中国沿海11省市儿童青少年的生长发育状况

本文分析了2000年中国辽宁、河北、天津、山东、江苏、上海、浙江、福建、广东、广西、海南11个沿海省市城乡7—18岁儿童青少年的生长发育状况和1985—2000年生长的长期变化趋势,辽宁、河北、天津、山东、江苏、上海、浙江7省市儿童少年身高、体重、胸围、BMI的发育水平和生长的长期变化高于全国平均水平,海南、广东、广西低于全国平均水平。总体上沿海省市儿童少年的发育水平好于全国平均水平,但地域特征相当明显,东部沿海省市儿童少年的发育水平和长期变化强度都明显高于南部沿海省市。     

27个少数民族女青少年生长发育状况的分析

利用主成分分析与聚类分析相结合,从分析7项生长发育指标的相似与相异点入手,对我国27个少数民族的32个女青少年样本进行分类比较。所聚成的7个类,在生长发育状况上存在着显著差异。这些差异的产生除受社会-经济状况影响外,与各民族所居住地区的地理生态、城乡差异和生活习惯等因素也有关。作者就聚类分析所展示的各民族女青少年生长发育的特点和趋势进行了讨论,并就如何改善某些民族在生长发育方面的落后状态提出建议。     

22省市汉族女青少年生长发育状况的分析

利用SPSS计算机软件的PCA-Q分析程序,从分析7项生长发育指标的相似与相异点入手,对我国22个省市区的44个汉族城乡女青少年样本进行聚类分析。分析结果表明,各地区女青少年在生长发育状况上存在着显著差异,这些差异与地理因素、城乡差别和社会经济发展水平有关。表现为北方女青少年的体格生长水平普遍高于南方,城市高于农村,经济发达地区高于相对欠发达地区。作者并就本结果在了解中国青少儿生长发育状况及趋势方面的作用,以及PCA-Q分析程序的实际应用体会进行了讨论。     

广东瑶族青少年学生体表面积研究

研究瑶族青少年身高、体重及体表面积的生长发育状况, 为建立瑶族中小学生健康指标评价体系提供依据。采用Stevenson公式和胡咏梅公式计算每位学生的体表面积, 并求得7—18岁12个年龄组的男女学生的体表面积均数。结果显示: 瑶族青少年学生的身高、体重及体表面积随年龄增长而增长, 且其增长速度男女生均可分为匀速增长期、快速增长期、缓慢增长期3个不同时期; 男女生身高、体重及体表面积发育曲线均出现双交叉现象。两法统计的瑶族青少年的体表面积均随年龄增长而增长。胡咏梅法计算的体表面积大于Stevenson法(P<0.01)。     

鄂西青少年体质发育初步研究

目前,研究青少年体质发育的方法较多,作者试图用逐步回归分析法对此作些研究。 按照我国正常儿童青少年体格发育调查研究实施方案(儿童体格发育调查研究工作学习班,1976)和活体测量方法(黄新美,1983)的有关规定,对鄂西7—17岁的1533名青少年(男863人,女670人)进行了直接测量:1.身高;2.体重;3.上肢长;4.下肢长(由地面至大转子尖的距离)(靳仕信,1981);5.上半身长(身高—下肢长);6.上半身长与下肢长的比值。以上各项均值和标准差见表1.另外,还计算了下肢长指数（下肢长/身高×100）和上半身长指数（上半身长/身高×100）。将以上数据按性别、年龄逐个输入AppleII电子计算机（Basic语言）,对数据进行分析处理,用回归分析法（上海第二医学院数学教研室,1979;杨树勤,1985）分析青少年体重的变化与年龄、身高等七个因素的相关关系（见表2）,并对已进入方程式中的各项指标进行反复检查,最后,建立了推算青少年体重变化与年龄、身高的多元回归方程。     

昆明市儿童恒牙萌出时间及恒牙萌出与生长发育关系的调查研究

本文报道了昆明市8148例儿童恒牙（第三磨牙除外）萌出时间的横断面调查,对恒牙萌出与年龄、身高、体重和月经初潮的关系进行了探讨。经相关分析,恒牙萌出数与年龄高度相关,与身高和体重低度相关,并建立了由年龄、身高或体重推算萌牙数的回归方程。还发现恒牙萌出与青少年性成熟也有一定的联系。提示恒牙萌出也能反映儿童的生长发育状况,故可作为衡量儿童生长发育的一项指标。     

裕固族4～13岁儿童身高、体重状况调查分析

了解裕固族4～13岁儿童身高、体重发育现状,分析该儿童4～7岁组及7～13岁组生长发育随年龄的变化关系, 为儿童保健工作提供参考依据和合理化建议。采用随机整群抽样的方法抽取484名儿童, 测量身高和体重。以全国身高体重值为参比值, 计算年龄别身高(HAZ)和年龄别体重(WAZ)值评价4～7岁儿童体格生长迟缓和低体重状况; 身体质量指数(BMI)评价7～13岁儿童超重和消瘦情况。结果显示, 调查对象身高均高于对比值, 4～7岁儿童超重检出率为3.45%, 偏瘦检出率2.30%; 7～13岁裕固族儿童营养不良人数占裕固族儿童总人数的36.90%, 严重消瘦的人数占13.10%, 其中女生的消瘦程度较男生差。所以, 儿童身高、体重生长发育符合一般生长规律。7～13岁裕固族男女生身体偏瘦人数较多的问题值得关注, 建议改善该人群营养膳食, 加强各项体育锻炼。     

中国汉族儿童少年身高发育城乡差别的变化趋势

本文分析了1985—1995年中国26个省市7—18岁城乡儿童少年身高的发育趋势。总体上看 ,城乡差别明显缩小 ,男女生 7—18岁平均缩小0.55cm和0.64cm,其中以青春发育突增期缩小幅度最大。各省市的变化趋势不一致 ,南方省市缩小较北方明显。     

济南市社会经济发展与儿童少年生长的长期变化

本文分析了１９５６－１９９５年济南市７－１８岁儿童少年生长发育的变化趋势。３９年间,男女生身高平均增长值分别为１０．８３ｃｍ的９．４７ｃｍ,平均每１０年增长２．７６８ｃｍ和２．４３ｃｍ;男一体重增长值分别为９．１９ｋｇ和５．１２ｋｇ,平均每１０年增长２．３６ｋｇ和１．３１ｋｇ。将不同年代人均工业总产值作对数转换后发现,与各年龄儿童少年身高、体重的发育水平呈明显的直线正相关,不同年代人均工业总产值的     

Nutritional Status of the Sekmai Children, Manipur

This paper reports on nutritional status of 4 to 10 year-old Sekmai children. The Sekmais belong to a section of the Meiteis of Manipur. They are included in the scheduled caste list of the state. The study is based on height and weight of 731 children, 360 boys 371 girls. It aims to throw light on different conventional methods of nutritional assessments based on height and weight and their varied results. The Sekmai children are shorter in height and lighter in body weight from the American (National Center for Health Statistics) and Indian children in all the age groups. According to Waterlow’s classification of height for age, 43.37% of the Sekmai children are malnourished, whereas Gomez’s classification of weight for age shows 68.67% as malnourished of different grades. But if we look at the classification of Vishveshwara Rao and the Indian Academy of Paediatrics classification (IAPC), the Sekmai children’s nutritional status is not disappointing. Rao’s classification of height for age reveals 88.37% as normal while that of IAPC shows 71.70% as normal. Waterlow’s classification of weight for height also depicts 89.74% of the children as normal. H. Jibonkumar is a lecturer at the Presidency College, Motbung, Manipur, India while T. Shyamacharan Singh is an associate professor of Department of Anthropology, Manipur University, Imphal, Canchipur, India.     

38年来济南、青岛儿童少年生长的长期变化

本文分析了济南、青岛1962—2000年7—18岁儿童少年生长发育的长期变化趋势。38年间,济南市7—18岁男女生身高平均增长15 48cm(男)、12 09cm(女),体重平均增长15 76kg(男)、10 01kg(女),胸围平均增长7 88cm(男)、4 10cm(女);青岛市7—18岁男女生身高平均增长17 12cm(男)、13 19cm(女),体重平均增长16 98kg(男)、10 46kg(女),胸围平均增长6 72cm(男)、3 05cm(女)。青岛市男女生身高的增长幅度显著大于济南。     

Long-term changes in body weight, BMI, and adiposity rebound among children and adolescents in the Czech republic

The Czech Republic has undergone rapid political, social, and economic transformation since the late 1980s. While obesity rates among children and adolescents in the Czech Republic have been previously relatively low, this has changed in recent years. Across the past 50 years, body weight, body mass index (BMI)-for-age, and adiposity rebound (AR) (the time when a child reaches the lowest BMI before their BMI gradually begins to increase until adulthood) occurs earlier. The most dramatic changes have been observed among school-aged children, where BMI values have increased at the 50th, 90th, and 97th percentiles. In contrast, adolescent girls appear to be thinner than in the past. The analyses of weight-for-height percentiles indicated that the 50th percentile of the body weight among boys and girls remained similar in nearly all age categories across the past 50 years. Although the growth pattern of children at the 50th percentile has not changed, the 10th and 90th percentiles have expanded. Our findings suggest that the secular trend of increased height, accelerated growth, and earlier maturation is responsible for Czech children experiencing adiposity rebound at earlier ages compared to the past.     

Genetic architecture of growth curve parameters in chickens

Summary Genetic improvement in growth of poultry has traditionally proceeded via selection for body weight at a fixed age. Due to increased maintenance costs and reproductive problems of adult broiler breeders, the potential for genetic manipulation of the growth curve has been receiving increased interest. Research of both male and female progeny of a three-way diallel cross was used to investigate the inheritance of growth curve parameters. The Laird form of the Gompertz equation was used to determine growth curve parameters, and was suited to the juvenile growth data frequently collected from meat-type chickens. Growth rate exhibited significant heterosis due to both autosomes and the sex chromosomes. Age at inflection point also exhibited significant average heterosis, though only among females. Growth rate was also influenced by average line effects, as was age at inflection point. Maternal effects had no influence on growth curve parameters, while additive sex linkage was observed for growth rate. Phenotypic and genetic correlations were calculated among the growth curve parameters and suggest that specific breeding programs could alter the growth trajectory of the contemporary broiler chicken. Moderate heritabilities were observed for the growth curve parameters and support the hypothesis that the growth curve could be altered via genetic manipulation of early postnatal growth, especially during the first 14 days post-hatch.     

Levels of fatness and size attainment

In a generally low-income group of 4,888 White boys and girls, 740 obese children (above the 85th percentile for the triceps fatfold) stand systematically taller, by 0.64 Z scores, than 840 lean boys and girls (below the 15th percentile for fatness) a difference increasing to 1 S.D. at ages 11–12, suggesting a direct effect of the level of fatness on standing height and a cumulative fatness-related difference in the annual rate of growth.     

Secular trend in body size among college athletes.

Height and weight were compared across five birth decades (1850-1899) among 1,121 Harvard athletes who were lettermen in various sports. There were considerable differences in the magnitude of the secular trend among the sport categories (crew, baseball, football, track, ice hockey, and two or more sports). Comparing the 1890-1899 and 1860-1869 birth-cohort samples, football lettermen were 2.6 inches (6.6 cm) taller (p less than 0.001) and 20 pounds (9.1 kg) heavier (p less than 0.001). Crew lettermen were 2.6 inches taller (p less than 0.001) and 8.5 pounds (3.9 kg) heavier (p less than 0.05). For lettermen in other sports, changes in mean height and weight were smaller in magnitude. Differential selection for body size may explain the differences in the magnitude of the secular trend when analyzed by specific sport.