半个世纪来江苏省丹阳县儿童生长的长期趋势

本文对江苏省丹阳县儿童1936、1956及1985年的生长发育资料进行了对比分析。观察到,半个世纪来,该县7—14岁男女儿童身高分别增长了9.3、11.4厘米,体重平均增长了3.9、4.0公斤,坐高平均增长了4.2、5.0厘米,表现出明显的生长长期加速趋势。1956—1985年阶段的身高每10年增长值显著大于1936—1956年阶段(P<0.01),而体重每10年增长值在两个阶段间无明显差异(P>0.05)。以1985年实测体重均数与估计体重均数比较,女童明显地表现出体重增长相对不足,体型向细长型发展。本文还将丹阳县儿童生长长期趋势与南京市、上海市及日本国同时期、同年龄儿童的生长长期趋势进行了比较。     

儿童生长发育的长期趋势

生长的长期趋势,是指最近一二百年以来,在发达国家中儿童青少年生长发育的普遍加快现象,也是当代最引入注目的生物现象之一。在欧美各国,该趋势已持续了好几代,而以第二次世界大战后表现得最为明显。在解放后的新中国,这一趋势也已出现,并开始对社会生活的各个方面产生影响。所谓长期趋势,实际上是一组复杂生物现象的综合体现。表现为各年龄儿童身高体重值的提高、生长速度的增加、青春发育期的提早出现和结束,以及更高大的成人体型等等。国内外儿童的长期趋势表现大致相同。 1.各发达工业国家儿童的长期趋势表现据文献报道,英国、北美、西欧及斯堪的纳维亚诸国的学龄儿童在1880—1950年的70年中,5—9岁者平均每10年身高增加1厘米,体重增加0.5公斤;青春期阶段则平均每10年身高增加2.5厘米,体重增加2.5公斤左右;当青少年达到成人身高时,其身高平均值每10年增     

长治市幼儿园4—5岁儿童四季生长情况

作者对山西省长治市幼儿园1980和1981年出生的216名儿童(男125、女91),在1985年四季生长的情况进行了测量和统计分析。结果表明,男童年均身高增长6.12厘米,体重增长2.49公斤;女童年均身高增长5.65厘米,体重增长2.35公斤。各季身高和体重增长值经F检验,季节差异均非常显著(p<0.01)。一年内最佳生长季节为秋季,同其它三季比较,经Dunnett检验,只有春季男女儿童身高增长和冬季女童体重增长与秋季相比,差异不显著(P<0.05)。其余各季增长同秋季比较,差异均非常显著(P<0.01)。     

大连学生体质发育的研究

为了解大连地区城乡学生生长发育状况及其规律,采用人体测量学方法,调查测量了大连地区7—18岁3834（城市男630,城市女645,乡村男1285,乡村女1274）名汉族学生23项形态指标,并利用以往资料,研讨了大连学生主要形态指标的生长发育规律、生长发育趋势、性差和地区差别。结果表明：1生长发育特点：大连学生测量项目的均值随年龄的增长而增加,生长曲线呈上升趋势并且男女有交叉现象。2性差：大连学生各测量项目均有明显的性差,除女生青春期（10—12岁）外,在其他年龄组均为男生大于女生。3生长的长期变化：大连7—17岁男女学生26年来身高、体重、胸围有较大幅度的增长,其每10年平均增长值分别为2.52cm和1.92cm、4.05kg和2.39kg、1.77cm和1.38cm。4城乡差：大连男女学生身高、体重、胸围仍存在城乡差别。     

山东省儿童青少年生长发育20年变化趋势

为了解近20年来山东省儿童青少年生长发育的变化趋势, 本文利用山东省1985年、1995年和2005年学生体质调研资料, 分析了7—18岁儿童青少年生长的长期变化。20年间, 7—18岁身高平均增长6.27cm(城男)、5.02cm(城女)、7.62cm(乡男)、5.69cm(乡女); 体重平均增长9.97kg(城男)、6.02kg(城女)、7.96kg(乡男)、4.87kg(乡女)。BMI明显增长, 7—18岁平均增长2.57kg/m2(城男)、1.46kg/m2(城女)、1.71kg/m2(乡男)、0.93kg/m2(乡女)。发育水平上的城乡差别依然存在, 但身高的城乡差别逐步缩小, 体重的城乡差别明显扩大。下肢长指数(身高—坐高)的增长幅度大于坐高的增长幅度。总之,1985—2005年的20年间,山东省7—18岁儿童青少年在身高、体重、BMI和身材比例等方面都发生了较大变化。     

人体数值漫谈(一)

一、人的体重新生儿平均体重3公斤,1—3个月内每月增加0.7公斤,4—6个月内每月增加0.6公斤,7—12个月内每月增加0.5公斤,1岁后每年约增加2公斤左右。成年人的标准体重可这样计算: 体重(公斤)=身高(厘米)—100 实际体重±10％都属正常范围,理想的体重,男子应比标准体重低10％,女子应比标准体重低15％。二、人体的比例人体的比例是以头长为单位,在我国成人的高度通常为7—7.5个头长,比例大致是两肩之间为2个头长,手臂3个头长,从股骨大转子至脚后跟为4个头长。1—2岁的幼儿头部与体长的比例为1:4,儿童约为1:5,少年为1:6。     

长安区7—18岁农村学生形态发育10年变化分析

目的分析长安区农村学生身体形态发育的10年动态变化和规律,为学校卫生管理部门制定相应政策提供科学的依据。方法采取分层、整群随机抽样方法,选取长安区农村学生1990年与1999年身高、体重两项指标进行统计分析。结果10年间长安区农村学生身体形态发育有明显改善,7—18岁男、女学生身高10年平均增长2.23cm、1.93cm,体重平均增长1.74kg、1.21kg,其增长幅度均低于全国农村学生水平。1999年最大年增长值和最大年增长率均低于1990年,身高、体重发育高峰年龄女生分别提前0.77岁、0.32岁,男生推后0.52岁、0.60岁。结论本地区农村学生身体形态发育仍处于生长长期趋势中,但增长速度已经减慢,学生生长发育的潜力有待充分发挥。     

达斡尔族中小学生体质发育现状及20多年来的变化

本文报道了6~18岁1993名达斡尔族学生8项体质指标(身高、坐高、体重、肩宽、骨盆宽、胸围、腰围和臀围)的测量结果,并计算了10项体质指数。结果发现,达斡尔族在我国属体质发育较高的民族,并表现为一定的城乡差异;20多年来达斡尔族学生身高、体重、胸围全面增长,男女生身高最大增长年龄均提前约1岁左右,男生高年龄组身高和身体充实度增幅较大,但女生变化不大且肩宽和骨盆宽呈下降趋势。提示达斡尔族青少年体质发育表现为以生长突增提前为主的生长长期趋势,但女生高年龄组身高增长不明显、身体充实度有待提高,应采取营养和锻炼等措施促进其生长发育水平全面提高。     

儿童身高生长追踪研究

以北京市106名儿童为样本 ,为研究各年龄生长速度的集中趋势、变异状况以及与生长速度有关的参数 ,追踪观察这些儿童自6、7岁至 18岁时共12年的身高变化 ,并做有关参数分析。报告了各年龄组身高生长速度的均值及标准差 ,该组儿童身高生长突增开始年龄 (男10.73±1 .12岁 ,女 9.00± 1.18岁 )及速度 (男4.51± 0.65cm/年 ,女 4.95± 0.79cm/年 ) ;身高生长高峰发生年龄 (男 1 3.0 7±1.08岁 ,女11.32± 1.32岁 )及速度高峰值 (男10 .01± 1.59cm/年 ,女8.13± 1.03cm/年 ) ;以及生长突增结束年龄 (男16.18± 1.02岁 ,女 13.96± 1.09岁 )。分析了最终身高与生长突增有关指标的相关关系。     

中国城乡汉族儿童六年间(1979年—1985年)身高和躯干比例的变动趋势

本文以1979年和1985年两次全国体质调研的结果为基础材料,对我国汉族儿童在身高加速现象方面的城乡差别以及躯干比例在身高加速生长中的变动进行了分析,初步得出如下结论：(1) 6年间城乡汉族儿童的身高加速生长、发育提前;(2) 乡村儿童身高增加和身高及坐高发育高峰年龄提前的幅度大于同性别城市儿童;(3) 青春期儿童的身高和躯干比例变化较大;(4) 儿童身高和躯干比例的变化主要是成熟节律提前造成的。     

Growth charts for Croatian school children and secular trends in past twenty years

The aim of this study was to construct new Croatian growth charts for body height and weight of boys and girls aged 6.5 to 18.5 years and to investigate differences between our and pre-existing studies. Analysis was based on a multistage stratified sample representative for school children aged 6.5 to 18.5, 6046 boys and 5656 girls. Growth reference was constructed using LMS method. Present results demonstrated an increment of body height and weight during the last two decades. Highest increase of body height is in boys aged 13-14 years 6.5 cm, in girls aged 12 years is 5.0 cm. Highest increase of body weight is in 16 year age group of boys 8.7 kg and in 11-12 year age group of girls 5.2 kg. In conclusion, regarding presence of secular trend because previously used growth charts in Croatia are obsolete.     

北京与重庆地区成人身高变化的研究

1983年对北京、重庆两地市区和农村汉族685对父子和667对母女的身高和坐高进行了测量。结果表明,两地市区与农村的子女比其父母分别高2.4至4.0厘米(P<0.01)。在28.5年中,一代人平均增高3.35厘米。市区男女两代人都比农村的要高,而且市区年青人身高增加比农村的多。女青年身高增加比男青年的更多。北京人比重庆人高,而且北京年青一代身高增加比重庆人更多。重庆年青人上身增长比下肢多,而北京年青人则下肢增长多。结果还表明,身高相关系数为0.37—0.45,遗传力h2值在0.6665—0.8217之间。     

Sex and gender differences in secular trend of body size and frame indices of Lithuanians

In Lithuania, as in many other European countries, positive secular trend of body size became especially expressed at the middle of XX. century. The analysis showed the evident secular trend in height of adult Lithuanians since the end of XIX. century till 2001 from 163.5 till 181.3 cm in males and from 153.3 cm till 167.5 cm in females. Concerning growth and development of children, during the 1925-2001 period especially obvious acceleration of height was determined at the middle of adolescence due to much earlier sexual maturation at the end of XX. century. Secular trend of body height was more expressed in males of all ages, nevertheless this process stabilized in both sexes during the last decades. While comparing secular changes in BMI of adolescent Lithuanian girls and boys between the 1925-2001 period, the evident sexual differences in secular changes were determined from the middle of pubescence: the course of changes in BMI during the XX. century was nearly the same in both sexes, but at the end of XX. century older adolescent girls became obviously thinner compared with the changes of BMI in boys of the same age. A very similar trend in BMI of adult Lithuanian women since 1980 till 2002 was also detected. This phenomenon could be more related with the changes in life stile, modern-day canons for unrealistically thin female's body and strong social pressure on women today.     

A six decades long follow-up on body size in adolescents from Zagreb,Croatia (1951–2010)

Most studies analysing the influence of socioeconomic deterioration on body size focus on the impact of food shortages and diseases on the growth in early childhood. To evaluate how socioeconomic conditions influence the growth during the adolescence, we tracked the body size of 15–19 year-olds over the last sixty years covering the socialist period (1951–1990), the war (1991–1995) and the transition to capitalistic economy. This study of Zagreb, Croatia, adolescent population provides information on the secular trend in height, weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) and examines their relation with Real Gross Domestic Product. From 1951 to 2010 the girls’ height approximately increased by 6.2 cm and weight by 6.8 kg, while the boys’ height increased by 12.2 cm and weight by 17.3 kg. Prior to 1991 mean BMI in girls was higher than in boys, but from 1991 on, the interrelation between the sexes has been opposite, possibly mirroring the cultural trends that started in mid-1970s and reflecting higher sensitivity of boys to the socioeconomic changes. In conclusion, the secular trend in body size over the investigated period reflects the positive economic trends interrupted by the war. The recent increase in BMI corresponds to the country's economic recovery and indicates the “nutrition transition”.     

38年来济南、青岛儿童少年生长的长期变化

本文分析了济南、青岛1962—2000年7—18岁儿童少年生长发育的长期变化趋势。38年间,济南市7—18岁男女生身高平均增长15 48cm(男)、12 09cm(女),体重平均增长15 76kg(男)、10 01kg(女),胸围平均增长7 88cm(男)、4 10cm(女);青岛市7—18岁男女生身高平均增长17 12cm(男)、13 19cm(女),体重平均增长16 98kg(男)、10 46kg(女),胸围平均增长6 72cm(男)、3 05cm(女)。青岛市男女生身高的增长幅度显著大于济南。     

Two centuries of growth among Czech children and youth

The trend of increasing height can be interpreted as a reflection of the unfolding progress of civilization. Height changes among children and adolescents are good markers of this trend. We analyze the secular trend in the heights of children and adolescents in the Czech Republic on the basis of data from anthropological surveys. The earliest height data pertain to Czech youths who attended the Military Schools in Austria in 1800-1809. Data also exist for 1895 and continue in 1951 and at 10-year intervals thereafter. Growth curves were obtained for separate age groups by fitting mean values via third-order polynomial smoothing splines. Between 1951 and 2001, the mean heights of boys and girls aged 2.5 years increased by 2.7 and 3 cm, respectively. Since 1895, the mean height of 13-year-old boys has increased by 19.4 cm, and the mean height of girls has increased by 18.3 cm.     

Height, weight and BMI of schoolchildren in Jena, Germany—are the secular changes levelling off?

The secular trend of body height, weight and body mass index (BMI) in 7- to 14-year-old Jena schoolchildren measured in 1975, 1985, 1995 and 2001 is examined. Between 1975 and 1995, a positive trend both in height and weight is observed. In the decade 1985-1995, which includes the time of German reunification, weight shows considerably greater increases than height, resulting in an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. The changes in living conditions after reunification cause no remarkable intensification of the secular trend in height. After 1995, the increase in height of boys decelerates, while among girls even a decrease occurs. Girls' weight remains approximately constant between 1995 and 2001 whereas weight among boys continues to increase. The levelling off of the secular increases in height at the end of the twentieth century may be attributed to a possible stabilisation of living conditions.     

Estimating final height from parental heights and sex in Taiwanese

We have developed a simple function for accurately estimating target height for use in evaluating growth and growth-promoting therapies in Taiwanese children. The heights of parents and their adult offspring born in the 1970s were determined in 1229 healthy families who accompanied another family member to our pediatric clinic. We directly measured the heights of the population-based cohort of adult offspring. The heights of their parents were based on self-report. Both the parents and their offspring were healthy. The increases in height between the two generations were 1.49-3.19 cm for boys and 2.03-2.61 cm for girls. These increases lie between those reported for Chinese children in Hong Kong (4.2-4.8 cm) and children in Sweden (0.7-1.0 cm). Final height was underestimated using the corrected midparental height method and was overestimated using the final parental height model developed from Swedish data. We developed a new linear model by fitting our data: boy height = 79.3 + 0.56 (midparental height); girl height = 35.2 + 0.76 (midparental height). The intercept and slope of the model are similar to those reported for Swedish girls but not to those reported for Swedish boys. Use of the new equations derived from our data may increase the accuracy of estimates of target height in Taiwanese children. The intermediate position of our fairly representative Taiwanese sample in both final height and generational increases in final height may reflect an intermediate stage between the Swedes and Hong Kong Chinese in the secular trend of heights.