中国食物与营养素的进口来源地结构分析

从数量、金额、能量、供能营养素角度分析了中国食物与营养的进口来源地结构。结果表明：美国、巴西和阿根廷、一带一路沿线国家是中国重要的食物进口来源地;营养素进口方面,从美国、巴西和阿根廷进口的蛋白质占中国进口总量的4/5,从美国、巴西和阿根廷、一带一路沿线国家进口的脂肪和碳水化合物数量比重均保持较高水平。进口食物种类方面,油籽进口导致中国对巴西和阿根廷有较高的营养素进口比重;油籽、畜产品、水产品进口导致对美国有较高的蛋白质、脂肪进口比重,油籽、谷物、蔬菜进口是美国在中国碳水化合物进口中占较高比重的主要原因;植物油进口导致中国对一带一路沿线国家有较高的脂肪进口比重,谷物和水果进口是对其有较高碳水化合物进口比重的主要原因。     

特医全营养配方食品配方组成分析

收集国家市场监督管理总局官网公布的已经通过注册的10岁以上全营养配方食品标签说明书，对其配方组成中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质以及可选择性营养成分进行统计分析，为特医全营养配方食品研制和临床应用提供建议和参考。研究表明，已注册13款产品，蛋白质供能比在14%~20%之间；脂肪供能比在25%~34%之间；碳水化合物供能比多在50%~60%之间；大多数产品维生素的强化量为中国居民膳食营养素推荐量的1~3倍；矿物质的强化量为中国居民膳食营养素推荐量的1~2倍；可选择性营养成分膳食纤维、胆碱、牛磺酸被添加频率较高，氟、肌醇、核苷酸未被添加。我国已注册全营养配方食品配方组成与国外标准肠内营养制剂基本一致。     

1991-2015年我国十五省（区）农民膳食能量及宏量营养素摄入的变化趋势及其人口学特征

目的：分析中国15省（区）农民膳食能量和宏量营养素摄入现状和变化趋势。方法：利用“中国健康与营养调查” 1991—2015年间膳食随访数据,以18岁及以上的农民作为研究对象。采用连续3d 24h膳食回顾法和家庭称重记账法收集膳食资料,借助食物成分表将食物消费量转换成能量及各类营养素摄入量。结果：2015年我国15省（区）农民能量摄入量为1 891.5kcal/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的平均摄入量分别为55.4、66.0、245.2g/d,其供能比分别为12.0%、33.2%和54.0%。与1991年相比,能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物摄入量分别下降了521.7kcal/d、13.7g/d、152.0g/d,脂肪摄入量增加了18.1g/d,蛋白质供能比基本持平,碳水化合物供能比减少了10.8%,脂肪供能比增加了10.6%。2015年,65岁及以上农民的能量、蛋白质和脂肪摄入量均低于其他年龄组,碳水化合物的摄入量随年龄组的升高而降低,低收入农民的能量和碳水化合物摄入量高于中、高收入农民。谷类食物、其他食物、食用油分别为能量、蛋白质、脂肪的主要来源。结论：中国15省（区）农民蛋白质和碳水化合物供能比合理,脂肪供能比较高,应根据农民不同的收入水平和生理条件开展针对性的营养指导。     

2016-2017年中国12-17岁儿童青少年能量及宏量营养素摄入状况

目的：分析2016—2017年中国12～17岁儿童青少年能量及宏量营养素摄入状况,为引导中国12~17岁儿童平衡膳食和合理营养提供科学依据。 方法：数据来源于2016—2017年中国儿童与乳母营养健康监测数据,采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,在全国31省抽取275个监测点开展营养健康监测。膳食调查采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法收集食物摄入信息,采用食物秤称重记录家庭或学校食堂连续3 d食用油和调味品的摄入量,依据《中国食物成分表》计算能量和三大宏量营养素的摄入量。结果：2016—2017年中国12～17岁儿童青少年膳食能量、碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的平均每人日摄入量分别为1 995.0 kcal、253.8 g、84.5 g、61.4 g。碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的供能比分别为50.6%、37.1%、12.3%。72.9%的儿童青少年脂肪供能比高于推荐值30%、48.0%的儿童青少年碳水化合物供能比低于推荐值50%、22.6%的儿童青少年蛋白质供能比低于推荐值10%。儿童青少年膳食脂肪来源于食用油、动物性食物和植物性食物的比例分别为43.9%、36.6%、19.6%。12～17岁儿童青少年平均每人日膳食能量、碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的摄入量均随年龄的增长而增加,男生高于女生,能量、蛋白质和脂肪摄入量存在城乡差异,城市高于农村（P<0.01）。城市儿童青少年蛋白质供能比达到中国居民膳食宏量营养素可接受范围（AMDR）的比例高于农村（P<0.01）。结论：中国12～17岁儿童青少年每人日膳食能量基本满足,三大宏量营养素供能比不合理。能量、蛋白质和脂肪摄入量存在城乡差异,农村儿童脂肪供能比增幅过快亟待关注。     

鲮鱼最适生长的营养素需要量研究

应用正交方法配制18种试验饲料,测其各营养素对鲮鱼的生长比速、肥满度及体蛋白质增重率作用的大小为:蛋白质>糖>混合无机盐>脂肪,其中蛋白质(P<0.005)和糖(除肥满度外,P<0.025)为主要的营养素;脂肪和混合无机盐,在本试验条件下,其作用并不明显(P>0.05)。每100克鱼(湿重),每日的最适生长的营养素需要量为:蛋白质0.70—0.80克、糖0.50克、脂肪0.10克,以及饲料中含14％的混合无机盐和17％的纤维素。虽体脂肪和水份的含量与营养素脂肪的水平有一定关系,但显著地受营养素蛋白质水平的影响(分别为P<0.025和P<0.01)。体脂肪随营养素蛋白质水平的增加而增高;水份则随营养素蛋白质水平的增加而下降。体脂肪(Y)与水份(X)之间存在负的相关关系,其关系式为:Y=60.3063-0.7643X。体脂肪和水份的含量,占鱼体重的78.33±0.25％。用无蛋白饲料饲养试验的结果,鲮鱼的体氮维持量为:14毫克氮/100克鱼(湿重)/日。     

大豆的基因组研究

大豆起源于中国,是具有重要经济价值的油料作物,也是食物中植物蛋白质的主要来源。其种子约含40%蛋白和20%脂肪。在国际贸易市场上,大豆的脂肪含量在主要油料作物中位居第一。目前,大豆已成为一种国际性作物,在美国、巴西、阿根廷、中国和印度等国家广为种植,其中美国的大豆产量最高(Ｓｉｎｇｈ等,1999)。大豆的基因组约为100Ｍｂ,其中60%左右是重复序列(Ｇｕｒｌｅｙ等,1979)。其大小大约是拟南芥基因组....     

2010—2012年中国农民膳食摄入特征及地区差异研究

基于2010—2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测数据,获取中国农民膳食营养状况,得到中国不同性别、年龄农民的能量、宏量营养素和膳食结构特征,并比较不同省份农民摄入特征的差异,结果发现：中国农民男性和女性随着年龄增加能量和宏量营养素摄入下降;随着城市经济发展水平下降,农民的能量摄入量增加,碳水化合物摄入量及其供能比增加、脂肪摄入量及其供能比下降,蛋白质摄入量略有增加,但是优质蛋白比例大幅下降。中国农民能量和宏量营养素摄入总体充足,东部沿海和长江流域地区农民脂肪供能比超出30%上限,上海、天津、江苏等地农民的脂肪供能比达到35%以上,北方大部分地区农民的优质蛋白比例远低于推荐值。     

北京某高校大学生膳食调查与评价

目的：了解高校大学生的膳食营养情况,为有针对性地开展营养改善工作提供依据。方法：采用连续3d 24h膳食回顾法,调查首都医科大学166名本科生日常膳食摄入情况。分析膳食能量、营养素摄入情况,与《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》进行比较分析。结果：能量及多种营养素摄入不足,甚至有严重缺乏的情况。男生食物净重、能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、硫胺素、尼克酸、磷和铁的摄入量均明显高于女生,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。各年级比较,食物净重、能量、脂肪、维生素C和钙的摄入量有统计学差异。脂肪（男生27.78%、女生29.05%）、蛋白质（男生17.10%、女生15.66%）提供能量比例偏高,碳水化合物（男生55.12%、女生55.29%）提供能量比例偏低。三餐能量分配基本合理,男女生间差别较小。结论：大学生营养素的摄入不够合理,应提高奶、蛋、瘦肉、蔬菜、水果的摄入量,加强对大学生的营养知识的教育。     

中美果汁营养标签差异分析

目的：了解中美果汁在营养标签法律法规、营养声称及营养功能声称标示、营养成分表含量的差异。方法：在上海市浦东新区果汁品牌丰富的大型综合超市与部分购物网站,对中国和美国果汁食品营养标签内容及营养声称等进行调查。结果：美国果汁蛋白质、碳水化合物、钠的含量比中国果汁高,能量和脂肪含量比中国果汁低。美国果汁在营养声称及营养成分功能声称方面更加详细;中国果汁防腐剂、调味剂、色素比率低于美国果汁。结论：美国果汁和中国果汁各有优势和不足,消费者在购买时要理性选择。     

烹饪前后红烧肉的营养评价及其营养成分变化

目的：系统评估红烧肉成品菜肴的营养价值并研究烹饪对其营养的影响。方法：通过测定生原料和成品中蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质和维生素、氨基酸、脂肪酸等26种营养素的含量并加以分析。结果：烹饪后的成品相较于生原料,蛋白质、碳水化合物、灰分、磷、铁、镁、硒含量显著上升,能量、脂肪、总膳食纤维含量显著下降（P<0.05）;在含量占比方面,苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸、呈味氨基酸、单不饱和脂肪酸显著上升,亮氨酸、精氨酸、多不饱和脂肪酸显著下降（P<0.05）;此外,水溶性维生素B1和维生素B12烹饪后可保留74.51%和41.70%,第一限制氨基酸在烹饪前后均为苯丙氨酸＋酪氨酸保持不变。结论：红烧肉烹调后蛋白质和矿物质含量增加,维生素B1保留率较高。     

Streamlined approach for assessing embedded consumption of lithium and cobalt in the United States

In today's complex global supply chains, time and data intensive analyses are required to understand global flows of mineral commodities from mine to consumer, particularly for mineral commodities in products (electronics, automobiles, etc.) that contain multiple parts with many mineral commodities. National and regional analyses require additional time and data to incorporate international trade flows. However, data limitations and time constraints often prohibit global and national material flow analyses for minor metals. Here we present a methodological approach to circumvent these constraints by utilizing readily available industry-level global data from the United Nations Statistics Division and national industrial data to estimate total requirements for a mineral commodity. We apply this approach to lithium and cobalt use in the United States for the year 2018 and distinguish between apparent raw material consumption versus inferred embedded consumption of lithium and cobalt materials in all forms. The results show that more than half of the United States’ total requirements for both lithium and cobalt is in parts and products that were manufactured outside the United States. In large part, this is due to limited US manufacturing capability for lithium-ion battery materials and cells and the United States’ high import reliance for electronics that use those batteries.     

The Energetic Metabolism of the European Union and the United States: Decadal Energy Input Time-Series with an Emphasis on Biomass

This article presents an assessment of energy inputs of the European Union (the 15 countries before the 2004 enlargement, abbreviated EU‐15) for the period 1970–2001 and the United States for 1980–2000. The data are based on an energy flow analysis (EFA) that evaluates socioeconomic energy flows in a way that is conceptually consistent with current materials flow analysis (MFA) methods. EFA allows assessment of the total amount of energy required by a national economy; it yields measures of the size of economic systems in biophysical units. In contrast to conventional energy balances, which only include technically used energy, EFA also accounts for socioeconomic inputs of biomass; that is, it also considers food, feed, wood and other materials of biological origin. The energy flow accounts presented in this article do not include embodied energy. Energy flow analyses are relevant for comparisons across modes of subsistence (e.g., agrarian and industrial society) and also to detect interrelations between energy utilization and land use. In the EU‐15, domestic energy consumption (DEC = apparent consumption = domestic extraction plus import minus export) grew from 60 exajoules per year (1 EJ = 10¹⁸ J) in 1970 to 79 EJ/yr in 2001, thus exceeding its territory's net primary production (NPP, a measure of the energy throughput of ecosystems). In the United States, DEC increased from 102 EJ/yr in 1980 to 125 EJ/yr in 2000 and was thus slightly smaller than its NPP. Taken together, the EU‐15 and the United States accounted for about 38% of global technical energy use, 31% of humanity's energetic metabolism, but only 10% of global terrestrial NPP and 11% of world population in the early 1990s. Per capita DEC of the United States is more than twice that of the EU‐15. Calculated according to EFA methods, energy input in the EU and the United States was between one‐fifth and one‐third above the corresponding value reported in conventional energy balances. The article discusses implications of these results for sustainability, as well as future research needs.     

An approach to improving science knowledge about energy balance and nutrition among elementary- and middle-school students

Unhealthy diets, lack of fitness, and obesity are serious problems in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control, Surgeon General, and Department of Health and Human Services are calling for action to address these problems. Scientists and educators at Baylor College of Medicine and the National Space Biomedical Research Institute teamed to produce an instructional unit, "Food and Fitness," and evaluated it with students in grades 3-7 in Houston, Texas. A field-test group (447 students) completed all unit activities under the guidance of their teachers. This group and a comparison group (343 students) completed pre and postassessments measuring knowledge of concepts covered in the unit. Outcomes indicate that the unit significantly increased students' knowledge and awareness of science concepts related to energy in living systems, metabolism, nutrients, and diet. Pre-assessment results suggest that most students understand concepts related to calories in food, exercise and energy use, and matching food intake to energy use. Students' prior knowledge was found to be much lower on topics related to healthy portion sizes, foods that supply the most energy, essential nutrients, what "diet" actually means, and the relationship between body size and basal metabolic rate.     

Aflatoxin Regulations in a Network of Global Maize Trade

Worldwide, food supplies often contain unavoidable contaminants, many of which adversely affect health and hence are subject to regulations of maximum tolerable levels in food. These regulations differ from nation to nation, and may affect patterns of food trade. We soughtto determine whether there is an association between nations'' food safety regulations and global food trade patterns, with implications for public health and policymaking. We developed a network model of maize trade around the world. From maize import/export data for 217 nations from 2000–2009, we calculated basic statistics on volumes of trade; then examined how regulations of aflatoxin, a common contaminant of maize, are similar or different between pairs of nations engaging in significant amounts of maize trade. Globally, market segregation appears to occur among clusters of nations. The United States is at the center of one cluster; European countries make up another cluster with hardly any maize trade with the US; and Argentina, Brazil, and China export maize all over the world. Pairs of nations trading large amounts of maize have very similar aflatoxin regulations: nations with strict standards tend to trade maize with each other, while nations with more relaxed standards tend to trade maize with each other. Rarely among the top pairs of maize-trading nations do total aflatoxin standards (standards based on the sum of the levels of aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁, and G₂) differ by more than 5 µg/kg. These results suggest that, globally, separate maize trading communities emerge; and nations tend to trade with other nations that have very similar food safety standards.     

Multiplicity of different cell- and organ-specific import routes for the NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases A and B in plastids of Arabidopsis seedlings

The NADPH-dependent protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase (POR) is a photoenzyme that requires light for its catalytic activity and uses Pchlide itself as a photoreceptor. In Arabidopsis there are three PORs denoted PORA, PORB and PORC. The PORA and PORB genes are strongly expressed early in seedling development. In contrast to PORB the import of PORA into plastids of cotyledons is substrate-dependent and organ-specific. These differences in the import reactions between PORA and PORB most likely are due to different import mechanisms that are responsible for the uptake of these proteins. The two major core constituents of the translocon of the outer plastid envelope, Toc159 and Toc34, have been implicated in the binding and recognition of precursors of nuclear-encoded plastid proteins. Their involvement in conferring substrate dependency and organ specificity of PORA import was analyzed in intact Arabidopsis seedlings of wild type and the three mutants ppi3, ppi1 and ppi2 that are deficient in atToc34, atToc33, a closely related isoform of atToc34, and atToc159. Whereas none of these three Toc constituents is required for maintaining the organ specificity and substrate dependency of PORA import, atToc33 is indispensable for the import of PORB in cotyledons and true leaves suggesting that in these parts of the plant translocation of PORA and PORB occurs via two distinct import pathways. The analysis of PORA and PORB import into plastids of intact seedlings revealed an unexpected multiplicity of import routes that differed by their substrate, cell, tissue and organ specificities. This versatility of pathways for protein targeting to plastids suggests that in intact seedlings not only the constituents of the core complex of import channels but also other factors are involved in mediating the import of nuclear-encoded plastid proteins.     

The mitochondrial intermembrane space: the most constricted mitochondrial sub-compartment with the largest variety of protein import pathways

The mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) is the most constricted sub-mitochondrial compartment, housing only about 5% of the mitochondrial proteome, and yet is endowed with the largest variability of protein import mechanisms. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the major IMS import pathway based on the oxidative protein folding pathway and discuss the stunning variability of other IMS protein import pathways. As IMS-localized proteins only have to cross the outer mitochondrial membrane, they do not require energy sources like ATP hydrolysis in the mitochondrial matrix or the inner membrane electrochemical potential which are critical for import into the matrix or insertion into the inner membrane. We also explore several atypical IMS import pathways that are still not very well understood and are guided by poorly defined or completely unknown targeting peptides. Importantly, many of the IMS proteins are linked to several human diseases, and it is therefore crucial to understand how they reach their normal site of function in the IMS. In the final part of this review, we discuss current understanding of how such IMS protein underpin a large spectrum of human disorders.     

A novel in vitro system for simultaneous import of precursor proteins into mitochondria and chloroplasts

Most chloroplast and mitochondrial precursor proteins are targeted specifically to either chloroplasts or mitochondria. However, there is a group of proteins that are dual targeted to both organelles. We have developed a novel in vitro system for simultaneous import of precursor proteins into mitochondria and chloroplasts (dual import system). The mitochondrial precursor of alternative oxidase, AOX was specifically targeted only to mitochondria. The chloroplastic precursor of small subunit of pea ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, Rubisco, was mistargeted to pea mitochondria in a single import system, but was imported only into chloroplasts in the dual import system. The dual targeted glutathione reductase GR precursor was targeted to both mitochondria and chloroplasts in both systems. The GR pre-sequence could support import of the mature Rubisco protein into mitochondria and chloroplasts in the single import system but only into chloroplasts in the dual import system. Although the GR pre-sequence could support import of the mature portion of the mitochondrial FAd subunit of the ATP synthase into mitochondria and chloroplasts, mature AOX protein was only imported into mitochondria under the control of the GR pre-sequence in both systems. These results show that the novel dual import system is superior to the single import system as it abolishes mistargeting of chloroplast precursors into pea mitochondria observed in a single organelle import system. The results clearly show that although the GR pre-sequence has dual targeting ability, this ability is dependent on the nature of the mature protein.     

Utilization of commercial oilseed crops

The United States is a major producer of many different types of oilseeds, but the predominant one is soybean, that remarkable legume whose meal and oil serve many animal feed, human food, and domestic industrial product needs. More than half of the soybeans and the products produced from them are exported. The 16 mill MT of soy meal processed and fed in the United States in 1981 constituted 88% of the total oilseed meal, 71% of the high-protein feeds, and 48% of total processed feeds. Of the total soy protein available, less than 5% goes into human food products such as meat extenders, simulated meats, baked goods, dairy product analogs, dietary foods, infant foods, and fermented food products. Less than 1% of soy protein in the United States is used in industrial products, mainly as a binder for pigmented paper coatings. Of the total soy oil available, about 95% is consumed in food products such as margarines, salad oils, and cooking oils. About 5% of soy oil is applied to nonfood uses such as alkyd paints, plasticizer/stabilizers for vinyl plastics, soaps, eraser factices, and many other lesser uses. Other major oilseeds produced in the United States include cottonseed, flaxseed, peanut, safflower, and sunflower. Corn oil is produced in significant quantities as a by-product of the corn starch industry. The oilseed crops having the greatest oil productivity are peanut and sunflower. However, sunflower meal has certain deficiencies for feed and food uses. If the United States is to draw upon oilseed crops as significant contributors to feed, food, industrial products, and agricultural fuel needs, greatly improved productivity will be needed either from new oilseed crops or from improved varieties of present commercial crops.     

Genetic characterization of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) host strains in Argentina

Fall armyworm is a major economic pest throughout the Western Hemisphere. Previous studies of populations in the southern United States, Brazil, and the Caribbean demonstrated the existence of two morphologically identical but genetically distinct host strains that can only be distinguished using genetic markers, including polymorphisms in the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene and in the Z-chromosome linked Triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi) gene. The strains differ in some physiological and behavioral characteristics, most notably their preference for different plant hosts, but are capable of hybridizing in the laboratory and in the field. These traits suggest that the strains are in the process of divergence, which may or may not be hemispheric in scope. The objective of this study was to determine whether the two strains are present in Argentina. It was found that the strain-diagnostic haplotypes of the COI and Tpi genes subdivided the Argentina population into two major groups. Each group displayed biases in their distribution among different host plants that were generally consistent with expected strain behavior. The overall results indicated that Argentina fall armyworm exhibit similar genetics and behavior to populations in the rest of the hemisphere. In addition, the Argentina populations had comparable haplotype frequencies to those from Brazil and Texas, consistent with possible interactions with these fall armyworm groups, but appeared to have had minimal exchanges with those from Puerto Rico or Florida.     

Directed import of macromolecules into mitochondria

Mitochondria are multifunctional eukaryotic organelles that provide cells with energy via oxidative phosphorylation. They participate in the formation of Fe-S clusters, oxidation of fatty acids, and synthesis of certain amino acids and play an important role in apoptosis. Mitochondria have their own genome and are able to transcribe and translate it. However, most macromolecules functioning in mitochondria, such as proteins and some small RNAs, are imported from the cytoplasm. Protein import into mitochondria is a universal process, and its mechanism is very similar in all eukaryotic cells. Today this mechanism is known in detail. At the same time, the RNA import was discovered only in several eukaryotic groups. Nevertheless, it is proposed that this process is typical for most species. A set of imported RNA molecules varies in different organisms. Although the knowledge about the mechanisms of RNA import is less extensive than that of protein import, it becomes clear that these mechanisms greatly differ between different species. The review summarizes information about the import of such macromolecules into mitochondria.