoustic, genetic and geographic distances were all highly correlated in S. teguina, suggesting that population differentiation in song is largely shaped by genetic drift. Contrasts between interspecific genetic‐acoustic distances were significantly greater than expectations derived from intraspecific contrasts, indicating accelerated evolution of species‐specific song. We propose that, although much intraspecific acoustic variation is effectively neutral, selection has been important in shaping species differences in song.     

Burrow patterns of the mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi in two soil types (terra-rossa and rendzina) in Mount Carmel, Israel

Complete burrow systems of the mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi (Rodentia; Spalacidae), from two sites on Mount Carmel in Israel, with different soil types (terra-rossa and rendzina), were excavated and described here for the first time.
A comparison was made of burrow structure patterns in the two soils and of the sexes, with special attention to the features of the feeding tunnels.
The pattern in the rendzina revealed longer burrows with a longer main tunnel and fewer branches per metre of the main tunnel, while the pattern in the terra-rossa revealed shorter burrows with a shorter main tunnel and a relatively higher number of branches. These differences can primarily be related to the different levels of food availability, which is higher in the terra-rossa. It is suggested that each of the patterns reflects the mole rat's ability to optimize foraging efficiency in accordance with its given food availability.
The average total length of the males' burrows was much greater than those of the females' burrows in the rendzina soil. It appears that food requirements determine different burrow features of the sexes rather than reproduction requirements.
Other tunnel features (e.g. structural complexity, depth and width, segment length and spatial arrangement) and the factors which may affect them, as well as burrow structure of young mole rats and evidence of the underground dispersion of young mole rats, were presented and discussed.
Many similarities were found in a comparison of S. ehrenbergi burrow features with those of other solitary subterranean rodents.     

虎皮鹦鹉声行为的研究

本文对虎皮鹦鹉(Melopsittacus undelafus)不同声行为叫声的声学特性进行了定量分析,为地震前鸟类声行为的定量观测和鸟声学研究提供了新的资料和认识。 虎皮鹦鹉求偶、离群、受伤及其同伴叫声中变音调声段的声学特性有明显的差异。但是抗议叫声具有鸟类警戒叫声的一般特征,即都有时间图样基本相同的音节组成,每个音节含有若干个调幅脉冲列,其频带和声强都明显加宽和增大。 雏鸟不同的声行为叫声都是简单结构。与成鸟叫声相比较,尤其是抗议叫声呈现明显的发育过程。     

Lekking in Gryllotalpa major, the Prairie Mole Cricket (Insecta: Gryllotalpidae)

Gryllotalpa major is a rare, burrowing insect native to the tallgrass prairie of the south-central United States and is known to exhibit 'lek-like' behavior during mating. Here I report on a study carried out in the field that demonstrates that the prairie mole cricket meets all criteria defining a classical lekking species. Males construct specialized acoustic burrows from which they call to attract females for mating. I show that these burrows, which seem to serve no purpose other than for sexual advertisement and mating, are aggregated spatially on at least three scalar levels. Females fly through the aggregation of burrows and drop to the ground in the vicinity of calling males, and are, thus, not constrained in choosing a mate. Females enter the males' acoustic burrows, but I argue that the burrows are not used as oviposition sites, and that the males do not otherwise sequester resources important to females. Although the term 'lek' is useful for the discussion of mating systems, its definition remains ambiguous. I discuss the current usage of the term and suggest extensions.     

江西鄱阳湖湖口水域船舶通行对长江江豚发声行为的影响

江西鄱阳湖是长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)的重要栖息地, 湖中栖息着约400 头江豚。多年的观察表明, 船舶交通是鄱阳湖中江豚面临的重要威胁之一。为了评估船舶通行对长江江豚发声行为的影响,尤其是了解船舶通行期间及其前后江豚的发声和行为特征, 作者于2007 年6 月27 日—7 月1 日在江西鄱阳湖湖口水域采用固定被动声学系统, 即安装在监测点(29°42′38″ N, 116°11′11″ E)的一套水下声学数据记录系统, 对周边通行船舶的水下噪声及江豚声纳信号脉冲事件进行了定点监测和记录, 并对所记录的数据进行了定量和统计分析。在整个监测的109h 中, 声学记录仪共记录到船舶494 艘, 江豚声纳脉冲串信号13413个。船舶出现与江豚出现存在弱的负相关关系(r = -0.029, N = 6550, P Z = -0.370, P> 0.05); 当有船舶经过时, 江豚的发声频次显著降低(Z = -10.050, P Z = -0.275, P> 0.05; Z = -0.119, P> 0.05); 船舶通行之前和之后, 江豚的发声频次、脉冲串持续时间、脉冲间间隔的差异性均不显著(χ2= 5.255, P> 0.05; χ2= 3.511, P> 0.05; χ2= 5.155, P>0.05); 在船舶经过时, 江豚对游动方向没有明显的选择性(χ2= 0.861, P> 0.05)。基于分析结果推测, 在狭窄水域中江豚躲避船舶干扰通常采取“临时性”策略, 而非长距离逃避。由于鄱阳湖湖口水域水道相对狭窄, 尽管研究的结果表明江豚对船舶有一定的敏感反应, 但是在相对狭窄的水域中, 江豚躲避船舶的行为难以充分表现。另外, 江豚对该水域中高密度航行船舶的噪声可能存在一定的“适应性”, 导致当遭遇船舶时, 江豚的声行为反应不十分强烈。因此, 建议有必要在不同尺度的水体中采用声学数据记录仪继续开展类似的观察,以进一步了解江豚对船舶的行为响应, 尤其是观察江豚躲避船舶的行为及发声特征