太湖梅梁湾沿岸带水体生物学与光学特性

基于 1998～ 1999年周年 4季原位水下光场观测资料及中国科学院太湖湖泊生态系统研究站 1992～ 2 0 0 1年悬浮物、叶绿素 a、透明度长期历史观测资料分析了太湖梅梁湾沿岸带第 2号站点水体的生物学与光学特性 ,探讨了水下光合有效辐射(PAR)总量的日变化、垂直分布 ;光衰减系数的季节变化及光谱分布 ;影响光衰减系数的主要水色因子。结果表明 ,无论是 PAR还是光谱衰减系数其值都很高 ,其中 PAR衰减系数在 1.4 0～ 5 .30 / m间变化 ,均值为 2 .4 3± 0 .5 5 / m,秋季最大、夏季最小 ,真光层深度在 0 .87～ 3.2 9m间变化 ,均值为 1.98± 0 .4 1m;水下光谱在蓝光波段衰减最强烈 ,其次是红光、绿光 ,随着深度增加光谱成分出现绿移和红移现象 ,绿红光占得比例越来越大 ;光谱衰减系数随着波长的增加大致呈下降趋势 ,但在 6 70 nm附近有个峰值 ;基于线性相关分析发现在混浊的沿岸带水体中影响光衰减主要因子为水体中的悬浮物和有色可溶性有机物 ,叶绿素 a对 PAR衰减系数的贡献率只占到 1.5 9%～ 14 .2 1%。     

太湖典型草、藻型湖区紫外辐射的衰减及影响因素分析

2004年4月通过野外原位观测和实验室测定相结合的方法对东太湖和梅梁湾典型草、藻型湖区紫外辐射光谱衰减及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,320nm(UV-B)、380nm(UV-A)的衰减系数在6.33~19.59m-1、3.41~13.64m-1间变化,对应的1%表面光强穿透深度分别为0.24~0.73m、0.35~1.35m,到达湖面的99%UV-B辐射在0.5m左右表层水就衰减完毕,东太湖和梅梁湾紫外辐射衰减系数存在明显的湖区差异;溶解性有机碳(DOC)的浓度在6.60~17.17mg/L间变化,其均值为(9.99±2.48)mg/L;375nm波长处CDOM吸收系数为1.78~6.25m-1,均值为(3.70±1.10)m-1;在短波部分CDOM吸收与DOC浓度存在显著性相关,相关性大致随波长降低而增加,320nm处的线性关系式:ad320=0.885DOC 2.182;紫外辐射衰减主要受制于水体中的CDOM浓度,衰减系数与DOC浓度、CDOM吸收系数存在显著性相关,340nm处的关系式分别为:Kd340=0.82 1.05DOC、Kd340=1.98 1.49ad340。在太湖紫外辐射衰减还要受悬浮物和叶绿素a浓度的影响,衰减系数与DOC、叶绿素a和悬浮物浓度多元回归的结果明显要高于单独与DOC浓度或CDOM吸收系数的回归结果。     

北京松山天然落叶阔叶林生态系统净碳交换特征及其影响因子

森林生态系统在陆地碳循环过程中发挥着重要作用,关于温带落叶阔叶林生态系统碳平衡过程影响机制的讨论尚未统一。本研究于2019年对北京松山典型落叶阔叶林生态系统的净碳交换量(NEE)及空气温度(T_a)、土壤温度(T_s)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、饱和水气压差(VPD)、土壤含水量(SWC)、降雨量(P)等环境因子进行原位连续监测,分析松山落叶阔叶林生态系统净碳交换特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明: 在日尺度上,NEE生长季(5—10月)各月平均日变化均呈“U”字形变化,日间为碳汇,夜间为碳源。其他月份NEE均为正值,变化平缓,表现为碳源。在季节尺度上,NEE呈单峰曲线变化规律,全年NEE为-111 g C·m^-2·a^-1,生态系统呼吸总量(R_e)为555 g C·m^-2·a^-1,总生态系统生产力(GEP)为666 g C·m^-2·a^-1。碳吸收与释放量分别在6月与11月达到最大值。PAR是影响日间净碳交换量(NEE_d)的主导因子,二者关系符合Michaelis-Menten模型,VPD是间接影响NEE_d的主导因子,最适宜日间净碳交换的VPD范围为1～1.5 kPa。土壤温度是影响夜间净碳交换量(NEE_n)的主导因子,SWC是NEE_n的限制因子,SWC过高或过低均会对NEE_n产生抑制,最适值为0.28 m³·m^-3。     

太湖水色因子空间分布特征及其对水生植物光合作用的影响

利用太湖全湖64个采样点的数据,分析了各水色因子及真光层深度的空间分布和变化特征,并探讨了其对水生植物光合作用的影响.结果表明:叶绿素a浓度在全湖间的差异最大,其变化范围为1.67～159.94μg.L-1,均方差为41.03μg.L-1,在梅梁湾、竺山湖、夹浦港和小梅口附近湖区,叶绿素a浓度较高且空间变化明显,等值线在这些湖区密集分布;悬浮物浓度变化次之,其含量在6.47～143.47mg.L-1之间变化,均方差为31.63mg.L-1,其在大浦港和小梅口入湖口附近湖区的空间变化明显,等值线分布密集;有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收系数在全湖变化较小,没有明显的空间变化特征;真光层深度受悬浮物和叶绿素的共同影响,其空间分布特征与悬浮物相反.     

冬麦田臭氧干沉降过程的观测

地表臭氧作为近地层最主要的大气污染物之一,其不断上升的浓度及其对粮食作物的影响受到越来越多的关注.本研究利用微气象学观测方法,探明自然条件下冬麦田的臭氧沉降过程,分析了影响臭氧沉降过程的环境因子.结果表明: 观测期内(小麦生长旺期)臭氧通量均值为-0.35 μg·m^-2·s^-1(负号表示沉降方向指向地面),臭氧沉降平均速率为0.55 cm·s^-1,空气动力学阻力均值为30 s·m^-1,粘性副层阻力均值为257 s·m^-1,冠层阻力均值为163 s·m^-1,且均存在明显的日变化趋势.臭氧沉降阻力大小受摩擦速度、太阳辐射强度、温度和相对湿度等因素的影响.     

深圳市不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳与密度特征

土壤碳库变化对于全球温室效应、全球碳循环有重大的影响.城市土壤是全球碳循环的重要环节,城市化对城市土壤有机碳库的影响不容忽视.在野外调查和样品分析的基础上,对深圳市0～10、11～20、21～30cm深度不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳碳含量、密度及分布特征进行实测统计分析.结果表明:(1)深圳市不同土地利用类型0～30cm土壤有机碳含量均值介于0.72～40.52g·kg^-1.土壤有机碳密度均值介于0.27～13.36kg·m^-2.(2)土壤有机碳含量与密度随土层深度的增加而降低.0～10cm土壤有机碳含量均值介于1.56～71.88g·kg^-1,有机碳密度均值介于0.18～7.05kg·m^-2之间;11～20cm土壤有机碳含量均值介于0.59～36.79g·kg^-1,土壤有机碳密度均值介于0.09～4.5kg·m^-2,21～30cm土壤有机碳含量均值介于0～12.90g·kg^-1,土壤有机碳密度均值介于0～1.78kg·m^-2.(3)林地土壤有机碳含量和密度随着海拔高度的升高而降低,城市建设用地与闲置土地土壤有机碳含量与密度很低.(4)土地利用方式的变化可以改变有机碳在土壤中的贮存与分布.     

高寒草甸生态系统降雨事件对不同深度土壤碳释放的试验分析

以青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统为研究对象,基于LI-8150土壤CO₂通量全自动连续测量系统及实验设计,对不同深度的土壤碳释放进行了连续原位观测,分析了晴天和5次持续性降水条件下不同深度土壤碳释放特征,结合土壤温湿度的观测,解析了降雨对不同深度土壤碳释放的影响及机理。结果表明：(1)在0 cm、20 cm、40 cm、70 cm深度处,土壤碳释放均呈现明显的单峰曲线变化特征,其日均值(±标准差)分别为(3.96±0.89)μmol m^-2 s^-1、(5.09±1.79)μmol m^-2 s^-1、(7.83±1.95)μmol m^-2 s^-1和(4.43±1.6)μmol m^-2 s^-1。(2)降雨提高了土壤含水量,显著抑制了土壤碳释放,且对深层的抑制作用显著大于表层。其中,第5次持续性降水事件对土壤水分的补充作用最明显(增量最大),其对土壤碳释放的抑制作用也更显著,并出现负通量(即碳吸收)。随着...     

民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林净碳交换及其影响因子

基于涡动相关系统观测的民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林生态系统通量资料,定量分析了2018年生长季(5—10月)碳通量变化特征及其影响因子,为民勤梭梭人工林生态系统碳源/汇的评估提供基础数据.结果表明: 生长季净碳交换量在日尺度上呈对称的“U”型曲线变化;在季节尺度上,呈双峰曲线变化规律,各月均为碳汇,总固碳量为34.38 g C·m^-2,且9月固碳量较高,为12.31 g C·m^-2,7月最低,为0.89 g C·m^-2.白天生态系统净碳交换随光合有效辐射的增加而增加,符合直角双曲线关系,但当饱和水汽压差大于2.5 kPa时,增加程度减弱.生态系统呼吸与气温呈较好的指数关系,其温度敏感性系数为1.7.整个生长季期间,白天和夜间的净碳交换量均与土壤温度呈显著相关     

长白山原始阔叶红松林不同演替阶段地下生物量与碳、氮贮量的比较

以我国东北长白山自然保护区内同一海拔水平的原始阔叶红松林及其次生林--白桦山杨成熟林和幼林为对象,对不同演替阶段林地地下生物量与碳、氮贮量进行了研究.结果表明,随着演替的进行,白桦山杨幼林、成熟林和阔叶红松林根系生物量分别为2.437、2.742和4.114 kg·m^-2,根系碳贮量分别为1.113、1.323和2.023kg·m^-2,土壤碳贮量分别为11.911、11.943和12.87 kg·m^-2,林地地下碳贮量分别为13.024、13.266和14.610kg·m^-2.3块林地中根系氮贮量分别为0.035、0.032和0.039 kg·m^-2,土壤氮贮量分别为1.207、1.222和0.915kg·m^-2,林地地下氮贮量分别为1.243、1.254和0.955 kg·m^-2.在长白山地区次生林演替和恢复过程中林地地下部分是潜在的碳汇,而土壤氮贮量则没有明显的变化规律.     

植物生长季退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放特征

对中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO₂释放的全天候连续观测结果表明,退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO₂的释放有明显的日变化和季节动态,日最大释放速率出现于12:00～14:00,最小释放速率出现于6:00～8:00;植物生长季的最大振幅为462.49mg·m^-2·h^-1(8月18日),最小振幅为114.97mg·m^-2·h^-1(5月9日),CO₂释放速率白天大于夜晚.不同物候期CO₂释放速率亦不同,草盛期>枯黄期>返青期.最大日均值为480.76mg·m^-2·h^-1(8月18日),最小日均值为140.77mg·m^-2·h^-1(5月9日).释放速率与气温、地表温度及土壤5cm地温均呈显著或极显著相关关系,表明温度是决定CO₂释放速率季节变化的首要因素.     

香溪河库湾春季水华期间水体光学特征及相关分析

研究了香溪河库湾春季水华期间(2006年3月3日—4月16日)透明度水层可见光衰减系数KSd的时空特征,分析其与表层水叶绿素a浓度、DOC浓度和透明度Sd的相关关系。结果表明:香溪河库湾春季水华可见光衰减系数KSd时空变异很大;除峡口河段(样点X7—X8)外,可见光衰减系数KSd的变化特征取决于叶绿素a浓度和DOC浓度的时空变化,类似于深水湖泊;除峡口河段(样点X7—X8)外,香溪河库湾可见光衰减系数KSd和透明度之间呈反比的关系具有显著的相关,但它们之间的反比关系因水体叶绿素a和无机悬浮颗粒的空间差异而有所不同。       

Long and short term variations in suspended particulate material: the influence on light available to the phytoplankton community

The magnitude and frequency of events leading to changes in turbidity have been studied in a large (61 km²), shallow (mean depth 3.4 m) wind-exposed lake basin at the western end of Lake Mälaren, Sweden. In this paper we couple changes in suspended particulate inorganic material (SPIM) resulting from wind driven sediment resuspension, and variations in the discharge and sediment load, to spectral variations in subsurface light and estimates of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). To accomplish this we use a semi-analytical model which predicts the spectral variations in downwelling irradiance (E _d()) and the attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance (K _d()), as a function of the concentrations of chlorophyll, dissolved yellow substances, and suspended inorganic and organic particulate material. Unusually high river discharge, led to large inputs of yellow substances and large in lake yellow substance concentrations (a _ys(420) 20 m^–1), causing variations in yellow substance concentration to have the greatest role in influencing temporal trends in the attenuation of PAR and variations in the depth of the euphotic zone (Z _eup). In spite of this, variations in SPIM could account for approximately 60% of the variation in Z _eup attributed to changes in yellow substances alone. Our results show that changes in suspended sediment concentration leads to both long-term and short-term changes in the attenuation of PAR, even in the presence of high concentrations of dissolved yellow substances.     

基于VGPM模型和MODIS数据估算梅梁湾浮游植物初级生产力

基于MODIS影像数据反演的2009年2月份至12月份太湖梅梁湾水域表面叶绿素a、悬浮物浓度以及水温数据,结合初级生产力垂向归纳模型(Vertically Generalized Production Model:VGPM)估算获得梅梁湾2009年逐月平均日初级生产力时空分布。结果表明,梅梁湾2009年年平均日初级生产力及逐月平均日初级生产力空间分布差异显著,呈现从湾内向湾口逐渐递减的趋势。时间序列分析显示,梅梁湾初级生产力季节差异显著,夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,全年初级生产力主要集中在夏季,占47.4%。通过分析VGPM模型中几个输入参数对初级生产力的影响,发现悬浮物浓度与标准化初级生产力存在显著负冥函数关系,反映沉积物再悬浮引起的悬浮物浓度增加能降低水体初级生产力。温度对初级生产力也有一定的调控与制约,与初级生产力呈现正相关趋势,在低于21℃的温度范围内与最大光合作用速率呈现正相关。     

Optical and hydrographic consequences of freshwater run-off during spring phytoplankton growth in a Scottish fjord

A combination of in situ measurements and radiative transfermodelling were used to study optical conditions in the innerbasin of Loch Etive, a Scottish fjord, in March and April 2000.The basin was strongly stratified with three layers separatedby marked pycnoclines. The surface layer averaged 5 m in depthand was heavily stained with coloured dissolved organic matter(CDOM) which reduced the euphotic depth to between 7 and 10m. Approximately 20% of the photosynthetically available radiation(PAR) in the water column was absorbed by phytoplankton, 44%by CDOM and 36% by sea water. Detectable concentrations of themajor inorganic nutrients (nitrate, phosphate and silicate)occurred at all depths, but significant phytoplankton populations(averaging 6 mg chlorophyll a m^–3) were found only inthe reduced-salinity surface layer. The freshwater input thereforeacted both as a source of buoyancy which promoted phytoplanktongrowth near the surface and as an attenuator of visible lightwhich inhibited growth deeper in the water column.     

Specific attenuation coefficients of optically active substances and their contribution to the underwater ultraviolet and visible light climate in shallow lakes and ponds

Sunlight penetration through the water column is controlled by the amount and kind of materials dissolved and suspended in the water. Understanding UV penetration in its complexity is essential for the prediction of the impact of UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems. However, only limited data are available on the penetration of UVR into shallow waters rich in inorganic suspended solids and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The same is true for the specific attenuation coefficients of light-absorbing components at the UV waveband. This study analyses the role of CDOM, algal-free suspended solids and algae in the formation of underwater UVR and PAR climate in 30 water bodies from clear gravel pit lakes trough the shallow Lake Balaton to turbid soda pans. Irradiance-depth profiles were obtained at 305, 313, 320 nm (UV-B), 340, 380, 395 nm (UV-A) and 400–700 nm (PAR) with a Biospherical PUV-2500 radiometer. Vertical attenuation coefficients (K _d) were calculated. Water samples were taken for the laboratory measurement of the concentration of light-absorbing components: algae as chlorophyll a (CHL), chromophoric dissolved organic matter as colour (CDOM), and algal-free suspended solids (TSS-Alg) parallel with the in situ light measurements. Specific attenuation coefficient values were calculated by multiple regression analysis (n = 140). The obtained specific UV attenuation coefficient values of CHL, CDOM and TSS-Alg made it possible to establish light attenuation at different wavelengths based on the knowledge of the concentration of these light-absorbing components.     

Role of dissolved organic carbon in the attenuation of photosynthetically active and ultraviolet radiation in Adirondack lakes

1. We surveyed eighty-five lakes located in the Adirondack Mountain Region of New York State, U.S.A., to characterize the attenuation of photosynthetically active (PAR) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in relation to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and pH. Attenuation of PAR was quantified in situ . Attenuation was also inferred by measuring the light absorption of filtered lake water samples at wavelengths (300, 340 and 440 nm) representing UV-B, UV-A and PAR.
2. Substantial variation in transparency was observed among lakes in this region. Attenuation depths ( z _1%) for PAR ranged from 0.5 to greater than 20 m, while inferred values for UV-B and UV-A ranged from a few centimetres to > 5 m. Median values of UV-A penetration (0.75 m) and UV-B penetration (0.45 m) corresponded to 11% (UV-A) and 6% (UV-B) of lake maximum depth.
3. Much of the variation in PAR and UVR attenuation was explained by differences in lake DOC. Univariate power models based solely on DOC accounted for 85% (PAR), 90% (UV-A) and 91% (UV-B) of the variation in absorption.
4. Attenuation and absorption coefficients were generally lower for recently acidified lakes compared to acidic and circumneutral lakes which have not undergone recent acidification. However, differences among these three groups of lakes were not statistically significant. Our results suggest that the effects of acidification on the optical properties of a regional population of lakes, even in an area experiencing widespread acidification, are relatively subtle in comparison with other factors contributing to inter-lake variability.
5. The presence of near-shore wetlands is probably a key factor influencing regional variability in DOC and light climate among Adirondack lakes. Temporal variability in climatic factors influencing wetland DOC production and export may mask more subtle influences on lake DOC associated with anthropogenic acidification.     

太湖梅梁湾水体中悬浮质及光谱的分布特征

在研究太湖梅梁湾水体中的悬浮质及水体中光谱分布时发现:总悬浮质中无机悬浮质含量与总悬浮质之间呈现明显的正比线形关系(R²=0.9724),而有机悬浮质与总悬浮质之间的正比线形关系较弱(R²=0.2921);在20cm处以下,总悬浮质中的藻类含量随着水深度的增加呈现下降的趋势,表面略低;有机悬浮质与叶绿素a的含量之间的线形关系较弱(R²=0.1344);光谱的分布特征是:在水体的表面,绿光最强,蓝光较强,而红光最弱;在150cm以下,红光最强,绿光较强,蓝光最弱。     

Secchi disk — chlorophyll relationships in a lake with highly variable phytoplankton biomass

In meseutrophic Lake Constance mean euphotic phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations vary about 100-fold over the year. Concomitant fluctuations in euphotic depth (Z_eu) and Secchi depth (Z_s) are related to each other in a non-linear fashion that as a rough approximation can be expressed by Z_eu 5 Z_s.Secchi depth is to a great extent a function of beam attenuation of light which depends on the inherent optical properties of the water and is highly sensitive to light scattering from particles. Euphotic depth, by contrast, is a function of the vertical light attenuation coefficient which also depends on absorption and scattering, but is less sensitive to the latter than beam attenuation. Algal cells both absorb and scatter light and therefore influence Secchi depth and euphotic depth, however, in different fashions.Whenever the lake is clear due to scarce phytoplankton, scattering is small and beam attenuation only exceeds vertical light attenuation by a relatively small factor. As a consequence, the ratio of euphotic depth to Secchi depth is small (1.5–2.5). When the lake is turbid due to high algal density, enhanced scattering from algal cells and detrital particles causes beam attenuation to rise more than vertical light attenuation, thus leading to high ratios of euphotic depth to Secchi depth (3–5). The relatively close relationships between Secchi depth and chlorophyll in Lake Constance are due to (1) high influence of chlorophyll concentration on water transparency, (2) co-variation of phytoplankton and other suspended particles, and (3) limited variation of cellular chlorophyll contents.