甘蔗体细胞诱变育种研究

用~60Co-γ射线,甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理组培甘蔗愈伤组织,可提高再生植株的变异机率,处理愈伤组织再生植株性状:株高、茎径、锤度等明显偏离正常的正态分布,差异达1%显著标准,EMS处理较~60Co-γ射线变化大。连续试验观察表明:一些变异性状具有遗传性。用~60Co-γ射线或甲基磺酸乙酯处理甘蔗愈伤组织可作为一种甘蔗体细胞诱变育种手段加以利用。     

白桦愈伤组织化学诱变

用不同浓度的甲基磺酸乙酯(ethyl methane sulfonate, EMS)对白桦(Betula platyphalla Sak.)愈伤组织进行化学诱变处理。结果表明: EMS诱变剂的浓度和处理时间对愈伤组织的存活率有很大影响。在高浓度EMS短时间处理和低浓度EMS长时间处理条件下得到叶柄、叶片愈伤组织的半致死剂量。通过观察半致死剂量下愈伤组织的染色体发现, 诱变后细胞中单倍体、非整倍体及多倍体比例均高于对照, 这说明EMS的诱变处理引起了愈伤组织细胞中染色体数量的变化。     

白桦愈伤组织化学诱变

用不同浓度的甲基磺酸乙酯（ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS）对白桦（Betula platyphalla Sak.）愈伤组织进行化学诱变处理。结果表明：EMS诱变剂的浓度和处理时间对愈伤组织的存活率有很大影响。在高浓度EMS短时间处理和低浓度EMS长时间处理条件下得到叶柄、叶片愈伤组织的半致死剂量。通过观察半致死剂量下愈伤组织的染色体发现,诱变后细胞中单倍体、非整倍体及多倍体比例均高于对照,这说明EMS的诱变处理引起了愈伤组织细胞中染色体数量的变化。     

高皂苷轮叶党参EMS诱变突变体研究

以轮叶党参为材料,采用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理离体叶片和愈伤组织对轮叶党参进行诱变,选择最佳诱变组合,并对诱变再生群体进行遗传分析。结果表明:(1)轮叶党参叶片和愈伤组织经EMS处理的存活率和分化率均低于对照,并且随EMS浓度的升高和处理时间的延长而下降。(2)叶片和愈伤组织的致死处理组合分别是0.4%EMS处理4h和0.3%EMS处理4h,半致死组合分别为0.3%EMS处理2h和0.2%EMS处理2h,愈伤组织是EMS诱变轮叶党参的的最佳材料。(3)筛选出的6号变异株皂苷含量为5.061mg/g,较对照平均值提高了5.48%。(4)对诱变再生苗进行遗传分析,8个特异引物对10个供试材料共扩增出59条带,具有多态性的谱带数为44条,占74.6%。材料间的相似系数变化范围0.453～0.912,其中3号、7号株与其他8株达到了品种间遗传差异。研究认为,EMS处理可应用于轮叶党参无性变异系的诱变,3号、6号、7号植株为诱变产生的具有较高皂苷含量的初选植株。     

源于小孢子培养的大麦耐盐变异体获取

以大麦品种‘花30’作为供试材料,比较了甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）和平阳霉素处理小孢子60Co γ-射线辐照处理离体穗和干种子,对300mg·L-1NaCl胁迫培养下游离小孢子的愈伤组织产量和愈伤组织在0.3％NaCl胁迫筛选下的绿苗产量的影响。结果表明,EMS处理离体小孢子和60Co γ-射线辐照千种子的愈伤组织产量和绿苗产量明显优于平阳霉素处理小孢子和60Co γ-射线辐照离体穗。以16份源于种子辐照处理的再生植株自交一代种子为供试材料,比较了在0．3％NaCl胁迫下种子的发芽率和幼苗的成活率以及植株的分蘖数、株高和单株产量。结果表明,‘花30’发芽率为0,供试的16份耐盐变异体中,有14份材料在NaCl胁迫下的发芽率优于‘花30’,鉴定出4份耐盐性明显优于‘花30’的变异体材料。选择耐盐变异体作为供试材料,测定了变异体中Na＋／H＋逆向转运蛋白基因NHXl、NHX2和NHX3和编码甜菜碱醛脱氢酶（BADH）的两个同工酶基因曰肋,和BBD2的表达模式和表达量,结果表明变异体耐盐性的提高与这些基因的表达量存在联系。     

芦苇耐盐变异植株及其细胞学鉴定

用甲基磺酸乙酯（ＥＭＳ）处理芦苇（Ｐｈｒａｇｍ ｉｔｅｓｃｏｍ ｍ ｕｎｉｓ Ｔｒｉｎ．）胚性愈伤组织。从处理后的愈伤组织诱导获得芦苇耐盐变异植株Ｒ５００２－１２。变异植株能在含有１％ ＮａＣｌ的ＭＳ培养基上生长。细胞学检查变异植株是混倍体,染色体数目变异范围在１００至３３ 之间。分蘖植株具有相似的形态学及染色体变异特性     

化学诱变剂对粳稻花粉愈伤组织的诱导和分化以及花粉植株性状变异的影响

用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)、1-甲基-3-硝基-1-亚硝基胍(MNNG)和乙烯亚胺(EI)在3～4种不同浓度(EMS:2.5,3.5,4.5ml/1;MNNG:25,50,100mg/1;EI:0.25,0.5,0.75,1.0ml/1),不同温度(8,18,27℃)和不同时间(2,4,8,10,20,30小时)水平上处理离体培养早期的粳稻花药,观察到诱变剂在低剂量和较低温度下处理,明显提高花粉愈伤组织的诱导率;随着诱变剂剂量增加和温度增高,愈伤组织诱导率下降,在这种情况下,虽对愈伤组织总的分化率未见明显影响,但白苗所占百分数显著增加。 在所诱导的120个花粉植株H_2株系中,观察到有6个株系出现性状大突变,主要是株高、成熟期和结实率的变异,变异的性状基本是稳定的并能够遗传。未经诱变剂处理所培养的花粉植株H_2株系,未见性状大突变出现。     

枸杞抗羟脯氨酸细胞变异系筛选及其耐盐特性的研究

试验以枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)成熟胚诱导的胚性愈伤组织为材料研究了：(1)^60Co—γ射线诱变处理对愈伤组织的影响;(2)耐羟脯氨酸(HYP)愈伤组织变异系的筛选;(3)耐HYP愈伤组织变异系的耐盐性及稳定性分析;(4)耐HYP愈伤组织变异系生理生化特性;(5)变异系的分化和再生苗的生理生化特性。初究结果表明：由胚性愈伤组织经30Gy的^60Co—γ辐射处理,在含16mmol／L HYP选择培养基和无HYP培养基上交替培养4代,分离出耐HYP的愈伤组织变异体;该变异体游离脯氨酸含量比对照高3．3倍,其再生植株叶片游离脯氨酸比对照高13．5倍。     

γ射线对烟草愈伤组织生长和变异的作用

由于高等植物细胞具有全能性,研究电离辐射对高等植物离体组织的作用,有助于了解射线对植物伤害作用的原理,更重要的是希望找到辐射育种的更有效的新途径。本文报道γ射线对烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)愈伤组织生长和变异的作用。其主要结果如下: (1)3千伦以上的γ射线就能抑制烟草愈伤组织的生长,10千伦以上明显抑制生长,不久就变黑而死亡。比较了烟草干种子及愈伤组织的辐射敏感性,40千伦处理的愈伤组织不能存活,而同样剂量处理的干种子却能正常萌发和生长。和Bajaj用菜豆做的工作相反,证明愈伤组织比干种子更敏感。 (2)γ射线处理愈伤组织后能引起巨型细胞的产生。 (3)将照射过的愈伤组织转移到分化培养基上,8千伦以下的处理都能诱导出烟草小植株,得到了一些畸形的植株。证明愈伤组织能在较低剂量射线作用下发生变异。     

芦苇变异植株的细胞学鉴定

芦苇变异植株是从EMS处理的愈伤组织再生的。植株是混倍体·染色体数目变异范围在100—33之间。在它们的分蘖植株中,存在类似的染色体数目变异。     

钴—60对高兔卵黄液中大肠杆菌的灭菌研究

用钴－60γ射线对接种于卵黄液中的大肠杆菌进行辐照灭菌,并测定了卵黄液的抗体效价、活性氧和卵黄液保存期的变化。结果表明：1.大肠杆菌在卵黄液中的D10值为0.31-0.37kGy,杀灭卵黄液中大肠杆菌的照射剂量为3kGy;2.辐照量在15kGy以下时,对卵黄液的抗体效价没有影响或仅有轻微影响;3.经8kGy照射后的卵黄液在常温、4℃、-10℃条件保存时,保存期明显长于未照射的卵黄液。     

草菇耐低温菌株的诱变选育与鉴定

在草菇V23原生质体形成和再生的最佳条件下制备原生质体。分别用紫外线(UV),60Co-γ射线,硫酸二乙酯(DES)对原生质体进行复合诱变。初筛、复筛获得耐常规低温(4℃)10d的菌株VH。栽培实验证明:VH在26℃下的生物学效率明显优于V23(CK),且差异极显著。同工酶分析表明:VH过氧化物同工酶,酯酶同工酶谱带数量及酶活性均发生变化;RAPD实验显示:VH相对于V23的变异系数为0.213。VH菇体正常,味道鲜美,食用后无毒副作用。氨基酸组成分析表明:除总氨基酸和谷氨酸含量VH高于V23外,其它氨基酸差异不明显。VH遗传性状稳定,是具有潜在应用价值的优良菌株。     

60Co-γ 诱变皖麦50HMW—GS变异的筛选及其M3代品质分析

为了探讨60Co-γ 射线对小麦HMW—GS组成的变异,以及变异后代的稳定性和品质变异效应,获得优质的种质资源,本试验用200Gy 60Co-γ射线辐照皖麦50于种子,SDS—PAGE法对M2代HMW—GS组成进行变异筛选,并对M3代HMW—GS组成变异稳定性进行鉴定和GMP含量、GMP粒度、部分营养及加工品质进行测定。结果表明：655株M2群体中,有1个单株HMW—GS组成发生变异,变异率0．15％;HMW—GS组分由亲本的7＋9／2＋12变为1／7＋9／2＋12,并在M3代保持稳定;M3代5个变异穗行,蛋白质含量、GMP含量、GMP／Pr均比皖麦50提高,GMP粒度分布范围扩大,粒径大于10．28μm的比例增加。     

Induced mutations in foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv.)

Summary Viable mutations for ear characters in two cultures of foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv.) were induced by individual and combined treatments of gamma rays, EMS (ethyl methanesulphonate), and dES (diethylsulphate). Four doses of gamma rays (10Kr to 40Kr), and four durations (6hrs to 24hrs) each of EMS (0.1 %) and dES (0.1 %) were used. In the combined treatments, only two durations (6hrs, 12hrs) of the chemical mutagens were used following each of the four doses of gamma rays.The mutation frequencies were recorded as mutants per 100 M₂ plants and these were found to be higher in MU-1 than in MU-2 in all the treatments except dES. The frequencies also increased with increase in dose or duration of treatments and were found to be much higher in the combined treatments than in the individual treatments. In several combined treatments, a synergistic effect was observed in culture MU-1, the degree of synergism ranging from 1.01 to 1.62. Thus there was a differential response by the two cultures to the mutagenic treatments. The mutation spectrum was also found to be wider in culture MU-1, where 11 different kinds of mutants were recorded compared with only eight kinds of mutants recorded in MU-2.     

Radio-adaptive response: characterization of a cytogenetic repair induced by low-level ionizing radiation in cultured Chinese hamster cells

Pretreatment with low doses of beta-rays from incorporated tritiated thymidine ([3H]dThd) or of Co-60 gamma-rays (1 or 5 cGy) rendered actively growing Chinese hamster V79 cells more resistant to the induction of micronuclei or sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) by a subsequent high dose of gamma-rays (1 Gy). This adaptive response to ionizing radiation (radio-adaptive response) can be induced by an optimal range of low doses of 3H beta-rays, but not by much lower or higher adapting doses. Full expression of the adaptive response induced by the exposure to low doses of 60Co gamma-rays occurred 4 h after the adapting dose. The cells pre-exposed to low doses of gamma-rays showed cross-resistance to challenge doses of gamma-rays themselves and also of mitomycin C (MMC) and near ultraviolet light (UV-B, 313 nm), but not to those of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or cis-platinum (II) diammine dichloride (cisplatin) for SCE induction. These results suggest that the radio-adaptive response mechanistically couples to the repair network which copes with chromatin lesions induced by MMC and UV-B.     

Premature chromosome condensation in the bone marrow of chinese hamsters after whole body irradiation with Co-60 gamma rays in vivo.

In the Chinese hamster bone marrow chromosomal aberrations were induced after whole body irradiation with Co-60 gamma rays in vivo. Aberrant mitoses give rise to lagging chromatin that forms micronuclei. Eventually the micronuclei are slowed down in their cell cycles in comparison to the main nuclei. The mitotic chromatin of the main nuclei induces premature chromosome condensation (PCC) in the micronuclei that are still in the interphase state of their cell cycles.     

60Co-γ射线诱变连麦2号M3代主要农艺性状的变异及多元分析

用60Co-γ射线诱变小麦连麦2号,对M3代292个穗行进行了主要农艺性状的变异及多元分析.结果表明:各性状的变异幅度是不同的,变异系数从大到小依次为:穗数＞千粒重＞穗长＞小穗数＞株高＞行粒重＞退化小穗数＞穗粒数＞穗粒重;变异率从大到小依次为:穗数＞千粒重＞株高=行粒重＞穗粒数＞穗长＞穗粒重＞小穗数＞退化小穗数.穗数、...     

大豆合丰25复合诱变研究

以大豆合丰25为试验材料,经过航天搭载与^60Co-γ辐射的复合诱变处理,对M2代4个株系的主要农艺性状进行研究。结果表明经过复合诱变后大豆群体株高、底荚高度、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数等主要农艺性状发生不同程度的变化,存在着与对照达到显著或极显著的株系;只有1个株系主茎节数存在单株变异率,其它株系主茎节数单株变异不明显;株高、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数等农艺性状均有不同程度的单株变异率,可以为大豆种质创新所利用。     

Studies on induced variability for amylose content with reference to yield components and protein characteristics in rice

Two rice varieties namely TKM-6 and Norin-27 representing respectively high and low amylose content subjected to gamma rays and EMS treatments were screened in M₂ (M₃ endosperm) and M₃ (M₄ endosperm) generations for amylose content. The study, in general, revealed that the character responded well to mutagen induceable changes as evident from the significantly increased variation in the treated populations. Further, it was observed that while relatively more toxic gamma rays induced higher variance but low heritability, the less toxic EMS was characterized by showing low variance coupled with high heritability, thereby indicating the relationship between the estimates of variance and heritability to depend on the toxicity of the mutagen employed. The mean of the treated populations tended to shift away from that of the respective control in the negative and positive directions respectively in the high and low amylose varieties. On the basis of the foregoing results, guidelines with respect to the choice of material and mutagen for effective improvement of the character are suggested.Consequent effect of mutagen-induced changes in the starch fraction on yield-promoting attributes and protein characteristics was estimated through correlation analysis. The study revealed that the nature and strength of the relationship of cooking and nutritive qualities with yield components could be altered through mutagenic treatments.     

Frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll-deficient mutations in rice after treatment with radiation and alkylating agents

Three varieties of rice were treated with gamma rays and two alkylating agents EMS and DES, alone and in combinations, with a view to finding out the frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll mutations in relation to the genotype and the nature of the mutagen.Chlorophyll mutation frequency was enhanced with increasing dose but dropped at very high doses (doses that induced over 90% seedling lethality in M₁). The fall was attributed to either the increased mutated sector and diplontic selection after exposure to very high doses or relatively high resistance of some of the seeds.Among chlorophyll mutants in M₂ induced by radiations as well as alkylating agents, the albina type formed the majority class. EMS induced a significantly higher proportion of albinas than did gamma rays.