不同苗龄接穗的西瓜嫁接体愈合过程中的3种酶活性变化

用贴接法嫁接西瓜品种早佳(8424)和砧木葫芦品种将军的结果表明:接穗苗龄越大,嫁接成活率越低.多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性嫁接初期较高,以后变化平稳;大苗龄接穗嫁接体的PPO活性较高.嫁接初期过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性升高,以后呈下降趋势,木质素合成和维管组织分化阶段再度升高.     

抗性砧木对赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇合成过程及含量的影响

为了明确不同抗性砧木对赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量及其合成过程中前体物质和相关代谢酶活性的影响,分析不同抗性砧木与白藜芦醇合成的关系,以获得提高接穗品种赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量的抗性砧木。该研究选择弗卡(Fercal)、5C、140R、3309M、3309C、SO4、抗砧3号(Kangzhen3)、5BB为砧木与赤霞珠(CS)葡萄进行嫁接,以赤霞珠自根苗为对照(CK),采用高效液相色谱技术,测定成熟葡萄叶片白藜芦醇以及合成白藜芦醇前体物质苯丙氨酸、肉桂酸、香豆酸含量,并对合成白藜芦醇相关代谢酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(C4H)、4-香豆-辅酶A连接酶(4CL)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性进行测定。结果表明:(1)不同砧木均能提高接穗赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量11%~46%。(2)在各砧穗组合中,CS/140R嫁接苗叶片的白藜芦醇含量最高达到18.24μg/g,其合成白藜芦醇前体物质苯丙氨酸和香豆酸含量也最高,分别达到38.61和1.06μg/g。(3)在各砧穗组合中,白藜芦醇相关代谢酶PAL活性以CS/3309C嫁接苗叶片最高;嫁接苗叶片代谢酶C4H和4CL活性均高于赤霞珠自根苗;POD和PPO活性均以CS/Fercal的接穗赤霞珠叶片最强。研究发现,不同抗性砧木能显著提高赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量,相关代谢酶C4H活性对葡萄白藜芦醇的合成至关重要,PPO活性与葡萄叶片白藜芦醇合成也密切相关,CS/140R是8个砧穗组合中提高赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量最具优势的砧穗组合。     

柑桔接穗对砧木生长及若干生理生化特性的影响

以体细胞杂种红桔+枳、红桔+粗柠檬和有性杂种Troyer枳橙、Swingle枳柚以及枳作砧木的"国庆4号"温州蜜柑、脐橙(无枳砧)和不嫁接的砧木幼树为试材,通过两年盆栽试验研究接穗对砧木生长、根系活力和根系抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,Swingle枳柚和红桔+粗柠檬的砧粗易受接穗影响,接穗显著地影响砧木根系体积。在一般情况下,同一种砧木嫁接后砧木根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性低于未嫁接砧木,或与其差异不显著;同时存在接穗促进根系过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高的现象。     

不同砧木对西瓜嫁接苗耐寒性的影响

以西瓜(Citrullus vulgarris)郑抗1号为接穗,日本南瓜（C. moschata）、黑籽南瓜（C. ficifolia）、葫芦（Lagenaria siceraia）为砧木,研究了嫁接苗和自根苗在（7.5±0.5）℃低温胁迫下叶片相关耐寒性指标的变化。结果表明：低温处理后嫁接苗丙二醛（MDA）含量、电解质渗透率显著低于自根苗;叶绿素、脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著高于自根苗。与处理前相比,12 d时日本南瓜砧、黑籽南瓜砧和葫芦砧嫁接苗叶绿素含量分别降低了30.48%、28.48%和52.69%;葫芦砧嫁接苗MDA含量6 d时较处理前增加了313.16%;3～12 d日本南瓜砧和黑籽南瓜砧嫁接苗电解质渗透率显著低于葫芦砧嫁接苗;低温处理期间,日本南瓜砧嫁接苗可溶性糖含量分别比黑籽南瓜砧和葫芦砧嫁接苗高出24.71%和31.17%,SOD、POD、CAT酶活性高于另外2个组合。综合各项指标显示：3种砧木均能提高接穗对低温的忍耐能力,其顺序为日本南瓜砧＞黑籽南瓜砧＞葫芦砧。     

木质素代谢的生理意义及其遗传控制研究进展

木质素含量及其相关酶系活性与植物的生长发育、抗病性、抗逆性密切相关．在造纸工业中,木质素处理是造成环境污染的重要来源。本文对木质素代谢在植物生长发育过程中的生理意义及近年来通过控制PAL、4CL、CAD、POD等酶的活性调节木质素含量或改变其组分方面的研究进展进行了综合评述,并对今后的林木育种工作进行了展望。     

NaCl胁迫对西瓜嫁接苗叶片抗氧化酶活性及光合特性的影响

以耐盐性较强的葫芦品种‘超丰抗生王’为砧木,耐盐性较弱的西瓜品种‘秀丽’为接穗,采用营养液水培法,研究了NaCl胁迫对西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗保护酶活性、膜质过氧化及光合特性的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下,嫁接苗和自根苗生物量显著下降,但嫁接苗下降幅度小于自根苗;NaCl胁迫抑制了西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗的气体交换参数,但是嫁接苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)及叶绿素含量显著高于自根苗;NaCl胁迫下西瓜嫁接苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著高于自根苗,丙二醛含量较自根苗低。上述结果表明,NaCl胁迫下嫁接苗通过维持较高的抗氧化酶活性来提高清除活性氧(ROS)的能力,从而降低氧化损伤,并保持较高光合速率,从而增强西瓜幼苗对盐胁迫的耐性。     

柑橘体细胞杂种砧木对脐橙幼树生长及根和叶中抗氧化酶系活性的影响

以体细胞杂种红橘 枳、红橘 粗柠檬和有性杂种Troyer枳橙、Swingle枳柚作砧木的脐橙二年生嫁接苗为试材,于盆栽条件下研究砧木对苗木生长及根和叶中抗氧化酶系活性影响的结果表明,红橘 枳的生长势和花量明显强于和大于其它砧木,红橘 粗柠檬的生长和花量表现介于两种有性杂种之间;砧木不影响叶片中可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性年动态变化特征.4、6、8月,叶中POD活性高低分别与各次新梢生长量和树冠体积(8月)大小呈负相关;12月,根系与叶片的SOD和POD活性分别呈正相关,根系可溶性蛋白含量和根系CAT活性呈正相关.     

茄子/番茄嫁接植株的生理特性及其对黄萎病的抗性

以能降低茄子植株黄萎病病情指数的番茄为砧木嫁接茄子,结果表明,嫁接后的茄子植株光合作用速率和根系活跃吸收面积增大;叶片中束缚水／自由水比值增大,水势降低;根系中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、根系和叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)活性增强。     

大蒜体细胞胚胎发生过程中抗氧化酶活性变化及某些生理特征

以大蒜的发芽叶基(鳞茎)为外植体诱导体细胞胚胎发生,研究大蒜体胚发生过程中SOD、POD和CAT 3种抗氧化酶的活性以及可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量变化.结果表明:在大蒜体胚发生过程中,SOD、POD和CAT活性变化与胚性愈伤组织的诱导及体胚的发育密切相关,POD对体胚的诱导起主导作用,而SOD和CAT在体胚的发育和成熟中起主导作用.可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质累积与大蒜体细胞胚胎发生密切相关.     

不同贮藏温度对枇杷果肉木质化及相关酶活性的影响

将“解放钟”枇杷(Eriobotrya japonicaL ind l.cv.Jiefangzhong)果实于4℃和12℃下贮藏,研究了不同贮藏温度对采后枇杷果肉木质化及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,4℃贮藏的枇杷果肉苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalan ineammon ia lyase,PAL)、4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4-coum arate coenzym e A ligase,4-CL)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(c innamyl alco-hol dehydrogenase,CAD)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性高于12℃贮果,而多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性低于12℃贮果。4℃贮藏的枇杷果肉硬度和木质素含量不断增加,果肉木质化较为严重;12℃贮藏的枇杷果肉硬度和木质素含量低于4℃贮果,果肉木质化程度较低。低温诱导PAL和POD活性的上升是导致枇杷果肉发生木质化的主要原因。     

GA3和IAA对慈竹木质素生物合成相关酶活性调控及与木质素含量和S/G的关系

以慈竹为材料,通过叶面喷洒赤霉素（GA₃）和吲哚乙酸（IAA）,研究GA₃和IAA对慈竹木质素生物合成相关酶活性调控效应,以及相关酶活性与木质素含量和S/G比值的关系,为慈竹优质栽培和遗传改良提供理论依据。结果表明,GA-350IAA200处理对4CL酶活性具有促进作用;而GA-3200IAA50在处理后50天时对4CL酶活性起到明显的抑制作用,而且改变了4CL酶活性的动态变化趋势。GA₃和IAA对慈竹CAD酶活性具有促进作用;对PAL酶活性具有明显的抑制作用。相关分析结果表明,经过GA₃和IAA处理后,4CL酶活性与木质素含量和S/G比值呈不显著的负相关关系;PAL酶活性与木质素含量呈不显著的正相关关系;CAD酶活性与木质素含量和S/G比值呈不显著的正相关或负相关关系。结论,GA₃和IAA对慈竹木质素生物合成相关酶活性具有调控效应,而且这种调控作用与GA₃和IAA的浓度和配比有关。     

不同基因型梨木质素代谢对石细胞含量和果实口感的影响

以五种基因型梨果实为材料,对石细胞团的大小、分布进行解剖学观察,并测定石细胞、木质素含量和木质素相关合成酶PAL、POD、PPO活性,探讨不同基因型梨果实木质素代谢对石细胞含量及口感的影响.结果表明,不同基因型梨木质素含量高时,石细胞含量也高,石细胞团相对较大,分布较密集,口感差.各基因型的梨木质素、石细胞含量和大小为...     

Lignin content and peroxidase activity in soybean seed coat susceptible and resistant to mechanical damage

Mechanical damage is one of the causes of great loss in the quality of soybean seeds during harvest and processing. Considerable interest exists in the lignin since its deposition in the seed coat tissue provides mechanical resistance and protects the cell against microorganisms. In addition, peroxidases might be involved in the oxidation of cinnamyl alcohols prior to their polymerization during lignin formation. Thus, the aim of the present work was to analyze the lignin contents and peroxidases activities of six Brazilian soybean cultivars (Savana, Paranagoiana, FT-10, Santa Rosa, Doko and Paraná) and their relationships with the mechanical damage. Results showed that the lignin content and peroxidase activity in the seed coat significantly differed among the soybean cultivars. Cultivars Doko and Paraná had the highest contents of lignin and peroxidases activities while the other cultivars had lowest lignin contents and enzyme activities. Lignin content and peroxidase activity may be reasonable indicators of resistance to mechanical damage in soybean seeds.     

Changes of antioxidant enzyme and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities during Chimonanthus praecox seed maturation

Changes in peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities were studied during Chimonanthus praecox seed maturation. According to our findings the protein content increased steadily from 8 to 12 weeks after flowering, and thereafter decreased significantly. Similarly, SOD and POD activities increased gradually up to 12 weeks after flowering and then declined. PAL activity declined gradually during seed maturation. CAT activity, however, showed no changes during seed maturation. By means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), SOD and POD isoenzymes were observed during seed maturation. The staining intensities of SOD and POD isoenzymes correlated well with SOD and POD activities as obtained by an assay in solution. These findings suggest that POD, SOD and PAL may be involved in the growth and development during Chimonanthus praecox seed maturation.     

Activities of enzymes involved in lignification during the postharvest storage of etiolated asparagus spears

The content of lignin and the activities of 5 enzymes involved in lignification were monitored along the length of etiolated spears of asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L., INRA Fl male hybrid n°156) stored for 22 h with their base in air (control), water or water containing the ethylene antagonist, silver thiosulfate (STS). At the time of harvest the lignin content increased basipetally, as did the activity of all the enzymes studied, viz., phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5), hydroxycinnamate: CoA ligase (HCoAL; EC 6.2.1.12), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR: EC 1.2.1.44), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) and syringaldazine oxidase (SyrOx. a peroxidase [POD; EC 1.11.1.7] with syringaldazine as substrate). Neither the lignin content nor the activity of any enzyme changed in the spear apex during storage, regardless of treatment. In the spear base. all enzyme activities decrased during the first 2 to 4 h in every storage treatment. Subsequently. PAL and HCoAL activities remained constant. whereas the activities of CAD and SyrOx gradually increased. Lignification in the spear base was not affected by storage in air. However, storage in water increased lignin formation and SyrOx activity, whereas treatment with STS prevented both of these increases. The results indicate that postharvest lignification in etiolated asparagus spears is caused primarily by enhanced SyrOx activity, and that ethylene is involved in the control of this activity.     

Role of phenolic acids and enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway in resistance of chayote fruit (Sechium edule) against infestation by melon fly,Bactrocera cucurbitae

Melon fly is a serious pest of cucurbits all over the world causing huge losses to yield. However, the only exception is the chayote fruit (Sechium edule) that shows resistance to melon fly infestation. Studies on culture of melon fly indicated the absence of plant traits resisting oviposition on chayote fruit. However, the melon fly was unable to complete its life cycle successfully on chayote showing that factors inhibiting larval development in melon fly could be attributed to biochemical constituents. Studies were, therefore, carried out to compare the biochemical responses of chayote, a melon fly resistant species and bitter gourd, a susceptible species to melon fly infestation with regard to the levels of phenolic acids and activities of the enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway (PPP) leading to synthesis of lignin. The resistant chayote exhibited significantly higher accumulation of lignin associated with higher activities of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), tyrosine ammonia‐lyase (TAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POD). On the contrary, the susceptible bitter gourd recorded lower activities of PAL, CAD and POD and a decreasing trend of TAL during infestation associated with a lower lignin content. The monomer composition of lignin in the resistant chayote showed twofold higher level of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units compared to susceptible bitter gourd and the G/S ratio during infestation increased in chayote while decreasing in bitter gourd. The levels of PPP intermediates, p‐coumaric acid was higher in chayote while p‐hydroxy benzoic acid, a chemo‐attractant, was higher in bitter gourd. Incorporation of p‐coumaric acid in the larval diet strongly inhibited larval growth even as p‐hydroxy benzoic acid promoted growth confirming the direct role of p‐coumaric acid in conferring resistance to chayote. The level of salicylic acid, a signal molecule involved in induction of defence response, was higher in chayote compared to bitter gourd. Chayote also exhibited higher level of activity of POD in the phloem exudates compared to bitter gourd. The higher concentration of sugars in exudates of chayote might act like signalling molecules causing activation of plant genes, especially of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and possibly produce an osmotic effect inducing resistance against the melon fly. Thus, the study revealed that the resistance in chayote to melon fly infestation is a complex, multi‐layered process in which the activities of PPP enzymes generating phenolic intermediates leading to lignin biosynthesis and the composition of exudates appear to play significant roles. Besides, the study also indicated that different forms of lignin might play a role in the resistance of chayote against melon fly infestation.     

蚜虫(Aphis medicaginis Koch)危害胁迫对不同苜蓿品种体内丙二醛含量及防御性酶活性的影响

研究了蚜虫危害胁迫后不同抗蚜性苜蓿品种叶片内丙二醛含量及防御性酶活性的动态变化。结果表明：在蚜虫刺吸诱导的过程中，高感品种的MDA含量始终高于高抗品种，并且高感和高抗品种均保持上升的趋势;高感品种的SOD、POD和PAL活性始终低于高抗品种，其中高感和高抗品种的SOD和POD活性均表现先上升后下降的趋势，而PAL活性上升到高峰后均趋于稳定;CAT活性在高感和高抗品种间表现为交替的上升下降;高抗品种的PPO活性前期低于高感品种，而后期高于高感品种。由此可见，在蚜虫危害胁迫下，高感和高抗品种间MDA、SOD、POD、PAL和PPO活性的变化与苜蓿的抗蚜性密切相关，均可作为苜蓿抗蚜性鉴定的生理指标，而CAT活性变化与苜蓿抗蚜性的联系有待进一步研究。     

苹果树腐烂病菌不同致病力菌株对苹果的诱导效应

以‘富士’苹果叶片为材料, 采用刺伤接种法, 比较了苹果树腐烂病菌强致病菌LXS080601和弱致病菌LXS081501侵染对寄主体内丙二醛（MDA）含量、渗透调节物质及防御酶活性的影响。结果表明, 两菌株侵染后, 叶片MDA、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量均增加, 接种LXS080601叶片MDA含量快速上升, 最大增幅为141.15%, 而接种LXS081501叶片的MDA含量变化较小, 增幅仅为1.16%-16.24%, 但后者可溶性糖和蛋白质含量增幅分别高达158.12%和113.57%, 显著高于接种LXS080601的处理。同时, 两菌株均能诱导叶片内4种防御酶活性的升高, 但LXS081501诱导的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性均显著高于LXS080601, 说明不同致病力腐烂病菌对寄主防御酶活性的影响存在显著差异。     

腐烂病菌侵染对苹果愈伤组织防御酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响

以苹果树腐烂病菌LXS080601、感病苹果品种‘富士’和抗病砧木‘平邑甜茶’愈伤组织为材料,测定腐烂病菌侵染后,愈伤组织内过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量的动态变化。结果显示,接种LXS080601后,‘富士’愈伤组织的发病严重度和病情指数均明显大于‘平邑甜茶’;感病品种MDA含量上升速度快,于接种后3 d增幅为28.02%,且变幅较大,为–0.32%~36.39%,而抗病砧木MDA含量变化较小,仅为–2.17%~7.46%。同时,腐烂病菌侵染提高了愈伤组织内4种防御酶活性,接种后1~2 d,PPO和POD酶活性达到高峰,接种后3~4 d,PAL和SOD酶到达活性高峰;除PPO外,‘平邑甜茶’PAL、SOD和POD酶活性变化均明显高于‘富士’,且整个侵染过程酶活性维持在较高水平,而‘富士’体内3种酶活性快速下降至对照水平,表明‘平邑甜茶’通过提高抗氧化酶活性减少体内活性氧的积累,降低膜脂过氧化产物MDA的形成,增强了对腐烂病菌侵染的抗性。