中国小型猪空肠弯曲菌的首次分离及其鉴定

目的对中国小型猪空肠弯曲菌进行分离鉴定。方法采集发病小型猪标本,采用细菌学分离培养、生化鉴定、药敏试验、血清学试验、PCR检测等方法进行鉴定,并对细菌的分子生物学特征进行分析。结果分离到1株细菌,经鉴定为空肠弯曲菌（CJp0812）。用空肠弯曲菌flaA基因特异引物对CJp0812细菌的PCR扩增为阳性,经核苷酸序列测定分析证实上述序列与空肠弯曲菌NCTC11168基因序列（GenBank登录号：NC002163）同源性高达99%。结论首次从中国小型猪中分离到了空肠弯曲菌,为进一步研究该菌及开展流行病学调查提供了科学依据。     

患病大鲵中弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的分离与鉴定

【目的】确定导致大鲵(Andrias davidianus)细菌性感染死亡的病原。【方法】从大鲵肝脏中分离细菌,通过Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统及分子生物学方法对纯培养的细菌进行鉴定,再用大鲵和鲫鱼分别进行人工感染试验,以确定分离菌的致病性,同时对分离到的病原菌进行药物敏感试验。【结果】从患病大鲵肝脏中分离到一株致病菌JZ01,经人工感染健康大鲵,可复制与自然发病相同的症状,且从人工感染病鲵体内再次分离到相同的病原菌。该致病菌对健康鲫鱼也有致病性。经Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统的鉴定,以及进一步的16S rDNA基因序列和系统发育分析都表明,此致病菌为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌。药物敏感性试验表明,该菌株对氨曲南、头孢三嗪、先锋噻肟等9种药物高度敏感。【结论】弗氏柠檬酸杆菌是大鲵的一种致病菌。本文在国内外首次报道了该菌对大鲵具有致病性。     

美洲大蠊肠道内生细菌的分离及其初步抑菌活性研究

分离鉴定美洲大蠊肠道内生细菌,并初步研究了其抑菌活性。采用平板稀释法对美洲大蠊肠道内生细菌进行分离纯化,分离菌株通过形态学观察和16S rDNA基因序列BLAST比对进行种属鉴定。以金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希氏菌4株细菌为对象,采用牛津杯法初步鉴定各分离菌株的抑菌活性。BLAST比对分析结果表明:从15只美洲大蠊肠道内分离鉴定出125株内生细菌,分属12科20属。初步抑菌活性显示:部分菌株对金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希氏菌有明显抑菌活性。美洲大蠊肠道内生菌种类繁多,而且较多菌株具有抑菌活性。     

牙鲆迟钝爱德华氏菌感染症及其病原的研究

对 7起牙鲆迟钝爱德华氏菌感染病例进行了发病情况、临床特征、病理变化等方面的检验 ,经对细菌的分离与鉴定表明所检病例均为迟钝爱德华氏菌的单独感染 ,系统归纳了该感染症的主要特点。同时 ,对所分离后做纯培养的 130株迟钝爱德华氏菌进行了主要生物学性状、血清型的测定 ,表明除在生化试验的吲哚项目中表明有株间差异 (阴性的 2 0株、阳性的 110株 )外 ,130株对其他所测内容的结果一致 ,130株均为同种血清型。从每起病例分离并鉴定的各 1个代表菌株做对健康牙鲆的人工感染试验 ,表明了相应的原发病原学意义及较强的致病作用。药敏试验结果表明 ,对供试 37种抗菌药物中的头孢唑啉等 19种药物敏感、对青霉素G等 5种药物耐药、对氨苄青霉素等 13种药物表现了株间差异。经以荧光抗体技术对纯培养物、人工感染病死鱼肝脏中细菌的检验 ,初步表明了荧光抗体技术在对迟钝爱德华氏菌检验中作为辅助检验手段的可行性。     

具有抑菌活性的海洋细菌的分离与鉴定

分离并筛选具有抑菌活性的海洋细菌对于开发和利用海洋微生物具有重要意义,该研究从6份海泥样品中共分离到78株海洋细菌,以6种细菌作为敏感指示菌,采用覆盖技术对分离菌株进行拮抗试验,17株海洋细菌具有抑菌活性,对其中2株具有较强抑菌活性的海洋细菌进行革兰氏染色,耐盐试验,运动性观察,过氧化氢酶测定,明胶液化试验,硫化氢产生试验,石蕊牛奶试验,糖类发酵,硝酸盐还原等特性分析,依据《伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册》进行分类鉴定,它们分别应归属为气单孢菌属（Aeromonas sp.）和假单孢菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）。     

具有ACC脱氨酶活性的杜仲内生细菌的分离鉴定及其抗菌活性

采用富集筛选法从杜仲根中分离到5株具有ACC脱氨酶活性的内生细菌, 利用纸片法测定它们的抑菌活性, 通过形态特征、生理生化试验和16S rRNA序列分析对分离菌株进行鉴定。结果显示, 5株杜仲内生细菌均具有较高的ACC脱氨酶活性, 其中4株菌对大肠杆菌CGMCC1.1103和枯草芽孢杆菌CGMCC1.769均有较好的抑菌活性, 通过生理生化试验和16S rRNA序列分析, 将菌株JDM-2、JDM-8、JDM-11、JDM-14和JDM-19分别鉴定为Pseudomonas koreensis、肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、路德维希肠杆菌(Enterobacter ludwigii)、变栖克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella variicola)和阿氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter asburiae)。     

青海湖斑头雁粪便细菌分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了解斑头雁(Anser indicus)粪便中携带细菌多样性及其耐药情况,对青海湖斑头雁粪便细菌进行分离培养、生化鉴定、16S r RNA基因PCR扩增和序列分析,并进行细菌耐药性试验。结果显示:从30份斑头雁粪便中共分离到123株细菌,可分为10类细菌,分别从每类细菌中挑出一株代表性菌株进行鉴定,鉴定结果显示这10株细菌分别为大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)、水生拉恩氏菌(Rahnella aquatilis)、蒙氏肠球菌(Enterococcus mundtii)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sublitis)、柠檬节杆菌(Arthrobacter citreus)、腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella pulrefaciens)、河生肠杆菌(Enterobacter amnigenus)、成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)、杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salmonicida)和产酸克雷伯菌(Klebsiella oxytoca)。选取氨苄西林、哌拉西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢唑林、头孢他啶、氨曲南、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、阿米卡星、四环素、氯霉素、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星药敏纸片,对分离菌株进行耐药性分析,发现水生拉恩菌、杀鲑气单胞菌和成团泛菌表现为多重耐药性;其他细菌对氨苄西林和四环素有一定的耐药性,对其余受试药物都有不同程度的敏感性。野鸟携带耐药性的条件致病菌,可能会对野生动物健康造成威胁,本研究对斑头雁粪便中携带的条件致病菌及其耐药性进行探究,以期为野鸟携带细菌的耐药机制提供研究理论依据,同时也对野生动物疫病的监测与防控有重要意义。     

牛蛙腐皮——红腿病并发症致病菌研究

对牛蛙腐皮－红腿病并发症病菌进行了分离。鉴定和人工感染试验,从病蛙分离出４株细菌,通过对健康幼蛙的人工感染试验,奇异变形杆菌和克氏耶尔森氏菌独立致发牛蛙腐皮病;嗜水气单胞菌荧光单胞菌独立致发牛蛙红腿病,且都是通过伤口感染,初步牛蛙患腐皮－－红腿并发症,是由于奇异变形杆菌、嗜水气单胞菌或克氏耶尔森氏蓖与芝假单胞菌合并感染所致。     

东乡野生稻内生细菌Fse32拮抗作物病害真菌及对水稻的促生活性

【背景】植物种子是植物内生菌筛选的重要原料,从中能够分离得到具有巨大应用价值的内生菌株。【目的】为发掘优良的种子内生细菌资源,对分离自东乡野生稻种子的内生细菌Fse32进行鉴定并研究其抗病原真菌和促生活性。【方法】通过形态学观察、生理生化特征和16SrRNA基因序列分析进行菌种鉴定,采用拮抗试验检测抑制病原真菌的活性,通过促生能力测定试验、水稻种子萌发及盆栽试验评价该菌株的促生效果。【结果】内生细菌Fse32鉴定为唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德氏菌,命名为Burkholderia gladioli Fse32。拮抗试验结果显示,菌株Fse32对禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)、水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctoniasolani)、核盘菌(Sclerotiniasclerotiorum)、大豆核盘菌(Sclerotinialibertiana)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusariumoxysporum)和辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthoracapsici)均有较好的抑制作用,吲哚乙酸(indole-3-aceticacid,IAA)产率为17.95mg/L,能产铁载体,其A/Ar比值为0....     

贪婪倔海绵中抗菌活性细菌的筛选及初步鉴定*

采用平板涂布法从我国南海三亚周边海域贪婪倔海绵(Dysidea avara)中分离海绵共附生细菌,采用金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、荧光假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白假丝酵母、宛氏拟青霉、黑曲霉7种指标菌进行抑菌试验筛选抗菌活性菌,同时对于得到的活性菌进行生理生化鉴定。共分离获得个149个细菌菌株,发现20株具有抑制真菌和革兰氏阳性细菌的活性,占细菌总数的13.4%。经过细菌形态观察和生理生化试验,发现此20株活性菌属于革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌属(Bacillussp.)。     

Identification procedure for Pasteurella pneumotropica in microbiologic monitoring of laboratory animals.

Discrepancies have been recognized in the identification of Pasteurella pneumotropica between testing laboratories. To determine the causes of the differences and to propose a reliable identification procedure for P. pneumotropica, a working group was organized and 69 isolates identified or suspected as P. pneumotropica were collected from 8 laboratories in Japan. These isolates were examined by colony morphology, Gram-staining, the slide agglutination test using two antisera (ATCC35149 and MaR), two commercially available biochemical test kits (ID test, API20NE) and two primer sets of PCR tests (Wang PCR, CIEA PCR). The 69 isolates and two reference strains were divided into 10 groups by test results. No single procedure for P. pneumotropica identification was found. Among tested isolates, large differences were not observed by colony morphology and Gram-straining except for colony colors that depended on their biotypes. Sixty-eight out of 69 isolates were positive by the slide agglutination test using two antisera except for one isolate that tested with one antiserum. The ID test identified 61 out of 69 isolates as P. pneumotropica and there was no large difference from the results of CIEA PCR. From these results, we recommend the combination of colony observation, Gram-straining, the slide agglutination tests with two antisera and biochemical test using the ID test for practical and reliable identification of this organism.     

Assessment of rpoB and 16S rRNA genes as targets for PCR-based identification of Pasteurella pneumotropica

Diagnosis of Pasteurella pneumotropica in laboratory animals relies on isolation of the organism, biochemical characterization, and, more recently, DNA-based diagnostic methods. 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequences were examined for development of a real-time PCR assay. Partial sequencing of rpoB (456 bp) and 16S rRNA (1368 bp) of Pasteurella pneumotropica isolates identified by microbiologic and biochemical assays indicated that either gene sequence can be used to distinguish P. pneumotropica from other members of the Pasteurellaceae family. However, alignment of rpoB sequences from the Pasteurella pneumotropica Heyl (15 sequences) and Jawetz (16 sequences) biotypes with other Pasteurellaceae sequences from GenBank indicated that although rpoB DNA sequencing could be used for diagnosis, development of diagnostic primers and probes would be difficult, because the sequence variability between Heyl and Jawetz biotypes is not clustered in any particular region of the rpoB sequence. In contrast, alignment of 16S rRNA sequences revealed a region with unique and stable nucleotide motifs sufficient to permit development of a specific fluorogenic real-time PCR assay to confirm P. pneumotropica isolated by culture and to differentiate Heyl and Jawetz biotypes.     

Implementation of a PCR assay of Pasteurella pneumotropica to accurately screen for contaminated laboratory mice

The authors implemented a PCR protocol to rapidly screen for Pasteurella pneumotropica and to accurately identify contaminated laboratory mice in a clinical setting. This protocol was implemented in response to a severe outbreak of P. pneumotropica in their animal facility. Although a sentinel program was in place to routinely screen for P. pneumotropica, it was inadequate for the identification of contaminated animals. As a result, several additional strains of mice were contaminated and developed clinical signs of infection. The authors implemented a screening method using PCR with reported primer pairs previously developed to identify the biotype isolates of P. pneumotropica in laboratory mice. Throat culture swabs were collected from live mice and placed in a bacterial culture. The DNA from these cultures was isolated and screened by PCR. This procedure enabled the authors to eliminate P. pneumotropica from several animal housing rooms. The assay can be easily applied in most animal facilities.     

Survival and transmissibility of Pasteurella pneumotropica

Survival has been determined for Pasteurella pneumotropica on various surfaces found in an animal room at 23+/-1 degrees C and 50+/-10% relative humidity. Longest survival (120 min) was found on mouse hair, shortest (< 30 min) on laboratory coat fabric. Transmission experiments were performed using sentinel animals in order to evaluate the efficiency of their use for the detection of P. pneumotropica in quarantined mice. In sentinels exposed to infected mice by close contact, P. pneumotropica was detected by culture 2 weeks post-exposure and seroconversion 3 weeks after contact. Transfer of soiled bedding from Pasteurella-infected mice did not infect sentinels within a period of 12 weeks as tested by cultivation or serum antibodies.     

食源性相关腹泻肠炎沙门菌感染抗菌药物敏感性

目的了解食源性相关腹泻非伤寒沙门菌感染的菌种分布及其对抗菌药物敏感性,为控制该类细菌的感染及传播提供技术支持。方法对2015-2017年本系统2家社区卫生服务中心就诊的食源性相关腹泻患者粪便(或肛拭子)标本采用直接分离与增菌分离相结合的方法常规培养分离获得42株沙门菌;采用血清凝集法进行快速血清分型,并进行自动化生化鉴定及抗菌药物敏感性试验;通过现况调查进行流行病学危险因素分析。结果自动化生化鉴定结果能够覆盖常规血清学快速鉴定结果,同属沙门菌群;42株沙门菌以肠炎沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌和斯坦利沙门菌为主,其中肠炎沙门菌占全部菌株的23.81%,鼠伤寒沙门菌占19.06%,斯坦利沙门菌占14.29%;其中肠炎沙门菌可对氟喹诺酮类、三四代头孢菌素类与碳青霉烯类等敏感(敏感率可达97.00%以上),而对氨基糖苷类可产生双向耐药。通过现况调查,发现患者有腹痛、腹泻等胃肠道症状,可伴有发热,所有患者48h内有可疑食物暴露史,无水源性案例,均为散发。结论菌种鉴定应以常规快速血清学凝集结果为准,自动化生化鉴定仅供参考,并将鉴定菌种与药敏报告相关联,可根据药敏结果合理选用敏感抗菌药物;应对社区居民开展针对性的健康宣教。     

嗜肺巴斯德杆菌选择性培养基研制及应用

目的　研制一种对嗜肺巴斯德杆菌表现出强选择作用的选择性培养基,用于该菌的常规检测。方法　药敏试验及抗生素最小抑菌浓度测定。结果　研制了嗜肺巴氏杆菌选择性培养基(PPSM培养基)及嗜肺巴斯德杆菌增菌液(PP肉汤)。嗜肺巴斯德杆菌在PPSM培养基上,37℃48h培养,形成1mm左右,凸起、湿润、灰黑色并有金属光泽的特殊菌落;对表皮葡萄球菌和大肠埃氏菌的抑制率为100%,对变形杆菌的抑制率为76%,并能抑制其迁徙生长;通过PP肉汤增菌培养,PPSM培养基使SPF小鼠粪便中嗜肺巴斯德杆菌检出率从0增至67.2%;用小鼠咽拭子接种该培养基,其初代培养物几乎为纯培养物。结论　该培养基对嗜肺巴氏杆菌具有较强的选择作用,使用该培养基对嗜肺巴氏杆菌进行检测可以简化检测程序、防止漏检、在不处死动物的情况下对嗜肺巴斯德杆菌进行常规监测。     

Pasteurella pneumotropica and the prevalence of the AHP (Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, Pasteurella)-group in laboratory animals

134 bacterial isolates originally identified as Pasteurella pneumotropica were cultured from healthy, ill or dead mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits and cats originating from 7 conventional laboratory animal facilities. They occurred seldom in pure culture and were found in a variety of organs. Thorough identification (41 criteria) revealed that only 83 isolates (62%) were P. pneumotropica and could be subdivided into 3 biotypes. 3 isolates were P. aerogenes, 1 was P. ureae, 11 (8%) were qualified as Actinobacillus spp. and 13 (10%) as Haemophilus spp. Close relationship of the 3 genera--the 'AHP-group' --made the differentiation difficult. 23 atypical cultures were discarded at the beginning of the study as not belonging to the 'AHP-group'. Two-thirds of isolates were associated with inflammation or suppuration; Haemophilus spp. seemed to be more pathogenic than Pasteurella and Actinobacillus species.     

Elimination of Pasteurella pneumotropica from a contaminated mouse colony by oral administration of Enrofloxacin.

Enrofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone bactericidal antibiotic, was administered in an attempt to eradicate Pasteurella pneumotropica (P. pneumotropica) from a contaminated mouse colony. Contaminated mice, maintained within 4 animal rooms, were administered Enrofloxacin in drinking water at a daily dosage of 25.5 mg/kg for 2 weeks. Following one week of Enrofloxacin treatment, mice were selected randomly from each room and examined for P. pneumotropica. This procedure was repeated two or three times until all mice examined tested negative for the Pasteurella strain. With the exception of one room, treated mice consistently tested negative for P. pneumotropica for up to 45 weeks following completion of Enrofloxacin treatment. Thus, oral administration of Enrofloxacin significantly eliminated P. pneumotropica from a contaminated mouse colony.     

Detection and elimination of contaminating microorganisms in transplantable tumors and cell lines.

As a quarantine of biological materials, we tested 96 transplantable tumors and cell lines for contamination with microorganisms in a mouse antibody production (MAP) test, enzymatic assay and microbiological culture. Contamination with lactic dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV), mycoplasmas and Pasteurella pneumotropica was detected. A considerable difference in the contamination rate was observed between in vivo- and in vitro- propagated tumors. LDV in the tumors could be eliminated by both in vitro subculture and subpassage in nude rats. Mycoplasmas were eliminated by means of the mycoplasma-removal agent and P. pneumotropica by subpassage in mice. These results suggest that there is still a high risk of contamination in transplantable tumors and emphasizes the importance of adequate microbiological quality control.     

Experimental evaluation of cross-contamination between cryotubes containing mouse 2-cell embryos and murine pathogens in liquid nitrogen tanks.

It has been suspected that embryos stored in liquid nitrogen tanks may become contaminated with murine pathogens, if some pathogens had been introduced to the tanks accidentally. To examine this, we stored tubes containing embryos with tubes containing mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) or Pasteurella pneumotropica in liquid nitrogen tanks and examined whether progeny mice derived from the embryos were contaminated with the pathogens or not. After storing for 6 months or 1 year the frozen embryos were thawed and implanted into the oviducts of pseudopregnant female mice, and the mice were bred in vinyl isolators. We could not detect serum antibodies to MHV and isolate Pasteurella pneumotropica in the progeny mice, suggesting that cross-contamination between tubes in a liquid nitrogen tank scarcely occurs.