两类柑橘杂种砧木对脐橙幼树生长及若干生理生化指标的影响

以体细胞杂种红橘+枳、红橘+粗柠檬和有性杂种Swingle枳柚、Troyer枳橙(对照)作砧木的脐橙幼树为试材,以盆栽试验研究砧木对幼树的影响。结果表明,体细胞杂种砧木处理和有性杂种Swingle枳柚的树体生长势总体上强于对照;叶片可溶性糖含量较高的是红橘+粗柠檬处理和对照;叶绿素含量最高的是红橘+粗柠檬处理。两年中叶片POD活性分别与当年树冠体积呈负相关。     

两类柑桔杂种砧木对脐橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)幼树生长和叶片糖营养含量年变化的影响

以体细胞杂种红桔+枳和红桔+粗柠檬、有性杂种Troyer枳橙和Swingle枳柚作砧木的耐湿脐橙(CitrussinensisOsbeck)2年生嫁接苗为试材,通过盆栽试验研究了砧木对苗木生长和叶片糖营养含量年变化动态的影响。结果表明:红桔+枳的生长势和花量明显地强于和大于其它砧木,红桔+粗柠檬的生长和花量表现介于2种有性杂种之间。叶绿素a/b和类胡萝卜素含量在不同砧木间无显著差异,而不同砧木显著或极显著地影响叶绿素含量各指标。砧木影响叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量年变化动态的基本特征。在休眠期,红桔+枳的可溶性糖和淀粉含量都高于2种有性杂种砧木,而红桔+粗柠檬则反之;在生长期,红桔+粗柠檬的可溶性糖和淀粉含量表现出高于有性杂种砧木的趋势,而红桔+枳则介于2种有性杂种砧木之间。同时还重点讨论了2种体细胞杂种砧木的利用价值。     

柑橘体细胞杂种砧木对脐橙幼树生长及根和叶中抗氧化酶系活性的影响

以体细胞杂种红橘 枳、红橘 粗柠檬和有性杂种Troyer枳橙、Swingle枳柚作砧木的脐橙二年生嫁接苗为试材,于盆栽条件下研究砧木对苗木生长及根和叶中抗氧化酶系活性影响的结果表明,红橘 枳的生长势和花量明显强于和大于其它砧木,红橘 粗柠檬的生长和花量表现介于两种有性杂种之间;砧木不影响叶片中可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性年动态变化特征.4、6、8月,叶中POD活性高低分别与各次新梢生长量和树冠体积(8月)大小呈负相关;12月,根系与叶片的SOD和POD活性分别呈正相关,根系可溶性蛋白含量和根系CAT活性呈正相关.     

两类柑桔杂种砧木对脐橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)幼树生长和叶片糖营养含量年变化的影响

以体细胞杂种红桔＋枳和红桔＋粗柠檬、有性杂种Troyer枳橙和Swingle枳柚作砧木的耐湿脐橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)2年生嫁接苗为试材,通过盆栽试验研究了砧木对苗木生长和叶片糖营养含量年变化动态的影响。结果表明：红桔＋枳的生长势和花量明显地强于和大于其它砧木,红桔＋粗柠檬的生长和花量表现介于2种有性杂种之间。叶绿素a／b和类胡萝卜素含量在不同砧木间无显著差异,而不同砧木显著或极显著地影响叶绿素含量各指标。砧木影响叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量年变化动态的基本特征。在休眠期,红桔＋枳的可溶性糖和淀粉含量都高于2种有性杂种砧木,而红桔＋粗柠檬则反之;在生长期,红桔＋粗柠檬的可溶性糖和淀粉含量表现出高于有性杂种砧木的趋势,而红桔＋枳则介于2种有性杂种砧木之间。同时还重点讨论了2种体细胞杂种砧木的利用价值。     

两类杂种砧木资源对柑橘幼树生长和叶片矿质营养含量的影响

以柑橘体细胞杂种砧木资源红橘 枳和红橘 粗柠檬、有性杂种砧木资源Troyer枳橙和Swingle枳柚、枳(对照)作砧木的‘国庆4号’温州蜜柑2年生嫁接苗为试验材料．通过盆栽试验研究了砧木对苗木生长和叶片矿质营养含量的影响。结果表明,4种处理生长势比对照旺盛;红橘 枳处理花量极显著地高于对照,其余3种处理则反之;处理基本上不影响叶片N、K、Ca、Mg和Mn含最年变化动态的特征。而明显影响P、Fe和Zn含量的年变化动态的特征;在各不同时期,不同处理对叶片各矿质营养含量有明显的影响。本文还重点讨论了2类杂种砧小资源的利用价值。     

不同砧木对柑橘幼树生长和叶片糖含量的影响

以体细胞杂种红橘 枳和红橘 粗柠檬、有性杂种Troyer枳橙和Swingle枳柚、枳(对照)作砧木的‘国庆4号’温州蜜柑2a生嫁接苗为试材,通过盆栽试验研究了砧木对柑橘幼树生长和叶片糖含量的影响。结果表明,4种处理的生长势比对照旺盛;红橘 枳处理的花量极显著多于对照,其余3种砧木处理的则极显著少于对照。在光合色素含量上,Troyer枳橙处理最高,对照最低。不同砧木处理对叶片可溶性糖含量的年变化动态特征影响明显;不同砧木处理的叶片淀粉含量年变化动态特征相似。在不同时期,不同砧木处理对叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量有明显的影响。初步评价了体细胞杂种红橘 枳和红橘 粗柠檬用作柑橘砧木的利用价值。     

蜜柚不同砧穗组合苗期嫁接亲和性评价

为评价蜜柚砧穗的嫁接亲和性,以红绵蜜柚(Citrus grandis‘Hongmianmiyou’)、三红蜜柚(‘Sanhongmiyou’)、红肉蜜柚(‘Hongroumiyou’)、黄金蜜柚(‘Huangjinmiyou’)和琯溪蜜柚(‘Guanximiyou’)作接穗,枳(Poncirus trifoliata)、香橙(Citrus junos)、酸柚(Citrus grandis)作砧木,田间调查15个砧穗组合苗期生长指标,测定嫁接愈合期叶片多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量,采用主成分分析和聚类分析方法对蜜柚砧穗组合嫁接亲和性进行评价。结果表明,以柚作砧木的砧穗组合保存率高、生长势旺盛、抽梢能力强,以枳和香橙作砧木的砧穗组合部分指标存在差异,其中红绵蜜柚和黄金蜜柚以枳作砧木时表现出不亲和现象。不同砧穗组合嫁接愈合时期PPO、POD、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖变化趋势基本一致。主成分分析结果表明,4个主成分基本反映了15个指标91.33%的数据信息。聚类分析将15个砧穗组合分为4类,与主成分分析结果基本一致。因此,琯溪蜜柚、红肉蜜柚和三红蜜柚嫁接可采用枳和柚作砧木,红绵蜜柚和黄金蜜柚嫁接可采用柚作砧木,红绵蜜柚和黄金蜜柚嫁接不可采用枳作砧木。     

3种中间砧对纽荷尔脐橙树体生长和若干生理生化指标的影响

以纽荷尔脐橙/3种中间砧/枳为试材,研究不同中间砧对树体生长和若干生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,锦橙和国庆1号中间砧的纽荷尔脐橙树高、冠幅、树冠体积差异不显著,而两者极显著地高于罗伯逊脐橙36号;春梢生长量和加粗生长以锦橙最强旺。锦橙使接穗叶片和基砧根系的SOD活性、基砧根系活力均较高,而可溶性蛋白含量相应较低,反映出锦橙对树体有良好的双重效应。不同中间砧的接穗叶片和基砧根系POD和CAT活性出现极显著差异,且接穗叶片POD活性与树体生长势呈极显著正相关,根系POD活性与树体和根系生长势呈极显著负相关;锦橙的接穗叶片和基砧根系CAT活性最低。     

黄瓜贴接苗砧木子叶淀粉代谢的动态变化特征

该研究以黄瓜品种‘中农18号’、南瓜砧木品种‘京欣砧5号’为试验材料,以南瓜自根苗(P)和去除1片子叶及生长点的南瓜苗( /P)为对照,采用单子叶贴接法进行黄瓜/南瓜异体嫁接(C/P)和南瓜/南瓜自体嫁接(P/P),测定嫁接后砧木子叶形态指标和淀粉代谢的动态变化,分析嫁接后去除砧木子叶对嫁接苗生长发育的影响,以揭示砧木子叶淀粉代谢在黄瓜嫁接苗生长中的作用,为黄瓜嫁接苗的壮苗培育提供理论依据。结果显示：(1)贴接后,C/P、P/P和 /P砧木子叶鲜质量和面积显著增大,且增加量依次递减,表现为 /P > C/P > P/P > P。(2)贴接后,C/P和P/P砧木子叶中淀粉含量在嫁接后0~3 d时降低,之后迅速升高,至嫁接后13 d再次逐渐降低,且C/P砧木子叶淀粉含量及其淀粉分支酶(SBE)和水解酶(β AL)活性均显著高于P/P。(3)在嫁接后0~10 d 去除砧木子叶可显著抑制C/P嫁接苗接穗和根系生长,减弱根系活力,同时降低根系可溶性糖含量及其CWIN、HXK基因表达水平,并以嫁接后0 d 去除砧木子叶的抑制效果最显著。研究表明,黄瓜C/P单子叶贴接苗中,砧木子叶作为贮存器官,在幼苗生长早期以淀粉形式储存光合产物,之后淀粉水解成单糖为嫁接苗接穗和根系快速生长提供物质和能量。     

嫁接对盐胁迫下西瓜幼苗体内离子和内源激素含量与分布的影响

以小型西瓜‘秀丽’为接穗、耐盐砧木瓠瓜‘超丰抗生王’为砧木,以自根嫁接苗为参照,分析了砧木嫁接对NaCl胁迫下西瓜幼苗根、茎、叶中离子和内源激素含量的影响。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫下,自根嫁接苗Na+主要积累在地上部,K+含量和K+/Na+比下降幅度大;砧木嫁接苗大部分Na+积累在根系中,K+含量和K+/Na+比下降幅度小且在不同部位皆高于自根嫁接苗。(2)盐胁迫下,自根嫁接苗吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)以及玉米素和玉米核苷的总量(Z+ZR)在根系和接穗茎中显著增加,在叶片中明显下降,赤霉素(GA3)含量在不同部位保持不变或明显增加;而砧木嫁接苗不同部位IAA和(Z+ZR)的含量均显著增加,GA3含量在不同部位保持不变或明显下降。(3)盐胁迫下,两种嫁接组合根系和茎中脱落酸(ABA)含量均明显下降,叶片中ABA含量则显著增加。(4)盐胁迫下,自根嫁接苗和砧木嫁接苗根系和接穗茎中IAA/(Z+ZR)的比值均明显上升,叶片中明显下降,但砧木嫁接苗上升和下降幅度均远大于自根嫁接苗。研究表明,瓠瓜根系对进入根系的Na+具有截留作用;采用瓠瓜砧木嫁接可有效防止Na+在西瓜接穗地上部尤其是在叶片中的大量累积,从而防止离子毒害的发生;瓠瓜砧木嫁接植株体内具有较高的K+含量和K+/Na+比,可有效维持盐胁迫下西瓜嫁接植株体内的离子稳态;瓠瓜砧木嫁接植株体内具有较高的IAA和(Z+ZR)含量,IAA/(Z+ZR)比值较高,对提高西瓜嫁接植株盐胁迫耐性起到了积极的作用。     

Relationship between hydraulic conductance and citrus dwarfing by the Flying Dragon rootstock (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raft var. monstruosa)

This work studied the hydraulic characteristics and physiological behavior of two trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raft) varieties—Flying Dragon (FD) and Rubidoux (RT)—with contrasting size-controlling potential when used as rootstocks for citrus trees. Thus, Valencia orange scions growing on RT root system develop about 40 % more biomass than scions on FD. The anatomical study of xylem root tissue of both rootstocks showed that the number of vessels per cross-sectional area in RT almost doubled that found in FD, whereas diameter distribution did not vary significantly. Hydraulic resistance determined in rootstocks, and bud union segments were, respectively, 2- and 3.4-fold higher in trees on FD than in trees on RT. Root systems accounted for 46.5 and 55.2 % of whole-plant hydraulic resistance, whereas bud union segments represented 7.5 and 14.6 % of this parameter, the dwarfing rootstock (FD) having the highest values. Reduced hydraulic conductance in plants on FD rootstock diminished water potential in high evaporative demand periods, causing a reduction in stomatal conductance with respect to plants on RT. This leads to lower net photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation, which may affect biomass production. Translocation of ¹³C-labeled photoassimilates from leaves to roots was lower in plants on FD than in plants on RT, indicating that in the dwarfing rootstock (FD) there may be a vascular resistance to sucrose transport at the budding union level. Findings show that reduced hydraulic conductance may be the main cause of rootstock-induced dwarfing in citrus grafted onto FD.     

Long-distance signaling and the control of branching in the rms1 mutant of pea

The ramosus (rms) mutation (rms1) of pea (Pisum sativum) causes increased branching through modification of graft-transmissible signal(s) produced in rootstock and shoot. Additional grafting techniques have led us to propose that the novel signal regulated by Rms1 moves acropetally in shoots and acts as a branching inhibitor. Epicotyl interstock grafts showed that wild-type (WT) epicotyls grafted between rms1 scions and rootstocks can revert mutant scions to a WT non-branching phenotype. Mutant scions grafted together with mutant and WT rootstocks did not branch despite a contiguous mutant root-shoot system. The primary action of Rms1 is, therefore, unlikely to be to block transport of a branching stimulus from root to shoot. Rather, Rms1 may influence a long-distance signal that functions, directly or indirectly, as a branching inhibitor. It can be deduced that this signal moves acropetally in shoots because WT rootstocks inhibit branching in rms1 shoots, and although WT scions do not branch when grafted to mutant rootstocks, they do not inhibit branching in rms1 cotyledonary shoots growing from the same rootstocks. The acropetal direction of transport of the Rms1 signal supports previous evidence that the rms1 lesion is not in an auxin biosynthesis or transport pathway. The different branching phenotypes of WT and rms1 shoots growing from the same rms1 rootstock provides further evidence that the shoot has a major role in the regulation of branching and, moreover, that root-exported cytokinin is not the only graft-transmissible signal regulating branching in intact pea plants.     

Scion and Rootstock Effects on ABA-mediated Plant Growth Regulation and Salt Tolerance of Acclimated and Unacclimated Potato Genotypes

Tolerance of salt stress in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) increased when the plants were pre-exposed to low concentrations of salt (salt acclimation). This acclimation was accompanied by increased levels of abscisic acid (ABA) in the shoot. To further study the role of roots and shoots in this acclimation process, reciprocal grafts were made between a salt-tolerant (9506) and salt-sensitive ABA(−) mutant and its ABA(+) normal sibling potato genotype. The grafted plants were acclimated with 75 or 100 mM NaCl for 3 weeks and then exposed to 150–180 mM NaCl, depending on the salt tolerance of the rootstock. After 2 weeks of exposure to the salt stress, the acclimated and unacclimated plants were compared for physiologic and morphologic parameters. The response to the salt stress was strongly influenced by the rootstock. The salt-tolerant 9506 rootstock increased the salt tolerance of scions of both the ABA-deficient mutant and its ABA(+) sibling. This salt tolerance induced by the rootstock was primarily modulated by salt acclimation and manifested in the scion via increased plant water content, stem diameter, dry matter accumulation, stomatal conductivity, and osmotic potential, and is associated with a reduction in leaf necrosis. There was also a pronounced scion effect on the rootstock. Using 9506 as a scion significantly increased root fresh and dry weights, stem diameter, and root water content of ABA(−) mutant rootstocks. Specific evidence was found of the role of exogenous ABA in the enhancement of water status in grafted plants under salt stress beyond that of grafting alone. This was verified by more positive stomatal conductivity and upward water flow in ABA-treated grafted and nongrafted plants and the absence of upward water flow in nontreated grafted plants through NMR imaging. Grafting using either salt-tolerant scions or rootstocks with inherently high ABA levels may positively modify subsequent responses of the plant under salt stress.     

Rootstock effects on xylem conduit dimensions and vulnerability to cavitation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Olea europaea</Emphasis> L.

Two clones of Olea europaea L. were studied for their potential impact on hydraulic architecture and vulnerability to xylem cavitation, when used as rootstocks. The clones used were “Leccino Minerva” (LM), showing vigorous growth and “Leccino Dwarf” (LD) with strongly reduced growth. Self-rooted LM and LD plants as well as their grafting combinations were compared, namely, LM/LD (Leccino Minerva grafted onto Leccino Dwarf rootstock) and LD/LM (Leccino Dwarf grafted onto Leccino Minerva rootstocks). Plants with LD roots (LD and LM/LD) showed significantly reduced leaf surface area compared with plants with LM roots. Xylem conduits of LD shoots were 25% more numerous than in LM shoots. When grafted onto LM rootstocks, however, LD shoots produced consistently wider and longer vessels than measured in LD self-rooted plants. This caused LD/LM plants to increase stem vulnerability to cavitation with threshold pressures for cavitation (P _c) of less than 0.5 MPa compared with LD self-rooted plants that had P _c of over 2.0 MPa. By contrast, although LD rootstocks caused some reduction of vessel diameter and length of LM scions, their influence on LM hydraulic architecture was too small to reduce vulnerability to cavitation of LM scions with respect to that measured for LM self-rooted plants. Our conclusion is that although dwarfing rootstocks effectively reduce grafted plant size, they do not necessarily confer higher resistance to xylem cavitation to scions which would improve plant resistance to drought.     

Rootstock‐to‐scion transfer of transgene‐derived small interfering RNAs and their effect on virus resistance in nontransgenic sweet cherry

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are silencing signals in plants. Virus‐resistant transgenic rootstocks developed through siRNA‐mediated gene silencing may enhance virus resistance of nontransgenic scions via siRNAs transported from the transgenic rootstocks. However, convincing evidence of rootstock‐to‐scion movement of siRNAs of exogenous genes in woody plants is still lacking. To determine whether exogenous siRNAs can be transferred, nontransgenic sweet cherry (scions) was grafted on transgenic cherry rootstocks (TRs), which was transformed with an RNA interference (RNAi) vector expressing short hairpin RNAs of the genomic RNA3 of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV‐hpRNA). Small RNA sequencing was conducted using bud tissues of TRs and those of grafted (rootstock/scion) trees, locating at about 1.2 m above the graft unions. Comparison of the siRNA profiles revealed that the PNRSV‐hpRNA was efficient in producing siRNAs and eliminating PNRSV in the TRs. Furthermore, our study confirmed, for the first time, the long‐distance (1.2 m) transfer of PNRSV‐hpRNA‐derived siRNAs from the transgenic rootstock to the nontransgenic scion in woody plants. Inoculation of nontransgenic scions with PNRSV revealed that the transferred siRNAs enhanced PNRSV resistance of the scions grafted on the TRs. Collectively, these findings provide the foundation for ‘using transgenic rootstocks to produce products of nontransgenic scions in fruit trees'.     

柑橘丛枝菌根形态结构观察

以田间栽培的‘国庆1号’温州蜜柑(Citrus unshiu ‘Guoqing No.1’)/枳(Poncirus trifoliata)和‘国庆4号’温州蜜柑(C.unshiu ‘Guoqing No.4’)/枳为试材观察丛枝菌根的形态结构。结果表明,泡囊、丛枝、侵入点、根内菌丝、根外菌丝、根外厚垣孢子等结构出现在柑橘根系中,说明柑橘属于典型的丛枝菌根植物。丛枝菌根结构中泡囊出现概率较小,丛枝随处可见,侵入点多样化。丛枝菌根的结构主要存在柑橘根段的伸长区和成熟区,首次观察到根冠和分生区也有侵染。     

油茶插穗生根过程的解剖学观察

采用常规石蜡切片法,观察油茶插穗不定根发育的解剖学特征。结果表明：油茶当年生插穗茎内无潜伏根原基, 插条的皮部存在连续排列成环状的厚壁细胞,这些结构特征可能与油茶插条生根时间较长有关。不定根由诱生根原基发育形成, 诱生根源于形成层、韧皮部及愈伤组织等部位,不定根属于诱导根原始体型、混合生根型。只有极少数插条的不定根由愈伤组织长出,不定根的发生与愈伤组织没有直接关系。     

肉桂酸和香草醛对嫁接茄子根系生长及生理特性的影响

以“托鲁巴姆”茄子为砧木,“西安绿”茄子为接穗,采用盆栽试验研究了自毒物质肉桂酸和香草醛对嫁接、自根和砧木茄子根系生长及抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明：肉桂酸、香草醛对茄子根系生长及生理代谢的化感作用基本表现为“低促高抑”,两物质对自根茄子根系表现促进、抑制效应的临界浓度点分别为0.1和0.5 mmol·kg^-1;对嫁接、砧木茄子表现促进、抑制效应的临界浓度点分别为0.5和1 mmo·kg^-1.茄子根系对自毒物质耐性大小依次为：砧木茄>嫁接茄>自根茄;在较高浓度肉桂酸(0.5～4 mmol·kg^-1)和香草醛(1～4mmol·kg^-1)作用下,与自根茄子相比,嫁接茄子根系SOD活性提高了8.50%～24.50%,脯氨酸含量增加了9.39%～27.64%,可溶性糖含量增加了12.77%～81.81%,可溶性蛋白含量、根系鲜、干物质量和根系活力显著高于自根茄.表明嫁接换根使茄子根系具有了砧木抗自毒物质的特性,缓解了自毒物质给茄子根系生长带来的不良影响.